-tus
Latin
Etymology 1
From Proto-Italic *-tos, from Proto-Indo-European *-tós (suffix creating verbal adjectives).
Compare Proto-Slavic *-tъ, Proto-Germanic *-daz, *-taz.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /tus/, [tʊs]
Suffix
-tus m (feminine -ta, neuter -tum); first/second declension
- Forms the past participle of verbs.
- Forms adjectives having the sense "provided with".
Usage notes
The stem may be modified in some unpredictable ways when this suffix is attached:
- A stem-final b or g is devoiced to p and c respectively. If the stem ends in a short vowel and g, this vowel is lengthened. A stem-final qu is also delabialised, giving c.
- A stem-final v behaves differently depending on which Proto-Italic consonant it developed from. If it developed from Proto-Italic w, it becomes u (forming a diphthong or long ū), and if it developed from gʷ, it becomes c.
- A stem-final d or t fuses with the t of the suffix, giving -ssus. This is then simplified to -sus when not preceded by a short vowel.
- A stem-final rg also fuses with the t, giving -rsus.
- A stem final ll or rr sometimes fuses with the t, to -lsus and -rsus respectively.
- When attached to stems of 1st, 2nd or 4th conjugation verbs, the final vowel of the stem may be retained or dropped. It's retained for most 1st conjugation verbs, while it becomes i for many 2nd conjugation verbs:
- errō (errā-) (“wander”) + -tus → errātus
- moneō (“warn”) + -tus → monitus
Declension
First/second declension.
Number | Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case / Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |
Nominative | -tus | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta | |
Genitive | -tī | -tae | -tī | -tōrum | -tārum | -tōrum | |
Dative | -tō | -tae | -tō | -tīs | -tīs | -tīs | |
Accusative | -tum | -tam | -tum | -tōs | -tās | -ta | |
Ablative | -tō | -tā | -tō | -tīs | -tīs | -tīs | |
Vocative | -te | -ta | -tum | -tī | -tae | -ta |
Derived terms
Etymology 2
From Proto-Italic *-tus, from Proto-Indo-European *-tus (suffix deriving action nouns from verb roots).
Compare Proto-Germanic *-þuz, Ancient Greek -τύς (-tús), Proto-Slavic *-tu (whence Czech -tí).
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /tus/, [tʊs]
Suffix
-tus m (genitive -tūs); fourth declension
Usage notes
Same as for the participle suffix; see -sus.
Declension
Fourth declension.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -tus | -tūs |
Genitive | -tūs | -tuum |
Dative | -tuī | -tibus |
Accusative | -tum | -tūs |
Ablative | -tū | -tibus |
Vocative | -tus | -tūs |
Derived terms
Etymology 3
From Proto-Indo-European *-tuHts (abstract-noun forming suffix). Compare Proto-Celtic *-tūts, Gothic -𐌳𐌿𐌸𐍃 (-dūþs). See -tās.
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /tuːs/
Suffix
-tūs f (genitive -tūtis); third declension
Usage notes
Same as for the participle suffix.
Declension
Third declension.
Case | Singular | Plural |
---|---|---|
Nominative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
Genitive | -tūtis | -tūtum |
Dative | -tūtī | -tūtibus |
Accusative | -tūtem | -tūtēs |
Ablative | -tūte | -tūtibus |
Vocative | -tūs | -tūtēs |
Derived terms
References
- “-tūs¹” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus²” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)
- “-tus³” on page 1,995/2 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (1st ed., 1968–82)