SAR supergroup

SAR or Harosa (informally the SAR supergroup) is a clade that includes stramenopiles (heterokonts), alveolates, and Rhizaria.[2][3][4][5] The first letter of each group provides the "SAR" in the name (alternatively spelled "RAS").[6][7]

SAR
Temporal range: 736–0 Ma[1]
Had'n
Archean
Proterozoic
Pha.
Scientific classification
(unranked): Diaphoretickes
Clade: TSAR
Clade: SAR
Burki et al., 2007
Clades
  • Stramenopiles (= Heterokonta)
  • Alveolata
  • Rhizaria
Synonyms
  • Harosa Cavalier-Smith, 2010

The term "Harosa" (at the subkingdom level) has also been used for this grouping by Cavalier-Smith (2010).[8] Adl et al. (2012) formalized the SAR supergroup as the node-based taxon Sar. They defined it as:[6]

Sar: the least inclusive clade containing Bigelowiella natans Moestrup & Sengco 2001 (Rhizaria), Tetrahymena thermophila Nanney & McCoy 1976 (Alveolata), and Thalassiosira pseudonana Cleve 1873 (Stramenopiles). This is a node-based definition in which all of the specifiers are extant.

Note that as a formal taxon, "Sar" has only its first letter capitalized, while the earlier abbreviation, SAR, retains all uppercase letters. Both names refer to the same group of organisms, unless further taxonomic revisions deem otherwise. Members of the SAR supergroup were once included under the separate supergroups Chromalveolata (Chromista and Alveolata) and Rhizaria, until phylogenetic studies confirmed that stramenopiles and alveolates diverged with Rhizaria.[9] This apparently excluded haptophytes and cryptomonads, leading Okamoto et al. (2009) to propose the clade Hacrobia to accommodate them.[10]

Phylogeny

Based on a compilation of the following works.[11][12][13][14]

TSAR
 

Telonemia

 
SAR/
Rhizaria
 

Phytomyxea Engler & Prantl 1897 em. Cavalier-Smith 1993

 
 
 

Vampyrellida West 1901 emend. Hess et al. 2012 {Vampyrellidea Cavalier-Smith 2017}

 
 
 

Filosa Leidy 1879 s.s.

 
 
 

Marimyxia Cavalier-Smith 2017

 
 

Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002 s.s.

 
 
 
 
 
Halvaria
Alveolata
 

Ciliophora Doflein 1901 stat. n. Copeland 1956

 
 

Myzozoa Cavalier-Smith and Chao 2004

 
 
Heterokonta
 

Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015

 
 
 

Sagenista Cavalier-Smith 1995 stat. n. 2006

 
 
 

Bikosea Cavalier-Smith 2013

 
 
 

Placidozoa Cavalier-Smith 2013

 
Gyrista
 

Bigyromonadea Cavalier-Smith 1998

 
 
 

Oomycota Arx 1967

 
 
 

Hyphochytriomycota Whittaker 1969

 
 
 

Pirsoniales Cavalier-Smith 1998

 
 

Ochrophyta Cavalier-Smith 1986 (Brown, golden & yellow algae)

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Harosa
 

See also

References
  1. Parfrey, Laura Wegener; Lahr, Daniel J. G.; Knoll, Andrew H.; Katz, Laura A. (August 16, 2011). "Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (33): 13624–13629. Bibcode:2011PNAS..10813624P. doi:10.1073/pnas.1110633108. PMC 3158185. PMID 21810989.
  2. Archibald JM (January 2009). "The puzzle of plastid evolution". Curr. Biol. 19 (2): R81–8. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.11.067. PMID 19174147.
  3. Burki F, Shalchian-Tabrizi K, Minge M, et al. (2007). Butler G (ed.). "Phylogenomics reshuffles the eukaryotic supergroups". PLoS ONE. 2 (8): e790. Bibcode:2007PLoSO...2..790B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000790. PMC 1949142. PMID 17726520.
  4. Hampl V, Hug L, Leigh JW, et al. (March 2009). "Phylogenomic analyses support the monophyly of Excavata and resolve relationships among eukaryotic "supergroups"". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 106 (10): 3859–64. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3859H. doi:10.1073/pnas.0807880106. PMC 2656170. PMID 19237557.
  5. Frommolt R, Werner S, Paulsen H, et al. (December 2008). "Ancient recruitment by chromists of green algal genes encoding enzymes for carotenoid biosynthesis". Mol. Biol. Evol. 25 (12): 2653–67. doi:10.1093/molbev/msn206. PMID 18799712.
  6. Sina M. Adl; Alastair G.B. Simpson; Christopher E. Lane; Julius Lukeš; David Bass; Samuel S. Bowser; Matthew W. Brown; Fabien Burki; Micah Dunthorn; Vladimir Hampl; Aaron Heiss; Mona Hoppenrath; Enrique Lara; Line Le Gall; Denis H. Lynn; Hilary McManus; Edward A.D. Mitchell; Sharon E. Mozley-Stanridge; Laura W. Parfrey; Jan Pawlowski; Sonja Rueckert; Laura Shadwick; Conrad L. Schoch; Alexey Smirnov & Frederick W. Spiegel (2012). "The Revised Classification of Eukaryotes". Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 59 (5): 429–493. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
  7. Sandra L. Baldauf (2008). "An overview of the phylogeny and diversity of eukaryotes" (PDF). Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 46 (3): 263–273. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1002.2008.08060 (inactive 2020-01-17).
  8. T. Cavalier-Smith (June 2010). "Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree". Biol. Lett. 6 (3): 342–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948. PMC 2880060. PMID 20031978.
  9. Dawkins, Richard; Wong, Yan (2016). Ancestor's Tale. pp. 573–577. ISBN 978-0544859937.
  10. Fabien Burki (2014). "The eukaryotic tree of life from a global phylogenomic perspective". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology. 6 (5): 1–17. doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a016147. PMC 3996474. PMID 24789819.
  11. Ruggiero; et al. (2015), "Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms", PLoS ONE, 10 (4): e0119248, Bibcode:2015PLoSO..1019248R, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248, PMC 4418965, PMID 25923521
  12. Silar, Philippe (2016), "Protistes Eucaryotes: Origine, Evolution et Biologie des Microbes Eucaryotes", HAL Archives-ouvertes: 1–462
  13. Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (5 September 2017). "Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences". Protoplasma. 255 (1): 297–357. doi:10.1007/s00709-017-1147-3. PMC 5756292. PMID 28875267.
  14. Strassert, Jürgen F. H.; Jamy, Mahwash; Mylnikov, Alexander P.; Tikhonenkov, Denis V.; Burki, Fabien (2018-08-30). "New phylogenomic analysis of the enigmatic phylum Telonemia further resolves the eukaryote tree of life". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 36 (4): 757–765. doi:10.1093/molbev/msz012. PMC 6844682. PMID 30668767.


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