Qaboos bin Said

Qaboos bin Said (Arabic: قابوس بن سعيد‎, romanized: Qābūs bin Saʿīd, IPA: [qaː.buːs bin sa.ʕiːd ʔaːl sa.ʕiːd]; 18 November 1940[3] – 10 January 2020) was the Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970 until his death. A fifteenth-generation descendant of the founder of the House of Al Said,[4] he was the longest-serving leader in the Middle East and Arab world at the time of his death.[5]

Qaboos bin Said
Qaboos bin Said Al Said
Sultan of Oman
Reign23 July 1970 – 10 January 2020
PredecessorSaid bin Taimur
SuccessorHaitham bin Tariq
Born(1940-11-18)18 November 1940
Salalah, Muscat and Oman
Died10 January 2020(2020-01-10) (aged 79)
Seeb, Muscat Governorate, Oman[1]
BurialSaturday, January 11, 2020 [2]
Royal Cemetery, Muscat
Spouse
Sayyida Kamila
(m. 1976; div. 1979)
HouseAl Said
FatherSaid bin Taimur
MotherMazoon al-Mashani
ReligionIbadi Islam

The only son of Sultan Said bin Taimur of Muscat and Oman, Qaboos was educated in England. After graduating from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, he served briefly in the British Army. He returned to Oman in 1966 and was the subject of considerable restrictions from his father. In 1970, Qaboos ascended to the Omani throne after overthrowing his father in a coup d'état, with British support. The country was subsequently re-named the Sultanate of Oman.

As Sultan, Qaboos implemented a policy of modernization and ended Oman's international isolation.[6] His reign saw a rise in living standards and development in the country, the abolition of slavery, the end of the Dhofar Rebellion and the promulgation of Oman's constitution. Suffering from poor health in later life, Qaboos died in 2020. He had no children, so he entailed the royal court to reach consensus on a successor upon his death. As a precaution he hid a letter which names the successor in case an agreement is not achieved. After his death the royal court decided to view Qaboos's letter and named his intended successor, his cousin Haitham bin Tariq, as Sultan.

Early life and education

Qaboos was born in Salalah in Dhofar on 18 November 1940 as an only son of Sultan Said bin Taimur and Sultana Mazoon al-Mashani.[7][8]

He received his primary and secondary education at Salalah, and was sent to a private educational establishment at Bury St Edmunds in England at age 16.[9][10] At 20, he entered the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. After graduating from Sandhurst in September 1962, he joined the British Army and was posted to the 1st Battalion The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), serving with them in Germany for one year. He also held a staff appointment with the British Army.[11][12]

After his military service, Qaboos studied local government subjects in England and then completed his education with a world tour chaperoned by Leslie Chauncy. Upon his return in 1966, he was placed under virtual house arrest in the Sultan's palace in Salalah by his father. Here he was kept isolated from government affairs, except for occasional briefings by his father's personal advisers. Qaboos studied Islam and the history of his country. His personal relationships were limited to a handpicked group of palace officials who were sons of his father's advisors and a few expatriate friends such as Tim Landon. Sultan Said said that he would not allow his son to be involved with the developing planning process, and Qaboos began to make known his desire for change—which was quietly supported by his expatriate visitors.[11]

Political career

Rise to power

Qaboos acceded to the throne on 23 July 1970 following a successful coup against his father, with the aim of ending the country's isolation and using its oil revenue for modernization and development.[13] He declared that the country would no longer be known as Muscat and Oman, but would change its name to "the Sultanate of Oman" in order to better reflect its political unity.[14]

The coup was supported by the British, having been "planned in London by MI6 and by civil servants at the Ministry of Defence and the Foreign Office" and sanctioned by the Prime Minister, Harold Wilson.[15]

The first pressing problem that Qaboos bin Said faced as Sultan was an armed communist insurgency from South Yemen, the Dhofar Rebellion (1962–1976). The sultanate eventually defeated the incursion with help from the Shah of Iran, Jordanian troops sent from his friend King Hussein of Jordan, British Special Forces and the Royal Air Force.[16]

Reign as Sultan
Sultan Qaboos meets with United States Vice President Dick Cheney during Cheney's visit to the Middle East in 2002.

There were few rudiments of a modern state when Qaboos took power in the 1970 Omani coup d'état.[11] Oman was a poorly developed country, severely lacking in infrastructure, healthcare, and education, with only six miles of paved roads and a population dependent on subsistence farming and fishing. Qaboos modernized the country using oil revenues. Schools and hospitals were built, and a modern infrastructure was laid down, with hundreds of kilometres of new roads paved, a telecommunications network established, projects for a port and airport that had begun prior to his reign were completed and a second port was built, and electrification was achieved. The government also began to search for new water resources and built a desalination plant, and the government encouraged the growth of the private enterprise, especially in development projects. Banks, hotels, insurance companies, and print media began to appear as the country developed economically. The Omani rial was established as the national currency, replacing the Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler. Later, additional ports were built, and universities were opened.[17][18][19] In his first year in power, Qaboos also abolished slavery in Oman.[20]

The political system which Qaboos established is that of an absolute monarchy. The Sultan's birthday, 18 November, is celebrated as Oman's national holiday.[21] The first day of his reign, 23 July, is celebrated as Renaissance Day.[22]

Oman has no system of checks and balances, and thus no separation of powers. All power is concentrated in the sultan, who is also chief of staff of the armed forces, Minister of Defence, Minister of Foreign Affairs and chairman of the Central Bank. All legislation since 1970 has been promulgated through royal decrees, including the 1996 Basic Law. The sultan appoints judges, and can grant pardons and commute sentences. The sultan's authority is inviolable and the sultan expects total subordination to his will.[23]

Qaboos' closest advisors were reportedly security and intelligence professionals within the Palace Office, headed by General Sultan bin Mohammed al Numani.[24]

2011 Omani protests

The much-talked-about 2011 Omani protests were a series of protests in the Persian Gulf country of Oman that occurred as part of the revolutionary wave popularly known as the "Arab Spring".[25]

The protesters demanded salary increases, lower living costs, the creation of more jobs and a reduction in corruption. Protests in Sohar, Oman's fifth-largest city, centered on the Globe Roundabout.[26] The Sultan's responses included the dismissal of a third of the governing cabinet.[27]

According to CBS News, 19 June 2011,

Several protest leaders have been detained and released in rolling waves of arrests during the Arab Spring, and dissatisfaction with the state of affairs in the country is high. While disgruntlement amongst the populace is obvious, the extreme dearth of foreign press coverage and lack of general press freedom there leaves it unclear as to whether the protesters want the sultan to leave, or simply want their government to function better. Beyond the recent protests, there is concern about succession in the country, as there is no heir apparent or any clear legislation on who may be the next Sultan.[28]

He did give token concession to protesters yet detained social media activists. In August 2014, The Omani writer and human rights defender Mohammed Alfazari, the founder and editor-in-chief of the e-magazine Mowatin "Citizen", disappeared after going to the police station in the Al-Qurum district of Muscat, only to be pardoned some time later.[29][11][30]

Sultan Qaboos meeting the Indian prime minister Narendra Modi in 2018.

Foreign policy

Under Qaboos, Oman fostered closer ties with Iran than other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, and was careful to appear neutral and maintain a balance between the West and Iran.[31] As a result, Oman often acted as an intermediary between the United States and Iran.[32][33] Qaboos helped mediate secret US-Iran talks in 2013 that led two years later to the international nuclear pact, from which the United States withdrew in 2018.[34]

In 2011, Qaboos facilitated the release of American hikers who were held by Iran, paying $1 million for their freedom.[35]

Oman did not join the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis in 2015, and did not take sides in a Persian Gulf dispute that saw Saudi Arabia and its allies impose an embargo on Qatar in 2016.[10]

In October 2018, Qaboos invited Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin Netanyahu to visit Oman, a country that does not have official diplomatic ties with Israel. Netanyahu was the first Israeli prime minister to visit Oman since Shimon Peres in 1996.[36]

Philanthropy

Qaboos financed the construction or maintenance of a number of mosques, notably the Sultan Qaboos Grand Mosque, as well as the holy places of other religions.[37]

Through a donation to UNESCO in the early 1990s, he funded the Sultan Qaboos Prize for Environmental Preservation, to afford recognition to outstanding contributions in the management or preservation of the environment. The prize has been awarded every two years since 1991.[38]

Personal life

Sultan Qaboos was a Muslim of the Ibadi denomination, which has traditionally ruled Oman. Although Oman is predominantly Muslim, Qaboos granted freedom of religion in the country and financed the construction of four Catholic and Protestant churches in the country as well as several Hindu temples.[39]

Qaboos bin Said was an avid fan and promoter of classical music. His 120-member orchestra has a high reputation in the Middle East. The orchestra consists entirely of young Omanis who, since 1986, audition as children and grow up as members of the symphonic ensemble. They play locally and traveled abroad with the sultan.[40] Argentine composer Lalo Schifrin was commissioned to compose a work entitled Symphonic Impressions of Oman.[41] The Sultan was particularly enthusiastic about the pipe organ.[42] The Royal Opera House Muscat features the second largest mobile pipe organ in the world, which has three specially made organ stops, named the "Royal Solo" in his honour.[43] He was also a patron of local folk musician Salim Rashid Suri, making him a cultural consultant, in which role Suri wrote songs praising the Sultan and his family.[44]

On 22 March 1976, Qaboos bin Said married his first cousin, Kamila née Sayyida Nawwal bint Tariq Al Said (born 1951), daughter of Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur Al Said and his second wife, Sayyida Shawana bint Nasir Al Said. The marriage ended in divorce in 1979.[45] She remarried in 2005.[46] The marriage produced no heirs, and Qaboos bin Said wrote secret documents naming the successor to his realm.[47]

In September 1995, Qaboos was involved in a car accident in Salalah just outside his palace, which claimed the life of one of his most prominent and influential ministers, Qais Bin Abdul Munim Al Zawawi.[48]

Illness and death

From 2015, Qaboos suffered from colon cancer, for which he received treatment.[49][50] On 14 December 2019, he was reported to be terminal with a short time to live after his stay for medical treatment in UZ Leuven in Belgium and returned home because he wanted to die in his own country.[51][52] He died on 10 January 2020 at the age of 79. The following day, the government declared three days of national mourning and said the country's flag would be flown at half-staff for a period of 40 days.[53][54]

Succession

Unlike the heads of other Arab states of the Persian Gulf, Qaboos did not publicly name an heir. Article 6 of the constitution says the royal family should choose a new sultan within three days of the position falling vacant. If the royal family council fails to agree, a letter containing a name penned by Sultan Qaboos should be opened in the presence of a defence council of military and security officials, supreme court chiefs, and heads of the two quasi-parliamentary advisory assemblies.[55] Analysts saw the rules as an elaborate means of Sultan Qaboos securing his choice for successor without causing controversy by making it public during his lifetime, since it was considered unlikely that the royal family would be able to agree on a successor on its own.[55]

Qaboos had no children nor siblings; there are other male members of the Omani royal family including paternal uncles and their families. Using same-generation primogeniture, the successor to Qaboos would appear to be the children of his late uncle, Sayyid Tariq bin Taimur Al Said, Oman's first prime minister before the sultan took over the position himself (and his former father-in-law).[56] Oman watchers believed the top contenders to succeed Qaboos were three of Tariq's sons: Assad bin Tariq Al Said, Deputy Prime Minister[57] for International Relations and Cooperation[58] and the Sultan’s special representative; Shihab bin Tariq, a retired Royal Navy of Oman commander; and Haitham bin Tariq Al Said, the Minister of Heritage and National Culture.[55][59]

On 11 January 2020, Oman state TV said authorities had opened the letter by Sultan Qaboos bin Said naming his successor, announcing shortly that Haitham bin Tariq is the country’s ruling sultan.[60] Unlike Qaboos, Haitham bin Tariq has children, two sons and two daughters.[61][62][63]

Military ranks

Qaboos held the following ranks:[64]

  • Field Marshal, Royal Army of Oman
  • Admiral of the Fleet, Royal Navy of Oman
  • Marshal of the Royal Air Force of Oman
  • Supreme Commander, Royal Oman Police
  • Honorary General, British Army

Foreign honours
Styles of
Sultan of Oman
Reference styleHis Majesty
Spoken styleYour Majesty

° means Royal Ark[64]

  • Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria (Austria, 31 March 2001) °[65]
  • Member 1st Class of the Order of Al Khalifa (Bahrain) °
  • Member of the Royal Family Order of the Crown of Brunei (Brunei, 15 December 1984) °
  • Grand Collar of the Order of the Nile (Egypt, 1976) °
  • Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour (France, 31 May 1989) °
  • Grand Cross Special Class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany)°
  • Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (India, 2004 – award yet to be presented)[66]
  • Recipient of the Star of the Republic of Indonesia, 1st Class or Adipurna (Indonesia) °
  • Grand Collar of the Order of Pahlavi (3 March 1974) (Iran) °
  • Commemorative Medal of the 2500th Anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire (Iran, 14 October 1971)[67]
  • Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic (Italy, 22 April 1974) °[68]
  • Grand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum (Japan) °
  • Collar of the Order of al-Hussein bin Ali (Jordan) °
  • Collar of the Order of Mubarak the Great (Kuwait, 28 December 2009) °
  • Collar of the Order of Merit (Lebanon) °
  • Honorary Recipient of the Order of the Crown of the Realm (DMN) (Malaysia, 1991) °[69]
  • Collar of the Order of the Throne (Morocco) °
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite (Morocco) °
  • Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Netherlands Lion (Netherlands, 2012)
  • Recipient of the Nishan-e-Pakistan, 1st Class (Pakistan) °
  • Collar of the Order of the Independence (Qatar) °
  • Recipient of the Badr Chain (Saudi Arabia) °
  • Decoration 1st class (December 1971) and Collar (23 December 2006) of the Order of Abdulaziz al Saud (Saudi Arabia) °
  • Member 1st Class of the Order of Temasek (Singapore, 12 March 2009) °
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope (South Africa, 1999)[70]
  • Knight of the Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain, 13 December 1985) °
  • Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Merit (Spain)
  • Collar of the Order of Umayyad (Syria) °
  • Collar of the Order of Independence (Tunisia) °
  • Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic (Tunisia) °
  • Collar of the Order of Etihad (Order of the Federation) (UAE) °
  • Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) (United Kingdom, 8 July 1976) °
  • Knight of Justice (KStJ, 8 November 1976) and Bailiff Grand Cross (GCStJ, 19 March 1984) of the Venerable Order of Saint John (United Kingdom) °
  • Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order (GCVO) (United Kingdom, 28 February 1979) °
  • Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath (GCB) (United Kingdom, 18 March 1982) °
  • Recipient of the Royal Victorian Chain (United Kingdom, 27 November 2010) °

Palace
Name City Area Coordinates Features
Al Alam Palace[71]Muscat2.0 km2 (0.77 sq mi)23°36′52.86″N 58°35′43.90″E

See also
  • List of longest-reigning monarchs
  • Royal Guard of Oman

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Media related to Qaboos bin Said al Said at Wikimedia Commons

Qaboos bin Said
House of Al Said
Born: 18 November 1940 Died: 10 January 2020
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Said bin Taimur		 Sultan of Oman
1970–2020		 Succeeded by
Haitham bin Tariq
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