Sam Cooke

Samuel Cook[2] (January 22, 1931 – December 11, 1964),[2] known professionally as Sam Cooke, was an American singer, songwriter, civil-rights activist and entrepreneur.

Sam Cooke
Cooke in 1963
Background information
Birth nameSamuel Cook
Also known asDale Cook
Born(1931-01-22)January 22, 1931
Clarksdale, Mississippi, U.S.
OriginChicago, Illinois, U.S.
DiedDecember 11, 1964(1964-12-11) (aged 33)
Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Genres
Occupation(s)
Instruments
  • Vocals
  • piano
  • guitar
Years active1951–1964[1]
Labels
  • ABKCO
  • Specialty
  • Keen
  • RCA
Associated acts

Influential as a singer, composer, and producer,[3] he is commonly known as the King of Soul for his distinctive vocals and importance within popular music. He began singing as a kid and joined the Soul Stirrers before moving to a solo career where he scored a string of hit songs including "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Cupid", "Wonderful World", "Chain Gang", "Twistin' the Night Away", and "Bring It On Home to Me".

His pioneering contributions to soul music contributed to the rise of Aretha Franklin, Bobby Womack, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield, Stevie Wonder, Marvin Gaye, and Billy Preston, and popularized the likes of Otis Redding and James Brown.[4][5][6] AllMusic biographer Bruce Eder wrote that Cooke was "the inventor of soul music", and possessed "an incredible natural singing voice and a smooth, effortless delivery that has never been surpassed".[7]

On December 11, 1964, at the age of 33, Cooke was shot and killed by Bertha Franklin, the manager of the Hacienda Motel in Los Angeles, California.[8] After an inquest and investigation carried out by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the courts ruled Cooke's death to be a justifiable homicide.[9] Since that time, the circumstances of his death have been called into question by Cooke's family.

Early life

Cooke was born Samuel Cook in Clarksdale, Mississippi, in 1931 (he added the "e" to his last name in 1957 to signify a new start to his life).[10][11] He was the fifth of eight children of the Rev. Charles Cook, a minister in the Church of Christ (Holiness), and his wife, Annie Mae. One of his younger brothers, L.C. (1932–2017),[12] later became a member of the doo-wop band Johnny Keyes and the Magnificents.[13]

The family moved to Chicago in 1933.[14] Cook attended Doolittle Elementary[15] and Wendell Phillips Academy High School[16] in Chicago, the same school that Nat "King" Cole had attended a few years earlier. Sam Cooke began his career with his siblings in a group called the Singing Children when he was six years old.[17] He first became known as lead singer with the Highway QC's when he was a teenager, having joined the group at the age of 14.[18] During this time, Cooke befriended fellow gospel singer and neighbor Lou Rawls, who sang in a rival gospel group.[19]

Career

The Soul Stirrers

In 1950, Cooke replaced gospel tenor R. H. Harris as lead singer of the gospel group the Soul Stirrers, founded by Harris, who had signed with Specialty Records on behalf of the group.[20] Their first recording under Cooke's leadership was the song "Jesus Gave Me Water" in 1951. They also recorded the gospel songs "Peace in the Valley", "How Far Am I from Canaan?", "Jesus Paid the Debt" and "One More River", among many others, some of which he wrote.[1] Cooke was often credited for bringing gospel music to the attention of a younger crowd of listeners, mainly girls who would rush to the stage when the Soul Stirrers hit the stage just to get a glimpse of Cooke.[21]

Crossover pop success

Cooke had 30 U.S. top 40 hits between 1957 and 1964, plus three more posthumously. Major hits like "You Send Me", "A Change Is Gonna Come", "Cupid", "Chain Gang", "Wonderful World", "Another Saturday Night", and "Twistin' the Night Away" are some of his most popular songs. Twistin' the Night Away was one of his biggest selling albums.[22] Cooke was also among the first modern black performers and composers to attend to the business side of his musical career. He founded both a record label and a publishing company as an extension of his careers as a singer and composer. He also took an active part in the Civil Rights Movement.[23]

Cooke in Billboard magazine

His first pop/soul single was "Lovable" (1956), a remake of the gospel song "Wonderful". It was released under the alias "Dale Cook"[24] in order not to alienate his gospel fan base; there was a considerable stigma against gospel singers performing secular music. However, it fooled no one[9]—Cooke's unique and distinctive vocals were easily recognized. Art Rupe, head of Specialty Records, the label of the Soul Stirrers, gave his blessing for Cooke to record secular music under his real name, but he was unhappy about the type of music Cooke and producer Bumps Blackwell were making. Rupe expected Cooke's secular music to be similar to that of another Specialty Records artist, Little Richard. When Rupe walked in on a recording session and heard Cooke covering Gershwin, he was quite upset. After an argument between Rupe and Blackwell, Cooke and Blackwell left the label.[25] "Lovable" was never a hit, but neither did it flop, and indicated Cooke's future potential. While gospel was popular, Cooke saw that fans were mostly limited to low-income, rural parts of the country, and sought to branch out. Cooke later admitted he got an endorsement for a career in pop music from the least likely man, his pastor father. "My father told me it was not what I sang that was important, but that God gave me a voice and musical talent and the true use of His gift was to share it and make people happy." Taking the name "Sam Cooke", he sought a fresh start in pop.

In 1957, Cooke appeared on ABC's The Guy Mitchell Show. That same year, he signed with Keen Records. His first hit, "You Send Me," released as the B-side of "Summertime,"[24][26] spent six weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard R&B chart.[27] The song also had mainstream success, spending three weeks at No. 1 on the Billboard pop chart.[28]

In 1958, Cooke performed for the famed Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Ray Charles, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. Sammy Davis Jr. was there to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockey of Los Angeles.[10]

In 1961, Cooke started his own record label, SAR Records, with J. W. Alexander and his manager, Roy Crain.[29] The label soon included the Simms Twins, the Valentinos (who were Bobby Womack and his brothers), Bobby Womack and Johnnie Taylor. Cooke then created a publishing imprint and management firm named Kags[30] before leaving Keen to sign with RCA Victor.[31] One of his first RCA Victor singles was "Chain Gang", which reached No. 2 on the Billboard pop chart.[32] It was followed by more hits, including "Sad Mood",[33] "Cupid",[34] "Bring It On Home to Me" (with Lou Rawls on backing vocals),[35] "Another Saturday Night",[36] and "Twistin' the Night Away".[37]

Like most R&B artists of his time, Cooke focused on singles; in all, he had 29 top 40 hits on the pop charts and more on the R&B charts. He was a prolific songwriter and wrote most of the songs he recorded. He also had a hand in overseeing some of the song arrangements. In spite of releasing mostly singles, he released a well-received blues-inflected LP in 1963, Night Beat, and his most critically acclaimed studio album, Ain't That Good News, which featured five singles, in 1964.[38]

In 1963 Cooke signed a five-year contract for Allen Klein to manage Kags Music and SAR Records and made him his manager. Klein negotiated a five-year deal (three years plus two option years) with RCA Victor in which a holding company, Tracey, Ltd, named after Cooke's daughter, owned by Klein and managed by J. W. Alexander, would produce and own Cooke's recordings. RCA Victor would get exclusive distribution rights in exchange for 6 percent royalty payments and payments for the recording sessions. For tax reasons, Cooke would receive preferred stock in Tracey instead of an initial cash advance of $100,000. Cooke would receive cash advances of $100,000 for the next two years, followed by an additional $75,000 for each of the two option years if the deal went to term.[39]

Personal life

Cooke was married twice.[40] His first marriage was to singer-dancer Dolores Elizabeth Milligan Cook, who took the stage name "Dee Dee Mohawk" in 1953; they divorced in 1958.[41][42] She was killed in an auto collision in Fresno, California in 1959.[43] Although he and Dolores were divorced,[44] Cooke paid for his ex-wife's funeral expenses.[41][40] She was survived by her son Joey.[10]

In 1958, Cooke married his second wife, Barbara Campbell, in Chicago.[41][45] His father performed at the ceremony.[41] They had three children, Linda (b.1953),[46] Tracy (b.1960), and Vincent (1961–1963), who drowned in the family swimming pool.[40][47][41] Less than three months after Cooke's death, his widow, Barbara, married his friend Bobby Womack.[48][49][50] Cooke's daughter, Linda, later had an affair with Womack.[51] Linda married Womack's brother, Cecil Womack and they became the duo Womack & Womack.[29]

Cooke also fathered at least three other children out of wedlock.[52] In 1958, a woman in Philadelphia, Connie Bolling,[10] claimed Cooke was the father of her son. Cooke paid her an estimated $5,000 settlement out of court.[41]

In November 1958, Cooke was involved in a fatal car accident en route from St. Louis to Greenville. His chauffeur Edward Cunningham was killed, while Cooke, guitarist Cliff White, and singer Lou Rawls were hospitalized.[41]

Death

Cooke died at the age of 33 on December 11, 1964, at the Hacienda Motel, in Los Angeles, California. Answering separate reports of a shooting and a kidnapping at the motel, police found Cooke's corpse. He had sustained a gunshot wound to the chest, which was later determined to have pierced his heart.[53] The motel's manager, Bertha Franklin, claimed to have shot him in her defense. Her account was immediately disputed by Cooke's acquaintances.[54][55]

The official police record states that Franklin fatally shot Cooke, who had checked in earlier that evening.[56] Franklin said that Cooke had banged on the door of her office, shouting "Where's the girl?!". Franklin shouted back that there was no one in her office except herself, but the enraged Cooke did not believe her and forced his way into the office, naked save for one shoe and a sport jacket. He violently grabbed her, demanding again to know the woman's whereabouts. According to Franklin, she grappled with Cooke, the two of them fell to the floor, and she then got up and ran to retrieve a gun. She said she then fired at Cooke in self-defense because she feared for her life. Cooke was struck once in the torso. According to Franklin, he exclaimed, "Lady, you shot me", in a tone that expressed perplexity instead of anger, before mounting a last charge at her. She said she beat him over his head with a broomstick before he finally fell, mortally wounded by the gunshot.[57]

The motel's owner, Evelyn Carr,[note 1] said that she had been on the telephone with Franklin at the time of the incident. Carr said she overheard Cooke's intrusion and the ensuing conflict and gunshot. She called the police to request that officers go to the motel, telling them she believed a shooting had occurred.[58]

A coroner's inquest was convened to investigate the incident. The woman who had accompanied Cooke to the motel was identified as Elisa Boyer, who had also called the police that night several minutes before Carr had. Boyer had called from a telephone booth near the motel.[59]

Boyer told the police that she had first met Cooke earlier that night and had spent the evening in his company. She said that after they left a local nightclub together, she had repeatedly requested that he take her home, but he instead took her against her will to the Hacienda Motel. She said that once in one of the motel's rooms, Cooke physically forced her onto the bed, and then stripped her to her panties, at which point she was sure he was going to rape her. Cooke allowed her to use the bathroom, of which she attempted an escape but found that the window was firmly shut. According to Boyer, she returned to the main room where Cooke continued his groping. When he excused himself to make use of the bathroom, she quickly grabbed her clothes and ran from the room. She said that in her haste, she had also scooped up most of Cooke's clothing by mistake. She said she ran first to the manager's office and knocked on the door seeking help. However, she said that the manager took too long in responding, so, fearing Cooke would soon be coming after her, she fled from the motel before the manager ever opened the door. She said she then put her clothing back on, hid Cooke's clothing, went to a telephone booth, and called the police.[60]

Boyer's story is the only account of what happened between her and Cooke that night; however, her story has long been called into question. Inconsistencies between her version of events and details reported by diners at Martoni's Restaurant, where Cooke dined and drank earlier in the evening, suggest that Boyer may have gone willingly to the motel with Cooke, then slipped out of the room with his clothing to rob him, rather than to escape an attempted rape.[61][56] Cooke was reportedly carrying a large amount of money at Martoni's, according to restaurant employees and friends. However a search of Boyer's purse by police revealed nothing except a $20 bill, and a search of Cooke's Ferrari found only a money clip with $108 and a few loose coins. On January 11, 1965, one month to the day after Cooke's death, Boyer was arrested for prostitution when a man offered her $40 for sex, only to promptly show her a badge. The charges were dismissed after it was determined to be a case of entrapment.[62]

However, questions about Boyer's role were beyond the scope of the inquest, the purpose of which was only to establish the circumstances of Franklin's role in the shooting. Boyer's leaving the motel room with almost all of Cooke's clothing, and the fact that tests showed Cooke was inebriated at the time, provided a plausible explanation to the inquest jurors for Cooke's bizarre behavior and state of dress. In addition, because Carr's testimony corroborated Franklin's version of events, and because both Boyer and Franklin later passed polygraph tests,[41][63] the coroner's jury ultimately accepted Franklin's explanation and returned a verdict of justifiable homicide.[9] With that verdict, authorities officially closed the case on Cooke's death.[64]

Some of Cooke's family and supporters, however, have rejected Boyer's version of events, as well as those given by Franklin and Carr. They believe that there was a conspiracy to murder Cooke and that the murder took place in some manner entirely different from the three official accounts.[65][66][67][68][69][70][71] Singer Etta James viewed Cooke's body before his funeral and questioned the accuracy of the official version of events. She wrote that the injuries she observed were well beyond the official account of Cooke having fought Franklin alone. James wrote that Cooke was so badly beaten that his head was nearly separated from his shoulders, his hands were broken and crushed, and his nose mangled.[72] Some people have speculated that Cooke's manager, Allen Klein, might have had a role in his death. Klein owned Tracey, Ltd, which ultimately owned all rights to Cooke's recordings.[73]

No concrete evidence supporting a criminal conspiracy has been presented to date.[69][70]

Aftermath
Grave of Sam Cooke, in the Garden of Honor, Forest Lawn Glendale

The first funeral service for Cooke was held on December 18, 1964, at A. R. Leak Funeral Home in Chicago; 200,000 fans lined up for more than four city blocks to view his body.[40][74] Afterward, his body was flown back to Los Angeles for a second service, at the Mount Sinai Baptist Church on December 19,[75] which included a much-heralded performance of "The Angels Keep Watching Over Me" by Ray Charles, who stood in for grief-stricken Bessie Griffin. Cooke was interred at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.[40][76]

Two singles and an album were released in the month after his death. One of the singles, "Shake", reached the top ten of both the pop and R&B charts. The B-side, "A Change Is Gonna Come", is considered a classic protest song from the era of the Civil Rights Movement.[77] It was a top 40 pop hit and a top 10 R&B hit. The album, also titled Shake, reached the number one spot for R&B albums.

Bertha Franklin said she received numerous death threats after shooting Cooke. She left her position at the Hacienda Motel and did not publicly disclose where she had moved.[78] After being cleared by the coroner's jury, she sued Cooke's estate, citing physical injuries and mental anguish suffered as a result of Cooke's attack. Her lawsuit sought $200,000 in compensatory and punitive damages.[78] Barbara Womack countersued Franklin on behalf of the estate, seeking $7,000 in damages to cover Cooke's funeral expenses. Elisa Boyer provided testimony in support of Franklin in the case. In 1967, a jury ruled in favor of Franklin on both counts, awarding her $30,000 in damages.[79] It was later revealed that Bertha Franklin had moved to Michigan, but never disclosed what her new career was. She died of a coronary in 1969. Elisa Boyer was once again arrested in 1979 after a fight with a boyfriend where he ended up dead. She was found guilty of second-degree murder and sentenced to 25 years to life imprisonment. Her conviction reignited interest in the Sam Cooke case and gave fuel to conspiracy theorists about the 1964 death.[80]

Posthumous honors
  • In 1986, Cooke was inducted as a charter member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.[81]
  • In 1987, Cooke was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.[82]
  • In 1989, Cooke was reelected to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame when the Soul Stirrers were inducted. [83]
  • On February 1, 1994, Cooke received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for his contributions to the music industry, located on 7051 Hollywood Boulevard.[84][85][86]
  • Although Cooke never won a Grammy Award, he received the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1999,[87] presented by Larry Blackmon of funk super-group Cameo.
  • In 2004, Rolling Stone ranked Cooke 16th on its list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time".[88][89]
  • In 2008, Cooke was named the fourth "Greatest Singer of All Time" by Rolling Stone.[90]
  • In 2008, Cooke received the first plaque on the Clarksdale Walk of Fame, located at the New Roxy theater.[91]
  • In 2009, Cooke was honored with a marker on the Mississippi Blues Trail in Clarksdale.[92]
  • In June 2011, the city of Chicago renamed a portion of East 36th Street near Cottage Grove Avenue as the honorary "Sam Cooke Way" to remember the singer near a corner where he hung out and sang as a teenager.[93]
  • In 2013, Cooke was inducted into the National Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio, at Cleveland State University.[94] The founder of the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, LaMont Robinson, said he was the greatest singer ever to sing.[95]
  • The Sam Cooke quote "A Change Is Gonna Come" is on a wall of the Contemplative Court, a space for reflection in the Smithsonian's National Museum of African American History and Culture; the museum opened in 2016.[96]
  • Cooke is inducted into the Mississippi Musicians Hall of Fame.[97]

Discography
  • Sam Cooke (1958)
  • Encore (1958)
  • Tribute to the Lady (1959)
  • The Wonderful World of Sam Cooke (1960)
  • Cooke's Tour (1960)
  • Hits of the 50's (1960)
  • Swing Low (1961)
  • My Kind of Blues (1961)
  • Twistin' the Night Away (1962)
  • Mr. Soul (1963)
  • Night Beat (1963)
  • Ain't That Good News (1964)
  • Sam Cooke at the Copa (1964)
  • Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963 (1985)

Notes
  1. Some sources identify the motel owner's last name as "Card," according to Guralnick

References
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  10. Guralnick, Peter (2005). Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-37794-5.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  11. Note: His headstone gives his birth year as 1930.
  12. Cashmere, Paul (July 22, 2017). "R.I.P. L.C. Cook, Brother of Sam Cooke, 1932-2017". Noise11.com.
  13. Guralnick 2005, pp. 9–10, 17.
  14. Guralnick 2005, p. 10.
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  46. Guralnick 2005, p. 102.
  47. Guralnick 2005, pp. 412, 499–500.
  48. Guralnick 2005, pp. 647-648.
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  55. Goodman 2015, p. 57.
  56. Wolff, Daniel (1995). You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke. New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-12403-8.
  57. Guralnick 2005, pp. 619, 628.
  58. Guralnick 2005, p. 619.
  59. Guralnick 2005, pp. 619, 627.
  60. Guralnick 2005, pp. 616–619.
  61. Guralnick 2005, p. 643.
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  65. Milicia, Joe (December 6, 2005). "Sam Cooke's story told from 'the inside out'—A thorough effort to give him his due". Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Associated Press: "That he was killed after being scammed by a prostitute just didn't make sense to many people. It's an end that his sister, Agnes Cooke-Hoskins, still discounts. 'My brother was first class all the way. He would not check into a $3-a-night motel; that wasn't his style,' she said while attending a recent tribute to Cooke at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum."
  66. Greene, Erik (2006). Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective. Trafford Publishing. ISBN 1-4122-0987-0.
  67. James, Gary, "Interview with Solomon Burke" (January 27, 1992), Classic Bands: "I've always felt there was some sort of conspiracy there. ... I listened to the reports and I listened to the story of what happened and I can imagine Sam going after his pants. I can imagine Sam going up to the counter and saying 'Hey, somebody just took my pants.' And he's standing there, seeing the woman with his pants. I can imagine him saying "Give me my pants." But I can't imagine him attacking her. He wasn't that type of person to attack somebody. That wasn't his bag. He was a lover, OK. He wasn't a fighter. He wasn't a boxer. You never heard of Sam Cooke beating up his women."
  68. Guralnick 2005, pp. 642–643.
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  70. Hildebrand, Lee (April 10, 2007). "Elvis biographer Peter Guralnick tackles another music legend: Sam Cooke". San Francisco Bay Guardian.
    "'In the course of the two or three hundred different interviews with different people that I did for the book, there are two or three hundred different conspiracy theories,' he said. 'While they were all extremely interesting, and while every one of them reflected a basic truth about prejudice in America in 1964 and the truth of the prejudice that has continued into the present day, none of them came accompanied by any evidence beyond that metaphorical truth.'"
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Further reading
  • Dream Boogie: The Triumph of Sam Cooke by Peter Guralnick (2005) ISBN 0-316-37794-5
  • Our Uncle Sam: The Sam Cooke Story from His Family's Perspective by Erik Greene (2005) ISBN 1-4120-6498-8
  • You Send Me: The Life and Times of Sam Cooke by Daniel Wolff, S. R. Crain, Clifton White, and G. David Tenenbaum (1995) ISBN 0-688-12403-8
  • One More River to Cross: The Redemption of Sam Cooke by B. G. Rhule (2012) ISBN 978-1-4675-2856-6
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