Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/bōks

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰeh₂ǵos (“beech”).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /bɔːks/

Noun

*bōks f

book
letter, written message

Inflection

consonant stemDeclension of *bōks (consonant stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*bōks	*bōkiz
vocative	*bōk	*bōkiz
accusative	*bōkų	*bōkunz
genitive	*bōkiz	*bōkǫ̂
dative	*bōki	*bōkumaz
instrumental	*bōkē	*bōkumiz

Derived terms

Descendants

Old English: bōc, bœ̄c
- Middle English: booke, book, boke, boc, bok, buk
  - English: book (see there for further descendants)
  - Scots: buik, beuk, buke
Old Frisian: bōk
- North Frisian:
  Föhr: buk
  
  Helgoland: Buk
  
  Mooring: bök
- Saterland Frisian: Bouk
- West Frisian: boek
Old Saxon: bōk
- Middle Low German: bôk, buk
  - Low German:
    Dutch Low Saxon: book
    German Low German: Book
  - Plautdietsch: Buak
Old Dutch: *buok
- Middle Dutch: boec
  - Dutch: boek
    - Afrikaans: boek
    - → Javanese: ꦧꦸꦏꦸ (buku)
    - → Malay: buku
      - → Indonesian: buku
        → Balinese: ᬩᬸᬓᬸ (buku)
        → Sundanese: ᮘᮥᮊᮥ (buku)
  - Limburgish: book
  - → Middle French: boucquain
    - French: bouquin
Old High German: buoh, puoh
- Middle High German: buoch
  - Alemannic German: Buech, Büäch
    Alsatian: Bööch, Büech
    Swabian: Buach
  - Bavarian: Buach
    Münsterländisch: Büak
  - Central Franconian: Booch, Buch
    - Hunsrik: Buch
  - East Franconian: Bouch
  - German: Buch
  - Luxembourgish: Buch
  - Rhine Franconian:
    Pennsylvania German: Buch
  - Vilamovian: büch
  - Yiddish: בוך‎ (bukh)
Old Norse: bók
- Icelandic: bók
- Faroese: bók
- Norwegian Nynorsk: bok f (“book”); bøk m (“beech”)
- Norwegian Bokmål: bok m or f (“book”); bøk m (“beech”)
- Elfdalian: buok f
- Old Swedish: bōk f
  - Swedish: bok c
- Old Danish: bok
  - Danish: bog c (“book”); bøg c (“beech”)
- Gutnish: bok
Gothic: 𐌱𐍉𐌺𐌰 (bōka)

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