Anthony Fauci

Anthony Stephen Fauci ( /ˈfaʊtʃi/; born December 24, 1940) is an American physician and immunologist who has served as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) since 1984. Since January 2020, he has been one of the lead members of the Trump Administration's White House Coronavirus Task Force addressing the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in the United States. Fauci is widely seen to be one of the most trusted medical figures in the country.[1][2]

Anthony Fauci
Fauci in March 2020
Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
Assumed office
November 2, 1984
PresidentRonald Reagan
George H.W. Bush
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Preceded byRichard M. Krause
Personal details
Born
Anthony Stephen Fauci

(1940-12-24) December 24, 1940
New York City, U.S.
Spouse(s)
Christine Grady (m. 1985)
Children3
EducationCollege of the Holy Cross (BA)
Cornell University (MD)
AwardsMaxwell Finland Award (1989)
Ernst Jung Prize (1995)
Lasker Award (2007)
Medal of Freedom (2008)
Robert Koch Prize (Gold, 2013)
Scientific career
FieldsImmunology
InstitutionsNational Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Fauci is widely recognized as one of the world's leading experts on infectious diseases.[3][4] As a physician with the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Fauci has served American public health in various capacities for over 50 years, and has been an advisor to every U.S. president since Ronald Reagan.[3] He has made contributions to HIV/AIDS research and other immunodeficiencies, both as a scientist and as the head of the NIAID at the NIH.

Early life and education

Fauci was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to Stephen A. Fauci and Eugenia Abys Fauci, owners of a pharmacy. His father was a Columbia University-trained pharmacist, his mother and sister Denise worked the register, and Fauci delivered prescriptions. The pharmacy was located in the Dyker Heights section of Brooklyn, one neighborhood away from his family home in Bensonhurst.[5]

Fauci's paternal grandparents, Antonino Fauci and Calogera Guardino, were from Sciacca, Italy. His maternal grandmother, Raffaella Trematerra, from Naples, Italy, was a seamstress. His maternal grandfather, Giovanni Abys, was born in Switzerland and was an artist, noted for landscape and portrait painting, magazine illustrations (Italy) as well graphic design for commercial labels, including olive oil cans. His grandparents emigrated from Italy to the United States in the late 19th century. Fauci grew up Catholic.[5][6][7]

Fauci attended Regis High School in Manhattan's Upper East Side, where he captained the school's basketball team and graduated in 1958.[8][9] He then went to the College of the Holy Cross, graduating in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts in classics. Fauci then attended medical school at Cornell University Medical College where he graduated first in his class with a Doctor of Medicine in 1966.[5] He then completed an internship and residency in internal medicine at the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, now known as New York Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medicine.[9]

Career
External video
Q&A interview with Fauci on his life and career, January 18, 2015, C-SPAN

In 1968, Fauci joined the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Clinical Investigation (LCI) at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.[10] In 1974, he became Head of the Clinical Physiology Section, LCI, and in 1980 was appointed Chief of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation. In 1984, he became director of NIAID, a position he still holds as of 2020.[4] In that role he has the responsibility for an extensive research portfolio of basic and applied research on infectious and immune-mediated illnesses.[10] He has turned down several offers to lead his agency's parent, the NIH, and has been at the forefront of U.S. efforts to contend with viral diseases like HIV, SARS, the 2009 swine flu pandemic, MERS, Ebola and COVID-19.[11]

He played a significant role in the early 2000s in creating the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief[12] and in driving development of biodefense drugs and vaccines following the 9/11 terrorist attacks.[13]

Fauci has been a visiting professor at many medical centers, and has received 30 honorary doctorates from universities in the U.S. and abroad.[14]

Medical achievements
President Bill Clinton visits the NIH in 1995 and hears about the latest advances in HIV/AIDS research from Fauci
Fauci poses for a photo with President George W. Bush in 2007

Fauci has made important scientific observations that contributed to the understanding of regulation of the human immune response, and is recognized for delineating the mechanisms whereby immunosuppressive agents adapt to that response. He developed therapies for formerly fatal diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and lymphomatoid granulomatosis. In a 1985 Stanford University Arthritis Center Survey of the American Rheumatism Association, membership ranked Fauci's work on the treatment of polyarteritis nodosa and granulomatosis with polyangiitis as one of the most important advances in patient management in rheumatology over the previous 20 years.[15][16]

President Barack Obama greets Fauci in June 2014

Fauci has contributed to the understanding of how HIV destroys the body's defenses leading to the progression to AIDS. He has outlined the mechanisms of induction of HIV expression by endogenous cytokines.[16] Fauci has worked to develop strategies for the therapy and immune reconstitution of patients with the disease, as well as for a vaccine to prevent HIV infection. His current research is concentrated on identifying the nature of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV infection and the scope of the body's immune responses to HIV.

In 2003, the Institute for Scientific Information stated that from 1983 to 2002, "Fauci was the 13th most-cited scientist among the 2.5 to 3 million authors in all disciplines throughout the world who published articles in scientific journals".[9]

Ebola Congressional hearing

On October 16, 2014, in a United States Congressional hearing regarding the Ebola virus crisis, Fauci, who, as the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) had been discussing the importance of screening for weeks,[17] testified that NIAID was still some distance away from producing sufficient quantities of cures or vaccines for widespread trials.[18] Specifically, Fauci said, "While NIAID is an active participant in the global effort to address the public health emergency occurring in west Africa, it is important to recognize that we are still in the early stages of understanding how infection with the Ebola virus can be treated and prevented." [18]

Fauci also remarked in the hearing: "As we continue to expedite research while enforcing high safety and efficacy standards, the implementation of the public health measures already known to contain prior Ebola virus outbreaks and the implementation of treatment strategies such as fluid and electrolyte replacement are essential to preventing additional infections, treating those already infected, protecting healthcare providers, and ultimately bringing this epidemic to an end."[18]

COVID-19 task force
Fauci speaks to the White House press corps on COVID-19 in March 2020

Fauci is a member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force established in late January 2020, under President Trump, to deal with the coronavirus pandemic.[19][20] He said that the final case fatality rate of those who are infected will likely be closer to 1% than the 2% initially estimated by the World Health Organization, which is ten times the 0.1% reported rate for seasonal flu.[21][22][23]

Fauci has been a "de facto" public health spokesperson for the office of the President during the pandemic[24][25] and strong advocate of ongoing social distancing efforts in the United States. On March 29 he argued for the extension of the initial 15-day self-isolation guidelines, issued by the executive office, to at least until the end of April 2020.[26] Due to his disagreements with Trump, Fauci has been criticised by right-wing pundits and received death threats that resulted in the need for a security detail.[27][28][29] While there have been disagreements, Trump has also praised Fauci.[30][31][32]

Personal life

Fauci married Christine Grady, a nurse and bioethicist with the NIH, in 1985, after they met while treating a patient. Grady is chief of the Department of Bioethics at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center. The couple has three adult daughters: Jennifer, Megan, and Alison.[33]

Memberships

Fauci is a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Medicine, the American Philosophical Society, and the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters, as well as other numerous professional societies including the American Society for Clinical Investigation, the Infectious Diseases Society of America, and the American Association of Immunologists. He serves on the editorial boards of many scientific journals; as an editor of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine; and as author, coauthor, or editor of more than 1,000 scientific publications, including several textbooks.[14]

Awards and honors
Ben Carson and Anthony Fauci (right) being announced as recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House on June 19, 2008.
  • 1979: Arthur S. Flemming Award[34]
  • 1993: Honorary Doctor of Science, Bates College[35]
  • 1995: Ernst Jung Prize (shared with Samuel A. Wells, Jr.)[36]
  • 1995: Honorary Doctor of Science, Duke University[37]
  • 1996: Honorary Doctor of Science, Colgate University[38]
  • 1999: Honorary Doctor of Public Service Degree, Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania[39]
  • 2002: Albany Medical Center Prize[40]
  • 2003: American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award[41]
  • 2005: National Medal of Science[42]
  • 2005: American Association of Immunologists Lifetime Achievement Award[43]
  • 2007: Mary Woodard Lasker Public Service Award[44]
  • 2007: George M. Kober Medal, Association of American Physicians[45]
  • 2008: Presidential Medal of Freedom[41]
  • 2013: Robert Koch Gold Medal[46]
  • 2013: Prince Mahidol Award[47]
  • 2016: John Dirks Canada Gairdner Global Health Award[48]
  • 2018: Honorary Doctor of Science, Commencement Speaker, American University[49]

Selected works and publications

See also

References
  1. Specter, Michael. "How Anthony Fauci Became America's Doctor". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 13, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  2. "The face of America's fight against Covid-19". BBC News. March 25, 2020. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 13, 2020.
  3. Alba, Davey; Frenkel, Sheera (March 28, 2020). "Medical Expert Who Corrects Trump Is Now a Target of the Far Right". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2020.
  4. Grady, Denise, "Not His First Epidemic: Dr. Anthony Fauci Sticks to the Facts" Archived March 27, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, The New York Times, March 8, 11, 2020.
  5. Gallin, John I. (October 1, 2007). "Introduction of Anthony S. Fauci, MD". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (10): 3131–3135. doi:10.1172/jci33692. PMC 1994641. PMID 17909634.
  6. "Fauci89: Transcription of oral history interview" (PDF). NIH. March 7, 1989. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 9, 2016.
  7. "In Their Own Words". history.nih.gov. Archived from the original on March 25, 2020. Retrieved March 25, 2020.
  8. Hunsinger Benbow, Dana (April 2, 2020). "Donnie Walsh on losing basketball game to Dr. Anthony Fauci: 'How did that happen?'". The Indianapolis Star. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  9. "Biography Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. NIAID Director". NIAID. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007.
  10. "Dr. Anthony Fauci Named New NIAID Director" (Press release). HHS News. November 2, 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 9, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  11. Grady, Denise (March 8, 2020). "Not His First Epidemic: Dr. Anthony Fauci Sticks to the Facts". The New York Times. New York: New York Times Company. Archived from the original on March 15, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  12. Varmus, Harold (December 1, 2013). "Making PEPFAR". Science & Diplomacy. 2 (4). Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved December 2, 2013.
  13. Bernard Wysocki Jr for The Wall Street Journal. December 6, 2005 Agency Chief Spurs Bioterror Research – And Controversy Archived February 29, 2020, at the Wayback Machine
  14. Highly Cited Biography Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 30, 2007
  15. Holy Cross Magazine Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., ’62 Archived August 23, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on May 30, 2007
  16. "1998 AACC Lectureship Award". American Association for Clinical Chemistry. Archived from the original on January 2, 2018. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  17. Officials eyeing additional screening for Ebola in US, vow to protect citizens from disease Archived March 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. Associated Press. October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 16, 2014.
  18. Roberts, Dan (October 16, 2014). "CDC director warns Ebola like 'forest fire' as Congress readies for hearing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on May 3, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  19. Santucci, Jeanine (February 27, 2020). "What we know about the White House coronavirus task force now that Mike Pence is in charge". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 29, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2020.
  20. Cohen, Jon (March 22, 2020). "'I'm going to keep pushing.' Anthony Fauci tries to make the White House listen to facts of the pandemic". Science Magazine. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
  21. Higgins-Dunn, Noah; Lovelace, Berkely, Jr., "Top US health official says the coronavirus is 10 times 'more lethal' than the seasonal flu" Archived March 23, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, CNBC, March 11, 2020.
  22. McCormack, John, "Coronavirus vs. the Flu: The Difference Between a 1% and 0.1% Fatality Rate Is Huge" Archived March 22, 2020, at the Wayback Machine, National Review, March 14, 2020.
  23. Haberman, Maggie (March 23, 2020). "Trump Has Given Unusual Leeway to Fauci, but Aides Say He's Losing His Patience". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 26, 2020. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  24. Nicholas, Peter (March 22, 2020). "Anthony Fauci's Plan to Stay Honest". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on March 23, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2020.
  25. Smith, Virginia K. "5 reasons Gov. Cuomo and Dr. Fauci are America's de facto leaders during the coronavirus pandemic". MarketWatch. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  26. "President Trump's Advisors 'Argued Strongly' Against Easing Coronavirus Measures Too Early, Anthony Fauci Says". Time. Archived from the original on March 30, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  27. Budryk, Zack (April 2, 2020). "Fauci dismisses death threats: 'It's my job'". TheHill. Archived from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  28. Kate Bennett; Evan Perez. "Nation's top coronavirus expert Dr. Anthony Fauci forced to beef up security as death threats increase". CNN. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  29. Singh, Maanvi (April 2, 2020). "Dr Fauci: security reportedly expanded as infectious disease expert faces threats". The Guardian. Archived from the original on April 3, 2020. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
  30. "Trump offers praise for absent Fauci: 'He's a good man'". The Hill. March 23, 2020. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  31. "Who is Dr Anthony Fauci, the US's trusted voice on coronavirus?". Al Jazeera. March 30, 2020. Archived from the original on April 1, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  32. "How Fauci Prods, Persuades Trump on Coronavirus Response". The Wall Street Journal. March 31, 2020. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
  33. Laviola, Erin (March 13, 2020). "Christine Grady, Anthony Fauci's Wife: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. Archived from the original on March 14, 2020. Retrieved March 13, 2020.
  34. "Press Release Archive: Twelve Outstanding Public Servants Representing the Best and Brightest in Federal Government to be Honored at 53rd Annual Arthur S. Flemming Awards Presented by GW June 11". www2.gwu.edu. Archived from the original on September 2, 2013. Retrieved April 2, 2020.
  35. "List of Honorary Degree Recipients | Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, D.Sc. | Bates College". Bates College. May 31, 1993. Retrieved April 10, 2020. Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, D.Sc. (May 31, 1993)
  36. "All Laureates – English". Jung Foundation for Science and Research. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved November 4, 2016.
  37. "SiriusXM's Basketball and Beyond with Coach K: Dr. Anthony Fauci". Duke University. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
  38. "Honoris causa". Colgate University. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007. Retrieved March 8, 2020.
  39. Agencies, United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on the Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related (2000). Departments of Labor, Health and Human Services, Education, and Related Agencies Appropriations for 2001: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Second Session. U.S. Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-060655-7.
  40. Lawrence K. Altman (March 28, 2002). "AIDS Researcher Fauci Wins Prize". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 27, 2015. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  41. "Anthony S. Fauci, M.D. Biography and Interview". achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement. Archived from the original on February 8, 2019. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
  42. "The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details". National Science Foundation. July 27, 2007. Archived from the original on April 1, 2020. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  43. "Past Recipients". The American Association of Immunologists. Archived from the original on September 19, 2018. Retrieved September 19, 2018.
  44. Altman, Lawrence K. (September 16, 2007). "4 Winners of Lasker Medical Prize". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved February 21, 2017.
  45. Gallin, John I. "2007 Association of American Physicians George M. Kober Medal: Introduction of Anthony S. Fauci, MD". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117:3131–3135 (2007). doi:10.1172/JCI33692.
  46. "Robert Koch Stiftung - Anthony S. Fauci". www.robert-koch-stiftung.de. Archived from the original on September 12, 2016. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  47. "Dr. Anthony Fauci". Prince Mahidol Award Foundation. November 21, 2013.
  48. Owens, Brian (March 26, 2016). "NIAID director wins Canada Gairdner Global Health Award". The Lancet. 387 (10025): 1261. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30050-2. PMID 27017308 – via www.thelancet.com.
  49. Alex, Kelly; April 18, er |; 2018. "AU Announces 2018 Commencement Speakers". American University. Retrieved April 23, 2020.CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

Further reading
  • Unger, Donald N.S., "I Saw People Who Were In Pain", Holy Cross Magazine, College of the Holy Cross, v.36, n.3, Summer 2002 issue. Front cover and pp.10-19.
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