Home Office

The Home Office (HO) is a ministerial department of Her Majesty's Government of the United Kingdom, responsible for immigration, security and law and order. As such it is responsible for policing in England and Wales, fire and rescue services in England, and visas and immigration and the Security Service (MI5). It is also in charge of government policy on security-related issues such as drugs, counter-terrorism and ID cards. It was formerly responsible for Her Majesty's Prison Service and the National Probation Service, but these have been transferred to the Ministry of Justice. The Cabinet minister responsible for the department is the Home Secretary, currently Priti Patel.

Home Office
Welsh: Y Swyddfa Gartref

2 Marsham Street, the headquarters of the Home Office
Department overview
Formed27 March 1782 (1782-03-27)
JurisdictionUnited Kingdom (but in respect of most policing and justice matters: England and Wales only)
Headquarters2 Marsham Street, London, SW1P 4DF
Annual budget£10.8 billion (current) and £500 million (capital) in 2018–19[1]
Minister responsible
Department executive
  • Matthew Rycroft, Permanent Secretary
Websitewww.gov.uk/home-office
A Home Office Immigration Enforcement vehicle in north London.

The Home Office, which is considered to be one the Great Offices of State, continues to be known, especially in official papers and when referred to in Parliament, as the Home Department.[2]

Organisation

The Home Office is headed by the Home Secretary, a Cabinet minister supported by the department's senior civil servant, the permanent secretary.

As of October 2014, the Home Office comprises the following organisations:[3]

Non-ministerial government departments
  • National Crime Agency

Inspectorates/accountability
  • HM Inspectorate of Constabulary
  • Independent Chief Inspector of Borders and Immigration
  • Independent Office for Police Conduct and other oversight bodies
  • Home Affairs Select Committee
  • HM Chief Inspector of Fire Services

Divisions
  • Border Force
  • HM Passport Office
  • Immigration Enforcement
  • Corporate Services
  • UK Visas and Immigration
  • Police Services (England and Wales)
  • Fire and Rescue Services (England)
  • Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism

Non-departmental public bodies
  • Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs
  • Animals in Science Committee
  • Disclosure and Barring Service
  • Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority
  • Independent Police Complaints Commission
  • Investigatory Powers Tribunal
  • Migration Advisory Committee
  • National DNA Database Ethics Group
  • Office of Surveillance Commissioners
  • Office of the Immigration Services Commissioner
  • Police Advisory Board for England and Wales
  • Police Discipline Appeals Tribunal
  • Police Remuneration Review Body
  • Security Industry Authority
  • Surveillance Camera Commissioner
  • Technical Advisory Board

Operations

A number of functions of the National Policing Improvement Agency were transferred to the Home Office in October 2012, ahead of the future abolition of the agency.[4]

These included:

  • Use of the Airwave communications system by police forces
  • The Police National Database
  • The National DNA Database
  • Legislative powers regarding police employment
  • Forensics policy
  • The National Procurement Hub for information technology

People

Ministers

The Home Office Ministers are as follows:[5]

Minister Rank Portfolio
The Rt Hon. Priti Patel MP Secretary of State Overall responsibility for the work of the department; overarching responsibility for the departmental portfolio and oversight of the ministerial team; cabinet; National Security Council (NSC); public appointments; MI5 oversight.
The Rt Hon. James Brokenshire MP Minister of State for Security counter terrorism – prepare, prevent, pursue, protect; serious and organised crime; cybercrime; economic crime; hostile state activity; extradition; royal and VIP protection; online harms; Common Travel Area; aviation and maritime security; Commons lead on transition period (named EU Exit Operations board deputy); fire; Grenfell; flooding/hurricane/natural; disaster relief.
Kit Malthouse MP Minister of State for Crime & Policing policing; crime; county lines; criminal justice system; acquisitive crime; public protection and protests; undercover policing; Her Majesty’s Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS); police technology; police powers; facial recognition; major events; football policing; reoffending; unauthorised encampments; firearms; serious violence; drugs and alcohol.
The Rt Hon. The Baroness Williams of Trafford Minister of State for Countering Extremism All Home Office business in the House of Lords; overall corporate lead including Spending Review and Budget; data and identity; enablers; digital and technology including the emergency services network; public appointments; sponsorship unit; countering extremism; hate crime; forensic science and DNA.
The Lord Greenhalgh Minister of State TBC
Victoria Atkins MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Safeguarding modern slavery and the national referral mechanism; domestic abuse; violence against women and girls including female genital mutilation (FGM) and forced marriage; early youth intervention on serious violence; Disclosure and Barring Service (DBS); victims; child sexual abuse and exploitation; Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse; Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority; sexual violence including the rape review; anti-social behaviour; prostitution; stalking; online internet safety/WeProtect; victims of terrorism; Security Industry Authority.
Kevin Foster MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Immigration and Future Borders Design and implementation of the UK’s points-based system; Design and implementation of digital and secure borders including Electronic Travel Authorities; counting in and counting out; current and future visa system including fees; global visa operations; net migration; immigration rules; immigration system simplification; exit checks; Immigration Bill; EU; Settlement Scheme; casework; sponsorship of UK Visas and Immigration (UKVI), Her Majesty's Passport Office (HMPO) and Borders, Immigration and Citizenship System (BICS) policy directorates.
Chris Philp MP Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Immigration Compliance compliance environment; detention; returns; foreign; national offenders; illegal immigration strategy; overseas development aid; Immigration Enforcement; asylum; resettlement; casework; nationality; animals (illegal wildlife trade); sponsorship of Border Force and Immigration Enforcement directorates.
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Priorities

The Department outlined its aims for this Parliament in its Business Plan, which was published in May 2011 and superseded its Structural Reform Plan.[6] The plan said the department will:

1. Empower the public to hold the police to account for their role in cutting crime
  • Introduce directly elected Police and Crime Commissioners and make police actions to tackle crime and anti-social behaviour more transparent
2. Free up the police to fight crime more effectively and efficiently
  • Cut police bureaucracy, end unnecessary central interference and overhaul police powers in order to cut crime, reduce costs and improve police value for money. Simplify national institutional structures and establish a National Crime Agency to strengthen the fight against organised crime (and replace the Serious Organised Crime Agency)
3. Create a more integrated criminal justice system
  • Help the police and other public services work together across the criminal justice system
4. Secure our borders and reduce immigration
  • Deliver an improved migration system that commands public confidence and serves our economic interests. Limit non-EU economic migrants, and introduce new measures to reduce inflow and minimise abuse of all migration routes, for example the student route. Process asylum applications more quickly, and end the detention of children for immigration purposes
5. Protect people's freedoms and civil liberties
  • Reverse state interference to ensure there is not disproportionate intrusion into people‟s lives
6. Protect our citizens from terrorism
  • Keep people safe through the Government's approach to counter-terrorism
7. Build a fairer and more equal society (through the Government Equalities Office)
  • Help create a fair and flexible labour market. Change culture and attitudes. Empower individuals and communities. Improve equality structures, frontline services and support; and help Government Departments and others to consider equality as a matter of course

The Home Office publishes progress against the plan on the 10 Downing Street website.[7]

History

On 27 March 1782, the Home Office was formed by renaming the existing Southern Department, with all existing staff transferring. On the same day, the Northern Department was renamed the Foreign Office.

To match the new names, there was a transferring of responsibilities between the two Departments of State. All domestic responsibilities were moved to the Home Office, and all foreign matters became the concern of the Foreign Office.

Most subsequently created domestic departments (excluding, for instance, those dealing with education) have been formed by splitting responsibilities away from the Home Office.

The initial responsibilities were:

  • Answering petitions and addresses sent to the King
  • Advising the King on
  • Issuing instructions on behalf of the King to officers of the Crown, lords-lieutenant and magistrates, mainly concerning law and order
  • Operation of the secret service within the UK
  • Protecting the public
  • Safeguarding the rights and liberties of individuals

Responsibilities were subsequently changed over the years that followed:[8]

  • 1793 added: regulation of aliens
  • 1794 removed: control of military forces (to Secretary of State for War)
  • 1801 removed: colonial business (to Secretary of State for War and the Colonies)
  • 1804 removed: Barbary State consuls (to Secretary of State for War and the Colonies)[9]
  • 1823 added: prisons
  • 1829 added: police services
  • 1836 added: registration of births, deaths and marriages in England and Wales
  • 1844 added: naturalisation
  • 1845 added: registration of Friendly Societies
  • 1855 removed: yeomanries and militias (to War Office)
  • 1858 added: local boards of health
  • 1871 removed: local boards of health (to Local Government Board)
  • 1871 removed: registration of births, deaths and marriages (to Local Government Board)
  • 1872 removed: highways and turnpikes (to Local Government Board)
  • 1875 added: control of explosives
  • 1875 removed: registration of Friendly Societies (to Treasury)
  • 1885 removed: Scotland (to Secretary for Scotland and the Scottish Office)
  • 1886 removed: fishing (to Board of Trade)
  • 1889 removed: Land Commissioners (to Board of Agriculture)
  • 1900 removed: matters relating to burial grounds (to Local Government Board)
  • 1905 removed: public housing (to Local Government Board)
  • 1914 added: dangerous drugs
  • 1919 removed: aircraft and air traffic (to Air Ministry)
  • 1919 removed: use of human bodies in medical training (to Ministry of Health)
  • 1919 removed: infant and child care (to Ministry of Health)
  • 1919 removed: lunacy and mental health (to Ministry of Health)
  • 1919 removed: health and safety (to Ministry of Health)
  • 1920 added: firearms
  • 1920 removed: Representation of Britain abroad in labour matters (to Ministry of Labour)
  • 1920 removed: mining (to Mines Department)
  • 1921 added: elections (from the Ministry of Health)
  • 1922 removed: relations with Irish Free State (to Colonial Office)
  • 1923 removed: Order of the British Empire (to Treasury)
  • 1925 removed: registration of trade unions (to Ministry of Labour)
  • 1931 removed: county councils (to Ministry of Health)
  • 1933 added: poisons
  • 1934 removed: metropolitan boroughs (to Ministry of Health)
  • 1935 added: Civil Defence Service
  • 1937 removed: road accident returns (to Ministry of Transport)
  • 1938 added: fire services
  • 1938 removed: Imperial Service Order and medal (to Treasury)
  • 1940 removed: factory inspections (to Ministry of Labour)
  • 1945 removed: workmen's compensation scheme (to Ministry of National Insurance)
  • 1947 added: infant and child care (from Ministry of Health)
  • 1947 removed: regulation of advertisements (to Ministry of Town and Country Planning)
  • 1947 removed: burial fees (to Ministry of Health)
  • 1947 removed: registration of building societies (to Treasury)
  • 1948 removed: Broadmoor hospital (to Lunacy Board of Control)
  • 1949 added: Civil Defence Corps
  • 1950 removed: structural precautions for civil defence (to Ministry of Works)
  • 1950 removed: minor judicial appointments (to Lord Chancellor)
  • 1953 removed: slaughterhouses (to Ministry of Housing and Local Government)
  • 1954 removed: markets (to Ministry of Housing and Local Government)
  • 1956 removed: railway accidents (to Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation)
  • 1969 removed: reservoirs (to Ministry of Housing and Local Government)
  • 1971 removed: child care in England (to Department of Health and Social Security)
  • 1971 removed: child care in Wales (to Welsh Office)
  • 1972 removed: Northern Ireland (to Northern Ireland Office)
  • 1973 removed: adoption (to Department of Health and Social Security)
  • 1992 removed: broadcasting and sport (to the new Department of National Heritage – later the Department for Culture, Media and Sport)
  • 2001 removed: Crown Dependencies (to Lord Chancellor's Department – now Ministry of Justice)
  • 2007 removed: criminal justice, prisons & probation and legal affairs (to new Ministry of Justice)
  • 2007 added: counter-terrorism strategy (from the Cabinet Office)
  • 2016 added: fire and rescue services in England (from the Department for Communities and Local Government)

The Home Office retains a variety of functions that have not found a home elsewhere, and sit oddly with the main law-and-order focus of the department, such as regulation of British Summer Time.

Recent Incidents

Anonymous attack

On 7 April 2012, hacktivist group Anonymous temporarily took down the UK Home Office website. The group took responsibility for the attack, which was part of ongoing Anonymous activity in protest against the deportation of hackers as part of Operation TrialAtHome. One Anonymous source claimed in their tweet it was also launched in retaliation for "draconian surveillance proposals".[10]

Union action

On 18 July 2012, the Public and Commercial Services Union announced that thousands of Home Office employees would go on strike over jobs, pay and other issues.[11] However, the PCSU called off the strike before it was planned it claimed the department had, subsequent to the threat of actions, announced 1,100 new border jobs.[12]

Windrush scandal

The first allegations about the unfair targeting of pre 1973 Caribbean migrants started in 2013, in 2018 the allegations were put to the Home Secretary in the house of Commons and resulted in the resignation of the Home Secretary. The Windrush scandal resulted in British Citizens being wrongly deported and being refused life critical medical treatment along with a further compensation scheme for those affected and a wider debate on the Home Office hostile environment policy.

2019 Stabbing attack

On 15 August 2019, a civil servant for the Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, based in the Home Office building, was stabbed outside the building, going inside for help. His injuries were not life threatening.[13]

The former Home Office building at 50 Queen Anne's Gate, London
Lunar House in Croydon, which holds the headquarters of UK Visas and Immigration

Location

Until 1978, the Home Office had its offices in what is now the Foreign and Commonwealth Office Main Building on King Charles Street, off Whitehall. From 1978 to 2004, the Home Office was located at 50 Queen Anne's Gate, a Brutalist office block in Westminster designed by Sir Basil Spence, close to St. James's Park tube station. Many functions, however, were devolved to offices in other parts of London and the country, notably the headquarters of the Immigration and Nationality Directorate in Croydon.

In 2005, the Home Office moved to a new main office designed by Sir Terry Farrell at 2 Marsham Street, Westminster, on the site of the demolished Marsham Towers building of the Department of the Environment.[14]

For external shots of its fictional Home Office, the TV series Spooks uses an aerial shot of the Government Offices Great George Street instead, serving as stand-in to match the distinctly less modern appearance of the fictitious accommodation interiors the series uses.[15]

Research

To meet the UK's 5-year science and technology strategy,[16] the Home Office sponsors research in police sciences, including:

  • Biometrics – including face and voice recognition
  • Cell type analysis – to determine the origin of cells (e.g. hair, skin)
  • Chemistry – new techniques to recover latent fingerprints
  • DNA – identifying offender characteristics from DNA
  • Improved profiling – of illicit drugs to help identify their source
  • Raman Spectroscopy – to provide more sensitive drugs and explosives detectors (e.g. roadside drug detection)
  • Terahertz imaging methods and technologies – e.g. image analysis and new cameras, to detect crime, enhance images and support anti-terrorism

Devolution

Most front-line law and order policy areas, such as policing and criminal justice, are devolved in Scotland and Northern Ireland but the following reserved and excepted matters are handled by Westminster.

Scotland

Reserved matters:[17]

  • The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
  • Extradition legislation, but the Scottish Ministers (through the Crown Office and Procurator Fiscal Service) have executive responsibility for all aspects of mutual legal assistance
  • Most aspects of firearms legislation, but Scottish Ministers have some executive responsibilities for the licensing of firearms. Further powers are transferred under the Scotland Act 2012
  • Immigration and nationality
  • Scientific procedures on live animals

The Scottish Government Justice and Communities Directorates are responsible for devolved justice and home affairs policy.

Northern Ireland

Excepted matters:[18]

The following matters were not transferred at the devolution of policing and justice on 12 April 2010 and remain reserved:[19]

  • Drug classification
  • Parades
  • Security of explosives
  • National Crime Agency

The Home Office's main counterparts in Northern Ireland are:

  • Department of Justice (policing, public order and community safety)
  • Northern Ireland Office (national security in Northern Ireland)[20]

The Department of Justice is accountable to the Northern Ireland Executive whereas the Northern Ireland Office is a UK Government department.

Wales

Under the Welsh devolution settlement, specific policy areas are transferred to the National Assembly for Wales rather than reserved to Westminster.

Criticism

In March 2019, it was reported that in two unrelated cases the Home Office denied asylum to converted Christians by misrepresenting certain Bible quotes. In one case it quoted selected excerpts from the Bible to imply that Christianity is not more peaceful than Islam, the religion the asylum-seeker converted from.[21] In another incident, an Iranian Christian application for asylum was rejected because her faith was judged as "half-hearted", for she did not believe that Jesus could protect her from the Iranian regime.[22] As outrage grew on social media, the Home Office distanced itself from the decision, though it confirmed the letter was authentic.[23] The Home Secretary admitted that it was "totally unacceptable" for his department to quote the Bible to question an Iranian Christian convert's asylum application, and ordered an urgent investigation into what had happened.[24]

The treatment of Christian asylum seekers chimes with other incidents in the past, like the refusal to grant visas to the Archbishop of Mosul to attend the consecration of the UK's first Syriac Orthodox Cathedral.[25] In a 2017 study, the Christian Barnabas Fund found that only 0.2% of all Syrian refugees accepted by the UK were Christians, although Christians accounted for approximately 10% of Syria's prewar population.[26]

In 2019, the Home Office admitted to multiple breaches of data protection regulations in the handling of its Windrush compensation scheme. The department sent emails to Windrush migrants which revealed the email address of other Windrush migrants to whom the email was sent. The data breach concerned five different emails, each of which was sent to 100 recipients.[27] In April 2019, the Home Office admitted to revealing 240 personal email addresses of EU citizens applying for settled status in the UK. The email addresses of applicants were incorrectly sent to other applicants to the scheme.[28] In response to these incidents, the Home Office pledged to launch an independent review of its data protection compliance.[29]

In 2019, the Court of Appeal issued a judgement which criticized the Home Office's handling of immigration cases. The judges stated that the "general approach [by the home secretary, Sajid Javid] in all earnings discrepancy cases [has been] legally flawed". The judgement relates to the Home Office's interpretation of Section 322(5) of the Immigration Rules.[30]

See also
  • Home Office Large Major Enquiry System
  • John Gieve
  • Law enforcement in the United Kingdom
  • List of Home Secretaries
  • List of permanent under secretaries of state of the Home Office
  • Ministry of Home Security
  • UK Immigration Service

References
  1. Budget 2018 (PDF). London: HM Treasury. 2018. pp. 23–24. Retrieved 30 July 2019.
  2. Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (9 June 2008). "Hansard – Oral Questions to the Home Department – 9 June 2008". Publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2010.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. "Departments, agencies and public bodies - GOV.UK". Gov.uk. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  4. "Where have NPIA products and services moved to?". National Policing Improvement Agency. 2012. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 10 February 2013.
  5. "Our ministers". GOV.UK. Home Office. Retrieved 1 August 2019.
  6. "Business Plan". Home Office. Home Office. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  7. "Business Plan:Home Office". Home Office. 10 Downing Street. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  8. "Changes to Home Office responsibilities". Casbah.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  9. Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, Volumes 23-24, Longmans, Green, 1950, page 197
  10. "Anonymous takes down the UK Home Office website". Rt.com. Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  11. "Home Office staff vote to strike over jobs and pay". BBC News. 18 July 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  12. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  13. "Home Office stabbing: Man in his 60s hurt after being attacked in central London". Sky News. Retrieved 15 August 2019.
  14. New Home Office building Archived 26 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  15. "History of 1 Horse Guards Road - GOV.UK". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 September 2018.
  16. "Police Science and Technology Strategy: 2004 – 2009" (PDF). Homeoffice.gov.uk. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  17. "Scotland Act 1998, Schedule 5, Part I". Opsi.gov.uk. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  18. "Northern Ireland Act 1998, Schedule 2". Opsi.gov.uk. 4 November 1950. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  19. Northern Ireland Assembly Information Office. "''Policing and Justice'' motion, Northern ireland Assembly, 12 April 2010". Niassembly.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 16 December 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  20. "About the NIO". Nio.gov.uk. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 17 September 2010. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
  21. "Home Office refuses Christian convert asylum by quoting Bible passages that 'prove Christianity is not peaceful'". independent.co.uk. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  22. "'Illiterate' Home Office quotes Jesus in asylum rejection letter". 27 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  23. "Rejecting Asylum Claim, U.K. Quotes Bible to Say Christianity Is Not 'Peaceful'". nytimes.com. 21 March 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  24. "Home Secretary orders urgent investigation into asylum rejection letter which criticised Bible". 2 April 2019. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  25. "Britain bans heroic bishops: Persecuted Christian leaders from war zones refused entry". 4 December 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  26. "UK government discriminates against Christian refugees from Syria". Barnabas Fund. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  27. "Windrush: Home Office admits data breach in compensation scheme". BBC News. 8 April 2019.
  28. "Brexit: Home Office sorry for EU citizen data breach". BBC News. 11 April 2019.
  29. "Home Office to launch independent review of data protection compliance". Civil Service World. 12 April 2019.
  30. "Court castigates Home Office over misuse of immigration law". The Guardian. 16 April 2019.
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