S&P 500 Index

The S&P 500,[6] or simply the S&P,[7][8] is a stock market index that measures the stock performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. It is one of the most commonly followed equity indices, and many consider it to be one of the best representations of the U.S. stock market.[9] The average annual total return of the index, including dividends, since inception in 1926 has been 9.8%; however, there were several years where the index declined over 30%.[10] The index has posted annual increases 70% of the time.[11]

S&P 500
S&P 500 Index from 1950 to 2016
FoundationMarch 4, 1957 (1957-03-04)[1]
OperatorS&P Dow Jones Indices[2]
ExchangesNYSE, NASDAQ, Cboe BZX Exchange
Constituents505[3]
TypeLarge-cap[2]
Market capUS$28.1 trillion
(as of December 31, 2019)[4]
Weighting methodFree-float capitalization-weighted[5]
Related indices
Websiteus.spindices.com/indices/equity/sp-500
A linear chart of the S&P 500 using closing values from January 3, 1950 to February 19, 2016
A logarithmic chart of the S&P 500 using daily closing values from January 3, 1950 to February 19, 2016.
A daily volume chart of the S&P 500 from January 3, 1950 to February 19, 2016
Logarithmic graphs of S&P 500 index with and without inflation and with best fit lines

For a list of the components of the index, see List of S&P 500 companies. The components that have increased their dividends in 25 consecutive years are known as the S&P 500 Dividend Aristocrats.

The S&P 500 is a capitalization-weighted index and the performance of the 10 largest companies in the index account for 21.8% of the performance of the index.[1]

Funds that track the index have been recommended as investments by Warren Buffett, Burton Malkiel and John C. Bogle for investors with long time horizons.[12]

Although the index includes only companies listed in the United States, companies not originating from the United States might be included in the future. It already includes many multi-national companies; companies in the index derive on average only 71% of their revenue in the United States.[13]

The index is one of the factors in computation of the Conference Board Leading Economic Index, used to forecast the direction of the economy.[14]

The index is associated with many ticker symbols, including: ^GSPC,[15] INX,[16] and $SPX, depending on market or website.[17] The index value is updated every 15 seconds, or 1,559 times per trading day, with price updates disseminated by Reuters.[18]

The S&P 500 is maintained by S&P Dow Jones Indices, a joint venture majority-owned by S&P Global and its components are selected by a committee.[19][20]

Investing in the S&P 500

Mutual and exchange-traded funds

The easiest way to invest in the S&P 500 is to buy an index fund, either a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund that replicates, before fees and expenses, the performance of the index by holding the same stocks as the index, in the same proportions. Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) that replicate the performance of the index are issued by The Vanguard Group (NYSE Arca: VOO), iShares (NYSE Arca: IVV), and State Street Corporation (NYSE Arca: SPY). These can be purchased via any stockbroker, sometimes commission-free. In addition, mutual funds that track the index are offered by several issuers including Fidelity Investments, T. Rowe Price, and Charles Schwab Corporation.[21][22][23]

Derivatives

In the derivatives market, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) offers futures contracts that track the index and trade on the exchange floor in an open outcry auction, or on CME's Globex platform, and are the exchange's most popular product. Ticker symbols are /SP for the full-sized contract and /ES for the E-mini S&P contract that is one-fifth the size of /SP. In May 2019, the CME started trading a Micro E-mini futures contract that is one-tenth the size of the S&P E-mini contract, i.e. 1/50 the size of the full-sized (SP) contract. The Micro E-mini S&P 500 Index contract's ticker symbol is /MES.

The Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) offers options on the S&P 500 as well as on S&P 500 ETFs, inverse ETFs, and leveraged ETFs.

History

In 1860, Henry Varnum Poor formed Poor's Publishing, which published an investor's guide to the railroad industry.[24]

In 1923, Standard Statistics Company (founded in 1906 as the Standard Statistics Bureau) began rating mortgage bonds[24] and developed its first stock market index consisting of the stocks of 233 U.S. companies, computed weekly.[25]

In 1926, it developed a 90-stock index, computed daily.[25]

In 1941, Poor's Publishing merged with Standard Statistics Company to form Standard & Poor's.[24][26]

On March 4, 1957, the index was expanded to its current 500 companies and was renamed the S&P 500.[25]

In 1962, Ultronic Systems became the compiler of the S&P indices including the S&P 500 Stock Composite Index, the 425 Stock Industrial Index, the 50 Stock Utility Index, and the 25 Stock Rail Index.[27]

Selection criteria

The components of the S&P 500 are selected by a committee. This is similar to the Dow Jones Industrial Average, but different from others such as the Russell 1000, which are strictly rule-based. When considering the eligibility of a new addition, the committee assesses the company's merit using eight primary criteria: market capitalization, liquidity, domicile, public float, sector classification, financial viability, and length of time publicly traded and stock exchange.[5] Each of these primary criteria have specific requirements that must be met. For example, in order to be added to the index, a company must satisfy the following liquidity-based size requirements:[5]

  1. Market capitalization must be greater than or equal to US$8.2 billion
  2. Annual dollar value traded to float-adjusted market capitalization is greater than 1.0
  3. Minimum monthly trading volume of 250,000 shares in each of the six months leading up to the evaluation date

The committee selects the companies in the S&P 500 so they are representative of the industries in the Economy of the United States. The securities must be publicly listed on either the New York Stock Exchange (including NYSE Arca or NYSE American) or NASDAQ (NASDAQ Global Select Market, NASDAQ Select Market or the NASDAQ Capital Market). Securities that are ineligible for inclusion in the index are limited partnerships, master limited partnerships, OTC Bulletin Board issues, closed-end funds, exchange-traded funds, Exchange-traded notes, royalty trusts, tracking stocks, preferred stock, unit trusts, equity warrants, convertible bonds, investment trusts, American depositary receipts, American depositary shares and MLP IT units.[5]

The index includes non-U.S. companies, both formerly U.S.-incorporated companies that have completed corporate inversions outside the United States, as well as firms that have never been incorporated in the United States.

A stock may rise in value when it is added to the index since index funds must purchase that company's stock in order to continue tracking the S&P 500 index.[28][29]

Weighting

The index is a capitalization-weighted index;[30]:150 that is, movements in the prices of stocks with higher market capitalizations (the share price times the number of shares outstanding) have a greater impact on the value of the index than do companies with smaller market capitalizations.

However, to calculate the market capitalization of each company and therefore value of the index, Standard & Poor's uses only the number of shares available for public trading ("public float"), and excludes shares held by insiders or controlling shareholders that are not publicly traded.

The transition to a public float-adjusted capitalization-weighting was made in two steps, the first on March 18, 2005 and the second on September 16, 2005.[31]

Index maintenance

To keep the S&P 500 Index consistent over time, it is adjusted to capture corporate actions which affect market capitalization, such as additional share issuance, dividends and restructuring events such as mergers or spin-offs. To remain indicative of the largest public companies in the United States, the constituent stocks are changed from time to time.[5]

To prevent the value of the index from changing merely as a result of corporate financial actions, all such actions affecting the market value of the Index require a divisor adjustment. Also, when a company is dropped and replaced by another with a different market capitalization, the divisor needs to be adjusted in such a way that the value of the S&P 500 Index remains constant. All divisor adjustments are made after the close of trading and after the calculation of the closing value of the S&P 500 Index.[32]:290

There are many corporate actions that require the divisor to be adjusted, as follows:[33]

Type of ActionDivisor Adjustment
Stock split (e.g., 2×1)No
Share issuanceYes
Share repurchaseYes
Special cash dividendYes
Company changeYes
Rights offeringYes
SpinoffsYes
MergersYes

Calculation

To calculate the value of the S&P 500 Index, the sum of the adjusted market capitalization of all 500 stocks is divided by a factor, usually referred to as the Divisor.[33][34] For example, if the total adjusted market cap of the 500 component stocks is US$13 trillion and the Divisor is set at 8.933 billion, then the S&P 500 Index value would be 1,455.28. Although the adjusted market capitalization of the entire index can be accessed from Standard & Poor's website,[35] the Divisor is considered to be proprietary to the firm. However, the Divisor's value is approximately 8.9 billion.[36]

The formula to calculate the S&P 500 Index value is:[37]:225–226

where P is the price of each stock in the index and Q is the number of shares publicly available for each stock.

The Divisor is adjusted in the case of stock issuance, spin-offs or similar structural changes, to ensure that such events do not in themselves alter the numerical value of the Index.[33]

Performance

Price history & milestones

Breaking 100 in 1982

On August 12, 1982, the index closed at 102.42.[38]

Dot-com bubble

On March 24, 2000, the index reached an intraday high of 1,552.87, at the peak of the dot-com bubble; this high was not exceeded until 7 years later. On October 10, 2002, during the stock market downturn of 2002, the index fell to 768.83, a decline of approximately 50% from its high in March 2000.[39]

Financial crisis of 2007–2008

On May 30, 2007, the S&P 500 closed at 1,530.23, setting its first all-time closing high in more than 7 years. The index achieved a new all-time intraday high on October 11, 2007, at 1,576.09, following a record close of 1,565.15 on October 9, just before the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–2008. The index ended 2007 at 1,468.36, just below its December 31, 1999 close. Less than a month later, it dropped to 1,400, and did not reach that level again for 5 years.

In mid-2007, the subprime mortgage crisis spread to the wider U.S. financial sector. The situation became acute in September 2008, ushering in a period of unusually high market volatility not seen since 1929, encompassing daily swings of over 5% in both directions.[40]

On October 11, 2007, S&P index set a milestone with its all-time intraday high of 1,576.09.[41]

On November 20, 2008, the index closed at 752.44, its lowest since early 1997.[42]

The index ended 2008 at 903.25, for a yearly loss of 38.5%.[43] The market continued to decline in early 2009. The index reached a nearly 13-year low, closing at 676.53, on March 9, 2009. The entire drop from high in Oct 2007 to low in Mar 2009 was 57.7%, the largest since WWII.

On March 23, 2009, the S&P 500 marked a 20% gain from its low when it reached 822.92.[44] The Dow Jones Industrial Average reached this milestone on March 26, 2009.[45]

The close on December 31, 2009 was 1,115.10, making it the second-best year of the decade.[46]

On April 14, 2010, the index broke 1,200 closing at 1,210.65, but by July 2, 2010, it had fallen to 1022.58.

On April 29, 2011, the index closed at 1,363.61. However, after the August 2011 stock markets fall, it briefly broke below 1,100 in October 2011, with the VIX reaching 40.

Gains continued in 2012 despite significant volatility amid electoral and fiscal uncertainty, and the December 31, 2012 close of the S&P 500 following round 3 of quantitative easing was its third-highest ever, at 1,426.22 points.

New highs in 2013 and beyond

On March 28, 2013, the S&P surpassed its closing high level of 1,565.15, recovering all its losses from the financial crisis.[47] On April 10, 2013, it also closed above the intraday high from 2007.[48][41]

On March 2, 2015, the S&P closed at a new all-time inflation-adjusted closing high, and achieved a new all-time inflation-adjusted intraday high in September 2016, both of which were set in 2000.[49][50]

A period of over a year with no new record highs ended on July 11, 2016, closing at 2,137.16.[51]

In June 2017, the index posted the largest weekly rise since the previous presidential election in November 2016.[52]

After strong performance in 2017, the S&P 500 peaked in February 2018 at 2,836.[53]

In the first quarter of 2020, the S&P 500 fell 20% during the global stock market crash, its worst quarter since 2008.[54]

Annual returns

The "S&P 500" generally quoted is a price return index; there are also "total return" and "net total return" versions of the index. These versions differ in how dividends are accounted for. The price return version does not account for dividends; it captures only the changes in the prices of the index components. The total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment. Finally, the net total return version reflects the effects of dividend reinvestment after the deduction of withholding tax.[55][56]

The CAGR (compound annual growth rate, annualized return) is the best average rate to summarize investment returns over several years. In contrast with the median return or the mean return, the CAGR is a measurement of the actual return achieved over the number of years examined.[57]

Calculation used for CAGR:

The total rate of return (including dividends) compounded annually from 1970 through 2019 is 10.60%. The rate of return (without dividends, or just on the index price itself) through 2019 is 7.37%.

Using a charting method (see chart above: Logarithmic graphs of S&P 500 index with and without inflation and with best fit lines), the S&P 500 index compound annual increase from 1950 to mid-2019 is a consistent 7.5%.

Show / Hide table
Year Change in Index Total Annual Return Including Dividends Value of $1.00 Invested on 1970‑01‑01 5 Year Annualized Return 10 Year Annualized Return 15 Year Annualized Return 20 Year Annualized Return 25 Year Annualized Return
1970 0.10% 4.01% $1.04 - - - - -
1971 10.79% 14.31% $1.19 - - - - -
1972 15.63% 18.98% $1.41 - - - - -
1973 −17.37% −14.66% $1.21 - - - - -
1974 −29.72% −26.47% $0.89 −2.35% - - - -
1975 31.55% 37.20% $1.22 3.21% - - - -
1976 19.15% 23.84% $1.51 4.87% - - - -
1977 −11.50% −7.18% $1.40 −0.21% - - - -
1978 1.06% 6.56% $1.49 4.32% - - - -
1979 12.31% 18.44% $1.77 14.76% 5.86% - - -
1980 25.77% 32.50% $2.34 13.96% 8.45% - - -
1981 −9.73% −4.92% $2.23 8.10% 6.47% - - -
1982 14.76% 21.55% $2.71 14.09% 6.70% - - -
1983 17.27% 22.56% $3.32 17.32% 10.63% - - -
1984 1.40% 6.27% $3.52 14.81% 14.78% 8.76% - -
1985 26.33% 31.73% $4.64 14.67% 14.32% 10.49% - -
1986 14.62% 18.67% $5.51 19.87% 13.83% 10.76% - -
1987 2.03% 5.25% $5.80 16.47% 15.27% 9.86% - -
1988 12.40% 16.61% $6.76 15.31% 16.31% 12.17% - -
1989 27.25% 31.69% $8.90 20.37% 17.55% 16.61% 11.55% -
1990 −6.56% −3.10% $8.63 13.20% 13.93% 13.94% 11.16% -
1991 26.31% 30.47% $11.26 15.36% 17.59% 14.34% 11.90% -
1992 4.46% 7.62% $12.11 15.88% 16.17% 15.47% 11.34% -
1993 7.06% 10.08% $13.33 14.55% 14.93% 15.72% 12.76% -
1994 −1.54% 1.32% $13.51 8.70% 14.38% 14.52% 14.58% 10.98%
1995 34.11% 37.58% $18.59 16.59% 14.88% 14.81% 14.60% 12.22%
1996 20.26% 22.96% $22.86 15.22% 15.29% 16.80% 14.56% 12.55%
1997 31.01% 33.36% $30.48 20.27% 18.05% 17.52% 16.65% 13.07%
1998 26.67% 28.58% $39.19 24.06% 19.21% 17.90% 17.75% 14.94%
1999 19.53% 21.04% $47.44 28.56% 18.21% 18.93% 17.88% 17.25%
2000 −10.14% −9.10% $43.12 18.33% 17.46% 16.02% 15.68% 15.34%
2001 −13.04% −11.89% $37.99 10.70% 12.94% 13.74% 15.24% 13.78%
2002 −23.37% −22.10% $29.60 −0.59% 9.34% 11.48% 12.71% 12.98%
2003 26.38% 28.68% $38.09 −0.57% 11.07% 12.22% 12.98% 13.84%
2004 8.99% 10.88% $42.23 −2.30% 12.07% 10.94% 13.22% 13.54%
2005 3.00% 4.91% $44.30 0.54% 9.07% 11.52% 11.94% 12.48%
2006 13.62% 15.79% $51.30 6.19% 8.42% 10.64% 11.80% 13.37%
2007 3.53% 5.49% $54.12 12.83% 5.91% 10.49% 11.82% 12.73%
2008 −38.49% −37.00% $34.09 −2.19% −1.38% 6.46% 8.43% 9.77%
2009 23.45% 26.46% $43.11 0.42% −0.95% 8.04% 8.21% 10.54%
2010 12.78% 15.06% $49.61 2.29% 1.41% 6.76% 9.14% 9.94%
2011 -0.00% 2.11% $50.65 −0.25% 2.92% 5.45% 7.81% 9.28%
2012 13.41% 16.00% $58.76 1.66% 7.10% 4.47% 8.22% 9.71%
2013 29.60% 32.39% $77.79 17.94% 7.40% 4.68% 9.22% 10.26%
2014 11.39% 13.69% $88.44 15.45% 7.67% 4.24% 9.85% 9.62%
2015 −0.73% 1.38% $89.66 12.57% 7.30% 5.00% 8.19% 9.82%
2016 9.54% 11.96% $100.38 14.66% 6.94% 6.69% 7.68% 9.15%
2017 19.42% 21.83% $122.30 15.79% 8.49% 9.92% 7.19% 9.69%
2018 −6.24% −4.38% $116.94 8.49% 13.12% 7.77% 5.62% 9.07%
2019 28.88% 31.49% $153.76 11.70% 13.56% 9.00% 6.06% 10.22%
High 34.11% 37.58% --- 28.56% 19.21% 18.93% 17.88% 17.25%
Low −38.49% −37.00% --- −2.35% −1.38% 4.24% 5.62% 9.07%
Median 11.85% 14.69% --- 13.58% 12.07% 10.85% 11.80% 11.60%
Year Change in Index Total Annual Return Including Dividends Value of $1.00 Invested on 1970‑01‑01 5 Year Annualized Return 10 Year Annualized Return 15 Year Annualized Return 20 Year Annualized Return 25 Year Annualized Return

See also

References
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