List of religions and spiritual traditions

While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who defined it as a

[…] system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, pervasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations in men by formulating conceptions of a general order of existence and clothing these conceptions with such an aura of factuality that the moods and motivations seem uniquely realistic."[1]

Further information: Major religious groups, Religious denomination, and History of religion
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Religious symbols in clock-wise order from top: Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Bahá'í Faith, Hinduism, Taoism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Slavic neopaganism, Celtic polytheism, Heathenism (Germanic paganism), Semitic neopaganism, Wicca, Kemetism (Egyptian paganism), Hellenism (Greek paganism), Italo-Roman neopaganism.

A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category."[2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, ultimate concerns, etc[3]

The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviours, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural) or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, rituals, rites, ceremonies, worship, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, invocation, mediumship, music, art, dance, public service or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal and supernatural experiences.[4][5]

Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[6] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[7] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.

East Asian religions

Religions that originated in East Asia, also known as Taoic religions; namely Taoism, Confucianism, Shenism and Shintoism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.

Confucianism
Main article: Confucianism
  • Neo-Confucianism
  • New Confucianism

Shinto
Main article: Shinto
  • Koshintō
  • Shugendō
  • Yoshida Shintō

Shinto-inspired religions
  • Church of World Messianity
  • Happy Science
  • Konkokyo
  • Oomoto
  • PL Kyodan
  • Seicho-no-Ie
  • Shinmeiaishinkai
  • Tenrikyo
  • Zenrinkyo

Taoism
Main article: Taoism
  • Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
    • Way of the Celestial Masters
      • Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")
  • Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
  • Lingbao School ("School of the Numinous Treasure")
  • Quanzhen School ("School of the Fulfilled Virtue")
    • Dragon Gate Taoism
  • Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
  • Yao Taoism (a.k.a. "Meishanism")
  • Faism (a.k.a. "Redhead Taoism")
  • Xuanxue (a.k.a. "Neo-Taoism")

Other
  • Pagan

Sumism

Chinese
  • Benzhuism
  • Chan Buddhism
  • Chinese folk religion
  • Chinese salvationist religions
  • Falun Gong
  • Miao folk religion
  • Mohism
  • Yiguandao
  • Wang Hao-te
  • Xiantiandao
  • Yao folk religion
  • Zhuang Shigongism

Japanese

Korean
  • Cheondoism
  • Daejongism
  • Daesun Jinrihoe
  • Gasin faith
  • Jeung San Do
  • Korean shamanism
  • Seon Buddhism
  • Suwunism
  • Won Buddhism

Manchu
  • Manchu shamanism

Vietnamese
  • Đạo Mẫu
  • Caodaism
  • Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương
  • Đạo Dừa
  • Hòa Hảo

Indic religions
Main article: Indian religions

Religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.

Nāstik (Heterodox Indian)

Buddhism
Main article: Buddhism
  • Mahayana
    • Tiantai
      • Tendai
      • Cheontae
    • Buddha-nature
      • Daśabhūmikā
      • Huayan school
        • Hwaeom
        • Kegon
    • Chan Buddhism
      • Caodong school
      • Zen
        • Sōtō
          • Keizan line
          • Jakuen line
          • Giin line
      • Linji school
        • Rinzai school
        • Ōbaku
        • Fuke-shū
        • Won Buddhism
      • Kwan Um School of Zen
      • Sanbo Kyodan
    • Madhyamaka
    • Nichiren Buddhism
      • Nichiren Shōshū
      • Nichiren Shū
      • Soka Gakkai
    • Pure Land Buddhism
      • Jōdo Shinshū
      • Jōdo-shū
    • Yogācāra
      • East Asian Yogācāra
  • Nikaya Buddhism (incorrectly called "Hinayana" in the West)
    • Humanistic Buddhism
    • Theravada
      • Sangharaj Nikaya (Bangladesh)
      • Mahasthabir Nikaya (Bangladesh)
      • Dwara Nikaya (Burma)
      • Shwegyin Nikaya (Burma)
      • Thudhamma Nikaya (Burma)
        • Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
      • Amarapura Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
      • Ramañña Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
      • Siam Nikaya (Sri Lanka)
      • Dhammayuttika Nikaya (Thailand)
        • Thai Forest Tradition
          • Tradition of Ajahn Chah
      • Maha Nikaya (Thailand)
        • Dhammakaya Movement
    • Vipassana movement
  • Vajrayana
    • Chinese Esoteric Buddhism
    • Newar Buddhism (Nepal)
    • Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism
    • Shingon Buddhism
    • Tantric Theravada
    • Tendai Buddhism
    • Tibetan Buddhism
      • Bon (Tibet, Bhutan, Nepal)
      • Gelug
      • Kagyu
        • Dagpo Kagyu
          • Karma Kagyu
          • Barom Kagyu
          • Drukpa Lineage
        • Shangpa Kagyu
      • Nyingma
      • Sakya
      • Jonang
      • Bodongpa
  • Navayana (India; also called Neo-Buddhism or Ambedkarite Buddhism)
    • Dalit Buddhist movement
  • Kirat Mundhum (Nepal)

New Buddhist movements
  • Dalit Buddhist movement
  • Shambhala Buddhism
  • Diamond Way Buddhism
  • Triratna Buddhist Community
  • New Kadampa Tradition[8]
  • Share International
  • True Buddha School
    • Nipponzan-Myōhōji-Daisanga
  • Hòa Hảo

Global variants of Buddhism
  • Buddhism in the United States

Charvaka (Historical)
Main article: Charvaka

Din-I Ilahi (Historical)

Hinduism
Main article: Hinduism
Bhakti movements
  • Sant Mat[12]
    • Advait Mat
    • Dadupanth
    • Kabir Panth
    • Nanak Panth
    • Radha Soami
      • Radha Soami Satsang Beas
      • Radha Swami Satsang, Dinod
    • Ravidassia
    • Sadh
      • Divine Light Mission
Neo-Hinduism
Hindu philosophy major schools and movements

Jainism
Main article: Jainism
  • Digambara
    • Bispanthi[16]
    • Digambar Terapanth
    • Kanji Panth[16]
    • Taran Panth
  • Śvētāmbara
    • Murtipujaka
    • Sthānakavāsī
    • Svetambar Terapanth

Meivazhi

Sarnaism

Sikhism
Main article: Sikhism

Nepalese religions
  • Bön (Tibet / Nepal)
  • Kirat Mundhum
  • Newar Buddhism
  • Yumaism[17]

Middle Eastern religions

Religions that originated in the Middle East; namely Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and religions and traditions related to, and descended from them.

Bábism
Main article: Bábism

Christianity
Main article: Christianity

Eastern Christianity

Western Christianity

Other
See also: Gnosticism and Christian mysticism

Certain Christian groups are difficult to classify as "Eastern" or "Western." Many Gnostic groups were closely related to early Christianity, for example, Valentinism. Irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church.[18]

  • Arianism (Historical)
  • Bagnolians (Historical)
  • Bogomilism (Historical)
  • Bosnian Church (Historical)
  • Catharism (Historical)
  • Cerdonians (Historical)
  • Esoteric Christianity
  • Christian Universalism
  • Christopaganism
    • Christian Wicca
  • Eastern Lightning
  • Ecclesia Gnostica
  • Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica
  • Judaizers (Judeo-Christian)
    • Hebrew Roots
    • Makuya
    • Messianic Judaism
    • Sacred Name Movement
    • Yehowists
    • Ebionites (Historical)
  • Nondenominational Christianity
  • Nontrinitarianism
  • Marcionism (Historical)
  • Unification Church (Family Federation for World Peace and Unification)
    • World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church
  • Reformed Eastern Christianity
  • Sethianism (Historical)
    • Basilideans (Historical)
    • Valentinianism (Historical)
      • Bardesanite School (Historical)
  • Simonians (Historical)
  • Theosophy

Druze
Main article: Druze

Islam
Main article: Islam

Khawarij
  • Azraqi (Historical)
  • Haruriyyah (Historical)
  • Ibadi
  • Sufri (Historical)

Shia Islam
Main article: Shia Islam
  • Isma'ilism
    • Mustaali
      • Atba-i-Malak
        • Atba-i-Malak Badar
        • Atba-i-Malak Vakil
      • Alavi Bohra
      • Dawoodi Bohra
        • Progressive Dawoodi Bohra
      • Hebtiahs Bohra
      • Sulaymani Bohra
    • Nizari
    • Satpanth
  • Ja'fari jurisprudence
  • Khurramites (Historical)
  • Zaidiyyah

Sufism
Main articles: Sufism and Islamic Mysticism
  • Bektashi Order
  • Chishti Order
  • Mevlevi Order
  • Naqshbandi
    • Jahriyya
  • Kubrawiya
    • Khufiyya
  • Ni'matullāhī
  • Qadiriyya
  • Shadhili
  • Suhrawardiyya
  • Sufi Order International
  • Sufism Reoriented
  • Tariqa
  • Tijaniyyah
  • Universal Sufism
    • Dances of Universal Peace

Sunni Islam
Main article: Sunni Islam
  • Kalam/Fiqh
    • Ash'ari
      • Maliki
      • Shafi'i
      • Hanbali
    • Maturidi
      • Hanafi
        • Barelvi
        • Deobandi
  • Athari
  • Muʿtazila

Other
  • Ahmadiyya
  • Al-Fatiha Foundation
  • Ali-Illahism
  • Black Muslims
    • American Society of Muslims
    • Five-Percent Nation
    • Moorish Science Temple of America
      • Moorish Orthodox Church of America
    • Nation of Islam
      • United Nation of Islam
  • Din-i Ilahi
  • European Islam
  • Ittifaq al-Muslimin
  • Jadid
  • Jamaat al Muslimeen
  • Liberal movements within Islam
    • Muslim Canadian Congress
      • Canadian Muslim Union
    • Progressive British Muslims
    • Progressive Muslim Union
  • Mahdavia
  • Quranism
    • Tolu-e-Islam
    • United Submitters International
  • Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
    • Messiah Foundation International
  • Xidaotang

Judaism
Main article: Judaism

Haymanot

Karaite Judaism
Main article: Karaite Judaism

Kabbalah
Main articles: Kabbalah and Jewish mysticism

Noahidism

Rabbinic Judaism

Samaritans

Subbotniks

Historical Judaism
  • Essenes
  • Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism) (Historical)
  • Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism) (Historical)
  • Zealots (Judea)
    • Sicarii
  • Messianic sects
    • Ebionites
    • Elcesaites
    • Nazarenes
  • Sabbateans
  • Second Temple Judaism
  • Frankism

Mandaeism
  • Sabians
    • Mandaean Nasaraean Sabeans
    • Sabians of Harran

Manichaeism
Main article: Manichaeism

Rastafari
Main article: Rastafari
  • Bobo Ashanti
  • Nyabinghi
  • Twelve Tribes of Israel

Black Hebrew Israelites
  • African Hebrew Israelites of Jerusalem
  • Church of God and Saints of Christ
  • Commandment Keepers
  • Nation of Yahweh
  • One West Camp
    • Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
    • Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge

Shabakism

Yazdânism
  • Yarsanism
  • Yazidi

Zoroastrianism
Main article: Zoroastrianism
  • Behafaridians (Historical)
  • Mazdakism (Historical)
  • Zurvanism (Historical)

Indigenous (ethnic, folk) religions
See also: Paganism, Animism, Totemism, and Shamanism

Religions that consist of the traditional customs and beliefs of particular ethnic groups, refined and expanded upon for thousands of years, often lacking formal doctrine.

Note: Some adherents do not consider their ways to be "religion," preferring other cultural terms.

African

    Traditional African
    • Akan religion
    • Akamba religion
    • Baluba mythology
    • Bantu mythology
      • Kongo religion
      • Zulu traditional religion
    • Berber religion
    • Bushongo mythology
    • Dinka religion
    • Efik mythology
    • Fon and Ewe religion
    • Igbo religion
    • Ik religion
    • Lotuko mythology
    • Lozi mythology
    • Lugbara mythology
    • Maasai mythology
    • Mbuti mythology
    • San religion
    • Serer religion
    • Tumbuka mythology
    • Urhobo people
    • Waaq
    • Yoruba religion

    Diasporic African
    • Abakuá
    • Candomblé
      • Candomblé Bantu
      • Candomblé Jejé
      • Candomblé Ketu
    • Comfa
    • Convince
    • Cuban Vodú
    • Dominican Vudú
    • Espiritismo
    • Haitian Vodou
    • Hoodoo
    • Jamaican Maroon religion
      • Kromanti dance
    • Kélé
    • Kumina
    • Louisiana Voodoo
    • Montamentu
    • Myal
    • Obeah
    • Palo
    • Quimbanda
    • Santería
    • Tambor de Mina
    • Trinidad Orisha
    • Umbanda
    • Winti

    Altaic
    • Evenki shamanism
    • Manchu shamanism
    • Turko-Mongolic religion
      • Tengrism
        • Mongolian shamanism
      • Burkhanism
      • Vattisen Yaly

    American
    • Abenaki mythology
    • Anishinaabe traditional beliefs
    • Blackfoot mythology
    • Californian religions
      • Miwok mythology
      • Ohlone mythology
      • Pomo religion
    • Cherokee mythology
    • Chickasaw religion
    • Chilote mythology
    • Choctaw mythology
    • Creek mythology
    • Guarani mythology
    • Haida mythology
    • Ho-Chunk mythology
    • Hopi mythology
    • Inca mythology
    • Iroquois mythology
      • Seneca mythology
      • Wyandot religion
      • Longhouse Religion
    • Jivaroan religion
    • Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology
    • Lakota mythology
    • Lenape mythology
    • Mapuche religion
    • Mesoamerican religion
    • Midewiwin
    • Muisca religion
    • Navajo religion
    • Nuu-chah-nulth mythology
    • Pawnee mythology
    • Powhatan religion
    • Tsimshian mythology
    • Ute mythology
    • Zuni mythology

    Austroasiatic
    • Sarnaism
    • Vietnamese folk religion

    Austronesian
    • Batak Parmalim
    • Dayak religion
      • Kaharingan
      • Momolianism
    • Javanese Kejawèn
    • Karo Pemena
    • Malaysian folk religion
    • Philippine Dayawism
      • Tagalog beliefs
    • Polynesian mythology
      • Hawaiian religion
      • Māori religion
    • Sumbese Marapu
    • Sundanese Wiwitan

    Chinese
    • Chinese ritual mastery traditions
    • Chinese salvationist religions
      • Xiantiandao
      • Yiguandao
    • Luoism
    • Nuo folk religion
    • Yao folk religion

    European

    Uralic (Eurasian)
    • Mari Native Religion
    • Mordvin Native Religion
    • Sámi shamanism
    • Udmurt Vos

    Japanese

    Korean

    Tai and Miao
    • Ahom religion
    • Mo religion
    • Tai folk religion

    Tibeto-Burmese
    • Bon
    • Burmese folk religion
    • Benzhuism
    • Bimoism
    • Bathouism
    • Bongthingism
    • Donyi-Polo
    • Heraka
    • Kiratism
    • Qiang folk religion
    • Sanamahism

    Other Indigenous

    New religious movements
    Main article: New religious movement

    Religions that cannot be classed as either world religions nor traditional folk religions, and are usually recent in their inception.

    Cargo cults
    Main article: Cargo cults
    • John Frum
    • Johnson cult
    • Prince Philip Movement
    • Vailala Madness

    New ethnic religions

    Black
    • Ausar Auset Society
    • Black Hebrew Israelites
      • Church of God and Saints of Christ
      • Commandment Keepers
      • Nation of Yahweh
      • One West Camp
        • Israelite Church of God in Jesus Christ
        • Israelite School of Universal Practical Knowledge
    • Dini Ya Msambwa
    • Five-Percent Nation
    • Kemetism
    • Moorish Science Temple of America
      • Moorish Orthodox Church of America
    • Mumboism
    • Nation of Islam
      • United Nation of Islam
    • Nuwaubian Nation

    White
    • Ariosophy
    • Black Order
    • Christian Identity
    • Creativity
    • Neo-völkisch movements
      • Wotansvolk
    • Order of Nine Angles
    • Thule Society

    Native American
    • Ghost Dance
    • Indian Shaker Church
    • Native American Church

    Chicano/Mexican-American
    • Mexicayotl

    New Hindu derived religions

    Modern Paganism
    Main article: Modern Paganism

    Ethnic neopaganism
    • Abkhaz neopaganism
      • Council of Priests of Abkhazia
    • Armenian neopaganism
    • Baltic neopaganism
    • Caucasian neopaganism
    • Celtic neopaganism
    • Dievturība
    • Estonian neopaganism
    • Finnish neopaganism
    • Heathenry (a.k.a. Germanic neopaganism)
    • Hellenism
    • Hungarian neopaganism
    • Italo-Roman neopaganism
    • Kemetism
      • Kemetic Orthodoxy
    • Romuva
    • Semitic neopaganism
    • Slavic neopaganism
      • Native Faith Association of Ukraine
      • Native Polish Church
      • Peterburgian Vedism
      • Rodzima Wiara
      • RUNVira (a.k.a. Sylenkoism)
      • Union of Slavic Native Belief Communities
      • Ynglism
    • Zalmoxianism
    • Zuism

    Syncretic neopaganism
    • Adonism
    • Christopaganism
      • Christian Wicca
    • Church of All Worlds
    • Church of Aphrodite
    • Feraferia
    • Goddess movement
    • Huna
    • Ivanovism
    • Neo-Druidism
      • Ár nDraíocht Féin
      • Order of Bards, Ovates, and Druids
      • Reformed Druids of North America
    • Neoshamanism
    • Pow-wow
    • Radical Faeries
    • Ringing Cedars' Anastasianism
    • Summum
    • Technopaganism
    • Wicca
      • British Traditional Wicca
        • Gardnerian Wicca
        • Alexandrian Wicca
        • Central Valley Wicca
        • Algard Wicca
        • Chthonioi Alexandrian Wicca
        • Blue Star Wicca
      • Seax-Wica
      • Universal Eclectic Wicca
      • Celtic Wicca
      • Dianic Wicca
      • Faery Wicca
      • Feri Tradition
      • Georgian Wicca
      • Odyssean Wicca
      • Wiccan church
        • Covenant of the Goddess

    Entheogenic religions
    • Church of the Universe
    • Neo-American Church
    • Santo Daime
    • Temple of the True Inner Light
    • Tensegrity
    • THC Ministry
    • União do Vegetal

    New Thought
    • Christian Science
    • Church of Divine Science
    • Church Universal and Triumphant
    • Jewish Science
    • Religious Science
    • Seicho-no-Ie
    • Unity Church
    • Herbianity

    Parody religions

    Post-theistic and naturalistic religions
    • Cult of Reason (Historical)
    • Cult of the Supreme Being (Historical)
    • Deism
    • Ethical movement
    • Freethought
      • North Texas Church of Freethought
    • God-Building
    • Humanism
    • Ietsism
    • Moorish Orthodox Church of America
    • Pandeism
    • Pantheism
      • Naturalistic pantheism
        • World Pantheist Movement
    • Religion of Humanity
    • Syntheism
    • Unitarian Universalism
    • Universal Life Church

    UFO religions

    Western esotericism
    • Archeosophical Society
    • Builders of the Adytum
    • Fraternitas Saturni
    • Fraternity of the Inner Light
    • Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
      • The Open Source Order of the Golden Dawn
    • Hermeticism
    • Illuminates of Thanateros
    • Luciferianism
    • New Acropolis
    • New Age
      • Gaianism
      • Mayanism
      • Michael Teachings
    • Ordo Aurum Solis
    • Rosicrucian
      • Ancient Mystical Order Rosae Crucis
      • Rosicrucian Fellowship
    • Satanism
      • LaVeyan Satanism
        • Church of Satan
        • First Satanic Church
        • The Satanic Temple
      • Theistic Satanism
        • Our Lady of Endor Coven (a.k.a. Ophite Cultus Satanas)
    • Servants of the Light
    • Temple of Set
    • Thelema
      • A∴A∴
      • Ordo Templi Orientis
      • Typhonian Order
    • Theosophy
    • Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth

    Other new

    Historical religions

    Other categorisations

    By demographics
    • List of religious populations

    By area
    • List of religions and spiritual traditions of Oceania/Pacific
    • Religion in Africa
    • Religion in Asia
    • Religion in Australia
    • Religion in Europe
    • Religion in North America
    • Religion in South America
    • Religion by country
      • List of state-established religions
      • Buddhism by country
      • Christianity by country
        • Roman Catholicism by country
        • Protestantism by country
      • Hinduism by country
      • Islam by country
        • Ahmadiyya by country
      • Judaism by country, Jewish population by country
      • Sikhism by country

    See also

    References
    1. (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
    2. (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
    3. "World Religions Religion Statistics Geography Church Statistics". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
    4. http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx
    5. "Key Facts about Near-Death Experiences". Retrieved 5 March 2015.
    6. Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
    7. Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
    8. Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
    9. Tattwananda, Swami (1984). Vaisnava Sects, Saiva Sects, Mother Worship (1st revised ed.). Calcutta: Firma KLM Private Ltd.
    10. Dandekar, R. N. (1987). "Vaiṣṇavism: An Overview". In Eliade, Mircea (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Religion. 14. New York: MacMillan.
    11. Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th ed.). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
    12. Lorenzen, David N. (1995). Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action. New York: SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2025-6.
    13. Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
    14. Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (7th edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
    15. Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli. Indian Philosophy (1923) Vol. 1, 738 p. (1927) Vol. 2, 807 p. Oxford University Press.
    16. "Welcome to Jainworld – Jain Sects – tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Archived from the original on 2011-06-07. Retrieved 2012-04-24.
    17. Subba, J. R. (1998). The Philosophy and Teachings of Yuma Samyo (Yumaism): The Religion of Limboos of the Himalayan Region. Sikkim Yakthung Mundhum Saplopa.
    18. "Irenaeus of Lyons". Retrieved 5 March 2015.

    Sources
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