Leamington Spa

Royal Leamington Spa, commonly known as Leamington Spa or simply Leamington /ˈlɛmɪŋtən/ (listen), is a spa town in Warwickshire, England. Originally a small village called Leamington Priors, it grew into a spa town in the 18th century following the popularisation of its water which was reputed to have medicinal qualities.[2] In the 19th century, the town experienced one of the most rapid expansions in England.[3] It is named after the River Leam, which flows through the town.

Royal Leamington Spa

The Parade
Royal Leamington Spa
Location within Warwickshire
Population55,733 (2011 census)[1]
OS grid referenceSP316660
Civil parish
  • Royal Leamington Spa
District
  • Warwick
Shire county
Region
CountryEngland
Sovereign stateUnited Kingdom
Post townLEAMINGTON SPA
Postcode districtCV31, CV32, CV33
Dialling code01926
PoliceWarwickshire
FireWarwickshire
AmbulanceWest Midlands
UK Parliament
  • Warwick and Leamington

The town contains especially fine ensembles of Regency architecture,[4] particularly in parts of the Parade, Clarendon Square and Lansdowne Circus.

In the 2011 census Leamington had a population of 55,733.[1] Leamington is contiguous with the neighbouring towns of Warwick and Whitnash, which together form a continuous urban area, in 2011 the urban area had a population of 95,172.[5]

History
Lansdowne Crescent

Formerly known as Leamington Priors, Leamington began to develop as a town at the start of the 19th century. It was first mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Lamintone. For 400 years, the settlement was under the control of Kenilworth Priory, from which the older suffix derived.[6] Its name came from Anglo-Saxon Leman-tūn or Lemen-tūn = "farm on the River Leam".[7] The spa waters had been known in Roman times, and the rediscovery in 1784 by William Abbotts and Benjamin Satchwell led to their commercialisation, with invalids beginning to resort here in 1786. Six of the seven wells were drilled for; only the original spring at the site of the Aylesford Well, adjacent to the Parish Church, occurred naturally.[6][8]

The old village of Leamington Priors was on the southern bank of the River Leam, and early development was based around this. During the early 19th century, developers began concentrating the town's expansion on the land north of the river, resulting in the Georgian centre of New Town with the Leam flowing between the two. In 1840 the Victoria Bridge was opened, connecting the old and new towns, replacing an old, narrow, and inconvenient bridge.[8]

The growth of Leamington was rapid; at the time of the first national census in 1801, Leamington had a population of just 315, by 1851 this had grown to 15,724,[8] and by 1901, the population had grown to nearly 27,000.[9] With the spread of the town's popularity, and the granting of a 'Royal' prefix in 1838 by Queen Victoria, 'Leamington Priors' was renamed 'Royal Leamington Spa'. Queen Victoria had visited the town as a Princess in 1830 and as Queen in 1858.[6] A statue of Queen Victoria was almost destroyed by a German bomb during the Second World War, and was moved one inch on its plinth by the blast. The statue was not returned to its original position, and the incident is recorded on a plaque on its plinth.

Royal Pump Rooms and Baths

In 1814, the Royal Pump Rooms and Baths were opened close to the River Leam.[6] This grand structure attracted many visitors, expecting cures by bathing in pools of salty spa water. It also included the world's first gravity fed piped hot water system in modern times, which was designed and installed by the engineer William Murdoch. Leamington became a popular spa resort attracting the wealthy and famous, and construction began of numerous Georgian townhouses to accommodate visitors, and a town hall was built in 1830.[3] In 1832 the town's main hospital, Warneford Hospital, opened, named after philanthropist Samuel Wilson Warneford. At first a semi-private affair it was taken over by the National Health Service after the Second World War, before succumbing to budget cuts and closing in 1993.

The function of the Royal Pump Rooms changed several times over the following years. While retaining its assembly rooms and medical facilities, around 1863 it was extended to include a Turkish bath and swimming pool, in 1875 the Royal Pump Room Gardens were opened to the public, and in 1890 a further swimming pool was added. The economy of Leamington decreased towards the end of the 19th century following the decline in popularity of spa towns, and it became a popular place of residence for retired people and for members of the middle class who relocated from Coventry and Birmingham, and wealthy residents led to the development of Leamington as a popular place for shopping.[9] In 1997, the owners of the building, the district council, closed the facility for redevelopment, reopening it in 1999 as a culture centre. It now contains Leamington Spa Art Gallery & Museum, a library, a tourist information centre, refurbished assembly rooms and a cafe.[10] Spa water can still be sampled outside the building.

Leamington is closely associated with the founding of lawn tennis. The first tennis club in the world was formed in 1872 by Major Henry Gem and Augurio Pereira who had started playing tennis in the garden of Pereira.[11] It was located just behind the former Manor House Hotel and the modern rules of lawn tennis were drawn up in 1874 in Leamington Tennis Club.

During the Second World War, Leamington was home to the Free Czechoslovak Army; a memorial in the Jephson Gardens commemorates the bravery of Czechoslovak parachutists from Warwickshire.[12]

The town hall with Queen Victoria's statue

Governance

Leamington Spa is a town and civil parish in the Warwick District, an administrative division of the county of Warwickshire. Since 2002 the parish has been represented at the lowest tier of local government by its Town Council.[13] Between 1875 and 1974 Leamington was a municipal borough.[14] As part of the 1974 local government reform it was merged with Warwick, Kenilworth and Whitnash, and surrounding rural areas into the Warwick District, which has its offices in Leamington.

Leamington is part of the parliamentary constituency of Warwick and Leamington. From the 1997 general election until the 2010 general election the constituency was represented in parliament by James Plaskitt of the Labour Party; until then this had been a Conservative safe seat, counting former British prime minister Anthony Eden among its MPs. The seat became highly marginal at the 2005 general election, where James Plaskitt won with a majority of just 266 votes. In the 2010 general election the seat returned to the Conservative Party, with Chris White winning the seat by 3,513 votes. White remained the MP until the 2017 general election, when the seat was won by Matt Western of the Labour Party.

Geography
Map of Leamington, Warwick and Whitnash

Leamington is divided by the River Leam running east to west, which is susceptible to flooding in extreme weather, with especially heavy floods in 1998 and 2007.[15][16]

The town has several parks and gardens,[17] including the Jephson Gardens, close to the Royal Pump Rooms and next to the River Leam. These were seriously damaged in the floods of 1998, but have been restored and improved with funding from the National Lottery. The other side of the River Leam, on Priory Terrace features the "Elephant Walk" 19th-century slipway down to the river located near the suspension bridge in Jephson Gardens. It was specifically constructed so that circus elephants in winter quarters in Leamington could be watered.[18] Other parks are the Mill Gardens on the opposite bank of the river to Jephson Gardens, Victoria Park, the Royal Pump Room Gardens, The Dell and Newbold Comyn which includes the nature reserves Welches Meadow and Leam Valley.[19]

The main road running through the town centre is Parade (formerly Lillington Lane until 1860).[3] This shopping street contains high street chains and The Royal Priors shopping mall.

All Saints' Church
St John the Baptist's Church (Church of England)

Buildings in the town include a variety of Georgian and early Victorian architecture, and listed buildings such as the Grade II listed Lansdowne Crescent in neo-classical style, designed by William Thomas between 1835 and 1838.[20]

Amongst the Anglican churches in Leamington is the Gothic All Saints' Church. There is a Roman Catholic church, two United Reformed churches (one being in Lillington), a small mosque and a Hindu temple. In 2009, the Sikh community built the Gurdwara Sahib Leamington and Warwick in Warwick which also serves Leamington.[21][22] There are also Christadelphian and Jehovah's Witnesses meeting halls in the town.

In August 2010, a Warwickshire Justice Centre was opened in Newbold Terrace. As well as a police station, the complex houses a magistrates' court, and the Crown Court, County Court, and other agencies such as the Probation Service and Victim Support.[23] It was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 4 March 2011.[24]

An oak tree just to the northeast of the town centre is marked by a plaque stating that it commemorates the Midland Oak, a tree that grew near the spot and was reputed to be at the centre of England.

Suburbs

The town has enveloped the older village of Lillington. Other suburbs include Milverton, to the west and Sydenham to the southeast. The town of Whitnash is contiguous with the town to the south and is often considered as a suburb.

Demography

Ethnicity

The data is for wards Brunswick, Milverton, Manor, Crown, Clarendon and Willes.

Ethnic Group 2011[25]
Number %
White: British38,19777.18%
White: Irish1,0372.10%
White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller170.03%
White: Other3,3026.67%
White: Total42,55385.98%
Asian or Asian British: Indian3,1876.44%
Asian or Asian British: Pakistani2400.48%
Asian or Asian British: Bangladeshi270.05%
Asian or Asian British: Chinese3990.81%
Asian or Asian British: Other Asian6771.37%
Asian or Asian British: Total4,5309.15%
Black or Black British: Caribbean2340.47%
Black or Black British: African2310.47%
Black or Black British: Other Black600.12%
Black or Black British: Total5251.06%
Mixed: White and Black Caribbean4030.81%
Mixed: White and Black African1220.25%
Mixed: White and Asian4961.00%
Mixed: Other Mixed3160.64%
Mixed: Total1,3372.70%
Other: Arab1090.22%
Other: Any other ethnic group4370.88%
Other: Total5461.10%
BAME: Total6,93814.02%
Total49,491100.00%

Economy

Tourism

The popularity of the town's waters in the 19th century led to the town's initial growth, making tourism Leamington's primary industry in the 19th century.[26]

Christmas Lights in Livery street

Retail

In the town centre there are a variety of shops from high street chains to independent retailers, plus an indoor shopping centre, The Royal Priors. The out of town retail park is called the Leamington Shopping Park (formerly The Shires Retail Park).[27]

Manufacturing

Tourism was initially driven by the spring waters. The arrival of the Warwick and Napton Canal (later amalgamated into the Grand Union Canal) officially opened in 1799 as the primary means of cargo transport and led to growth in other industries until rail gradually took over in the mid 19th century,[26] The canal supplied coal to the gasworks on Tachbrook Road, providing gas to light the town from 1835. Pig iron, coke and limestone were delivered by canal, allowing a number of foundries to be established in Leamington, specialising in cast iron stoves. Today the Eagle Foundry, dating from at least 1851, continues to manufacture Rangemaster Aga stoves. The Imperial Foundry, dating from around 1925, was subsequently taken over by Ford, casting engine blocks until its closure in 2008.[26]

The prominent car parts manufacturer Automotive Products based in the south of the town grew from a small garage to occupy a large site. Throughout the 20th century, while tourism took a downturn, Automotive Products expanded and built a factory in the South of the town in 1928 that is still operative in 2009, although on a much smaller scale.[26] Karobes Limited, with its headquarters in Queensway, was one of Britain's major suppliers of accessories for cars between World War II and the 1970s.

Commercial parks for service providers and light industry and offices are primarily located to the south of the town: Althorpe Street Industrial Estate, Queensway Trading Estate, Shires Gate Trading Estate and Sydenham Industrial Estate.

In June 2014, Detroit Electric announced that they would be building their SP.01 all-electric roadster in Leamington Spa.[28]

Digital media and the video game industry

Leamington Spa and the surrounding area, known as Silicon Spa,[29][30] is a significant global centre for the video game industry,[31] with a higher than average proportion of digital media companies involved in games development, digital design and publishing,[32][33] and over a thousand employed directly in game development.[29] Companies based in or around the town include Third Kind Games, Caperfly, Widgit Software,[29] DNA Interactive, Fish in a Bottle, FreeStyleGames, Full Fat, Kwalee, Pixel Toys,[29] Playground Games, Red Chain Games,[34] Stickman Studios,[35] Supersonic Software and Midoki.[36] Codemasters are based in the countryside outside Leamington and were the initial impetus behind the cluster, providing many of the staff for the companies in Leamington.[37] In 2013, Sega's mobile platform studio Hardlight Studio[38] set up in Leamington, and Exient[39] opened a satellite studio. Former companies were Blitz Games Studios, Bigbig Studios and Titus Software UK Limited.[40]

Healthcare

Local hospitals include the Royal Leamington Spa Rehabilitation Hospital[41] and the Warwickshire Nuffield Hospital.[42]

Education

There are a number of schools either located within Leamington, or which include Leamington in their priority (catchment) area. Those within Leamington include the state secondary schools of North Leamington School, Campion School, Trinity Catholic School, and the independent schools of Arnold Lodge School, a co-educational school for pupils aged 3 to 18, and Kingsley School, a school for girls. Myton School in Warwick, although located just outside Leamington, includes parts of Leamington as being within its priority area.[43]

As well as these schools, Leamington children can attend Stratford-upon-Avon Grammar School for Girls, a state run selective school, Warwick School, an independent school for boys, the King's High School for Girls, Warwick's twin school and Princethorpe College, a mixed independent school in the nearby village of Princethorpe.

Leamington is the location of the first of Warwickshire College's six sites, and additionally another site is located just outside the town. The closest higher education institutions are the prestigious University of Warwick, in southwestern Coventry, and Coventry University. The town is particularly popular with Warwick University students seeking housing and entertainment.

Leamington is also home to two national educational charities – The Smallpeice Trust and The Arkwright Scholarships Trust. They specialise in making young people aware of how STEM fields studied in school can lead to fulfilling and exciting careers in science and engineering sectors of industry.

Culture

Leamington Spa Art Gallery & Museum is located in the Royal Pump Rooms, on the Parade. It provides exhibitions in the visual arts and about the history of the town, supported by workshops, talks and other events.

Community centres

There are several local community centres.

Peace Festival

Since 1978, the annual free festival and celebration of alternative culture called the Peace Festival has been held in the Pump Room Gardens.[44]

Music

Live music is provided by local bands in a variety of venues. In December 2005 the band Nizlopi from Leamington, reached Number 1 in the UK Singles Chart with The JCB Song.[45] The Woodbine Street Recording Studios has been used by several well-known music acts such as local band The Shapes, whose single "Batman in the Launderette" charted first in 1979, Paul Weller, Ocean Colour Scene, Felt and The Specials.[46] Classical music concerts are organised throughout the year in the Leamington and Warwick area, including the International String Quartet series at the Royal Pump Rooms.[47] The Assembly, is a 1,000 capacity music venue attracting national and international artists,[48] and was awarded 'Live Music Venue of the Year' at the 2010 Music Week Awards.[49] and the Leamington Spa Competitive Festival for Music Dance and Drama is staged annually. There is a brass band called the Royal Spa Brass. In May 2016, 92 of the local musicians participated in A great day in Leamington Spa, a reconstruction of the 1958 photograph A Great Day in Harlem.

Theatre and cinema

Two theatres are located in Leamington: the Spa Centre and the amateur The Loft, with outdoor summer productions in Jephson Gardens. Leamington also has two cinemas: the Spa Centre and a multiplex.

Sport and leisure

There are a number of sports clubs and leisure facilities in Leamington Spa, including a Real Tennis court, the football club Leamington F.C., a disc golf course Quarry Park, a leisure centre including swimming pool Newbold Comyn Leisure Centre, rugby grounds Leamington Rugby Union Football Club, Leamington Rugby Club – Youth Section and Old Leamingtonians Rugby Football Club, Leamington Cricket, Leamington Hockey Club, Leamington Cycling club, Leamington Athletics club, Spa Striders Running Club, Royal Leamington Spa Canoe Club, Leamington Chess Club, formed in 1851, and municipal tennis courts. The Royal Leamington Spa Bowling Club in Victoria Park hosts the annual National Lawn Bowls Championships.[50][51]

Leamington has been featured in a number of television series, including the 1990s BBC situation comedy Keeping Up Appearances – filmed in and around the area. Notable episodes included one with Walton Hall which had footage of the actual town in them, including the River Leam being featured as a fishing and boating spot. Other series include the drama Dangerfield and comedy detective series Mayo.

In September 2010 scenes for a re-make of the series Upstairs, Downstairs were shot on Clarendon Square and in The Jephson Gardens. In Jonathan Strange and Mr. Norrell, the Duke of Devonshire owns a house here, and offers it to Mr. Norrell as a place to set up a magic school upon the advice of the Earl of Liverpool.

Nearby places

The ancient town of Warwick lies adjoined directly to the west of Leamington, on the opposite bank of the river Avon, and with no natural border to the south-west. Whitnash is a smaller town contiguous with Leamington directly to the south. Cubbington is adjoined to the north-east. Just outside the town lie the villages of Old Milverton to the north and Radford Semele 2.5 miles (4 km) to the east.

Stratford-upon-Avon, famous as William Shakespeare's birthplace and the home of the Royal Shakespeare Company, lies south-west from Leamington Spa along the Warwick Road (A439).

Compass

Climate

Leamington Spa experiences the oceanic climate which covers most of the United Kingdom.

Climate data for Leamington Spa
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 6.0
(42.8)		 6.2
(43.2)		 8.9
(48.0)		 11.9
(53.4)		 15.3
(59.5)		 18.8
(65.8)		 20.6
(69.1)		 20.1
(68.2)		 17.6
(63.7)		 13.8
(56.8)		 9.2
(48.6)		 7.1
(44.8)		 12.9
(55.3)
Average low °C (°F) 0.3
(32.5)		 0.1
(32.2)		 1.5
(34.7)		 3.3
(37.9)		 6.0
(42.8)		 9.2
(48.6)		 11.1
(52.0)		 10.8
(51.4)		 8.8
(47.8)		 6.2
(43.2)		 2.9
(37.2)		 1.3
(34.3)		 5.1
(41.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 53
(2.1)		 48
(1.9)		 51
(2.0)		 48
(1.9)		 56
(2.2)		 56
(2.2)		 46
(1.8)		 66
(2.6)		 53
(2.1)		 53
(2.1)		 58
(2.3)		 66
(2.6)		 660
(25.9)
Source: [52]

Transport
View across the River Leam to the All Saints Church from Jephson Gardens
  • Road: From Leamington's centre it is 3 miles (5 km) to the M40 motorway which links it to Birmingham and London. It is also served by the A46, which links it to Coventry and Stratford-upon-Avon
  • Rail: Leamington Spa railway station is served by the Chiltern Main Line, which links London Marylebone to Birmingham Snow Hill and onwards to Kidderminster. Fast train services on this route are operated by Chiltern Railways. Chiltern Railways also run trains via Warwick to Stratford-upon-Avon. West Midlands Trains operate local services to Birmingham and onwards to Worcester Shrub Hill. A line connecting Leamington Spa to Coventry used by CrossCountry provides services to Banbury, Oxford, Reading, and Bournemouth to the south, and to Coventry, Birmingham (New Street), Manchester, Newcastle and Edinburgh to the north.
  • Bus and coach: Regular bus services to Kenilworth, the University of Warwick and Coventry are operated by Stagecoach in Warwickshire and National Express Coventry. Services to Warwick, Banbury, Stratford-upon-Avon and Rugby are operated by Stagecoach in Warwickshire and by other independent companies. Coaches to locations nationally and internationally are available.
  • Air: Leamington's nearest international airport is Birmingham Airport. A general aviation airport and former tourist charter hub, is the nearby Coventry Airport from which currently (2011) no scheduled passenger services are in operation.
  • Waterways: The Grand Union Canal is used for recreation. This crosses the River Avon between Leamington and Warwick, and then passes the town to the south, parallel to the River Leam to the north. The rivers are not used for transport, but there are proposals to render them navigable.
  • Cycleways: there are national and local cycleways into and around Leamington.
  • Trams: Between 1881 and 1930 Leamington & Warwick Tramways & Omnibus Company operated between the two towns.

People

Famous people who were born in Leamington include the world champion boxer Randolph Turpin (1928-1966),[53], and the poet, mountaineer, magician, and occultist Aleister Crowley (1875-1947)[54]

Other famous people to live or have lived in Leamington include the inventor of the jet engine Frank Whittle (1907-1996) who lived in Leamington as a child,[55] the television presenter Anne Diamond, and the comedian Russell Howard.[54] Sir Bernard Spilsbury was also born here.

Twin towns

Leamington is twinned with:

  • Sceaux, France (since 1969)
  • Brühl, Germany (since 1973)
  • Heemstede, Netherlands (since 1987)
  • Gomel, Belarus

Leamington has friendship agreements with:

  • Leamington, Ontario, Canada – which was named after Royal Leamington Spa
  • Bo, Sierra Leone[56]

See also
  • List of spa towns in the United Kingdom
  • Listed buildings in Warwickshire

References
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Further reading
  • Storrie, Janet (1990) Elephants in Royal Leamington Spa Weir Books ISBN 0-9514433-1-3, ISBN 978-0-9514433-1-6
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