Zecca of Venice

The Zecca (English: Mint) is a sixteenth-century building in Venice, Italy which once housed the mint of the Republic of Venice. The heavily rusticated stone structure, originally with only two floors, was designed by Jacopo Sansovino in place of an earlier mint specifically to ensure safety from fire and to provide adequate security for the silver and gold deposits. Construction began in 1536. Giorgio Vasari considered it the finest, richest, and strongest of Sansovino's buildings ("...bellissimo, ricchissimo, e fortissimo edificio de' suoi è la Zecca di Venezia...").[1]

Zecca of Venice
main façade
LocationVenice, Italy
Built1536 (1536)–1548 (1548)
Original useMint of the Venetian Republic
Current useMarciana Library
ArchitectJacopo Sansovino
Architectural style(s)High Renaissance

Coin production continued after the fall of the Republic of Venice but ceased in 1852 during the second period of Austrian domination (1814-1866). The building was subsequently adapted and served as the seat for the Chamber of Commerce from 1872 until 1900.[2] Since 1904, it has housed the main part of the Marciana Library whose historical building, next door, is now largely a museum.

Historical background
See also: Coinage of the Republic of Venice

An earlier mint located in the parish of San Bartolomeo across the Grand Canal from the Rialto market was closed and the parcel of land sold by the government in 1112.[note 1] The document relative to the sale indicates that the site had been occupied by the mint since 'antiquity', perhaps since the first minting of a local coin, a Carolingian silver penny issued in the name of the emperor Louis the Pious.[note 2] Evidence suggests a subsequent cessation of minting in the mid-twelfth century during which time the coinage of Verona seems to have been used for local transactions while Byzantine coins were used for long-distance trade.[3] Local minting resumed when ducal coinage was first issued during the reign of Vitale II Michiel (1156-1172)[4] and increased significantly when the grosso was introduced.[5]

Detail from woodcut Peregrinatio in Terram Sanctam by Erhard Reuwich (1486), showing the earlier mint (shaded) in Saint Mark's Square.
Frontal view

A new silver mint is mentioned as already present in Saint Mark's Square in a resolution of the Great Council in 1278.[note 3] The location, across the Piazzetta from the Doge's Palace, facilitated oversight by the appropriate magistracy, the Council of Forty, and ensured greater security. It also followed a long-standing tradition in Italy that the mint as a symbol of fiscal autonomy and economic prosperity be located near the seat of the government.[note 4] A separate gold mint, probably adjacent to the existing silver mint, was established in 1285 following the introduction of the ducat.[6] It is referred to in a deliberation of the Great Council, dated that same year, as the Zecca, from the Arabic noun sikka, meaning "die". By 1290, the name was also used for the silver mint, formerly known by the term Moneta.[7]

Over time, these mint facilities were expanded and floors added as demand for coinage increased.[note 5] The Reuwich woodcut (Mainz, 1486) and the de' Barbari engraving (Venice, 1500) show the mint as a single, three-story building with a courtyard behind.[8][9] The structure is delimited on all sides: to the west by a canal, to the north by the tenth-century hospice for pilgrims, to the east by a series of hostelries and the meat market, and to the south by a row of lean-to stalls that were rented by the procurators of Saint Mark de supra to vendors of sausage and cheese.

Safety concerns within the mint were raised when fire broke out in July 1532,[10] and following an inspection by Doge Andrea Gritti to verify conditions, the Council of Ten, the magistracy responsible for the defence of vital state interests, deliberated on 4 December 1535 that the entire mint was to be rebuilt with stone vaults in order to eliminate the use of wooden beams.[11][12] This decision coincided with a need to add furnaces and increase production following a deliberation of the Council of Ten in 1526 that obligated the government offices dislocated in the subject cities on the mainland to accept only Venetian currency, effectively substituting local currencies for official business. In addition, it was necessary to improve security when after 1528 interest-earning private deposits began to be accepted at the mint as a means of increasing the supply of silver for minting.[13]

For the design of the new mint, three projects were reviewed, and on 28 March 1536, the Council of Ten awarded the commission to Jacopo Sansovino.[14][15] The architect, as proto (consultant architect and buildings manager) of the procurators of Saint Mark de supra, had already supervised the final stages in the construction of the Procuratie vecchie in Saint Mark's Square following the death of his predecessor Pietro Bon,[note 6] but the mint was his first major commission in Venice.

Building

Construction
Saint Mark's Square
  a. Saint Mark's Basilica
  b. Ducal Palace
  c. Bell tower and Loggetta
  d. Marciana Library
  e. Mint
  f. Procuratie Nuove
  g. Napoleonic wing
  h. Procuratie Vecchie
  i. Clock tower

1536-1548

Independently of the need to provide greater fire protection and security as well as space for increased production, the mint was intended to symbolize Venice's financial recovery from years of famine and war.[note 7] It was an integral part of the renovatio urbis, the vast architectural programme begun under Doge Andrea Gritti to express Venice's renewed self-confidence and reaffirm its international prestige after the earlier defeat at Agnadello during the War of Cambrai and the subsequent Peace of Bologna which sanctioned Habsburg hegemony on the Italian peninsula at the end of the War of the League of Cognac. The programme, which included the library (1537) and the loggia of the bell tower (1538), called for the transformation of Saint Mark’s Square from an antiquated medieval town centre with food vendors, money changers, and even latrines into a classical forum. The intent was to evoke the memory of the ancient Roman republic and, in the aftermath of the Sack of Rome in 1527, to present Venice as Rome’s true successor.[16] Sansovino's understanding of Vitruvian principles and his direct knowledge of ancient Roman prototypes, garnered from his time in Rome, provided the expertise necessary to enact the programme.

Tintoretto, Portrait of Jacopo Sansovino (before 1546), Florence, Galleria degli Uffizi. The architect also served as consultant architect for the construction of the Zecca to draw up contracts and to resolve all design-related matters.[17]

Construction began in 1536 and, given the importance of the mint, does not seem to have been hindered by the financial constraints at the time of the Ottoman–Venetian War (1537–1540).[note 8] To raise the 5,000 ducats appropriated for construction, the Council of Ten authorized the freeing of slaves on Cyprus, then a Venetian possession, at 50 ducats a head.[18][19][note 9] Additional funds were similarly raised in 1539 and 1544. Ultimately, the construction of the mint exceeded initial cost estimates roughly sixfold.[note 10]

Since minting operations could not be interrupted, work had to proceed piecemeal, beginning with the charcoal depository on the northern side. In 1539, it was decided to incorporate the lean-to cheese and sausage shops along the embankment into the new structure in order to give greater dignity to the mint façade but also to then extend the upper floor over the shops and provide additional space for the gold mint which was located upstairs for greater security. The shops were subsequently relocated and the space annexed to the mint.[20][21] Construction terminated in 1548.[22][23][note 11]

1558 addition

Sansovino's original building had only two floors with a low attic above, lit by small rectangular windows. But the attic became unusable during the summer months due to the combined heat of the sun on the leaden roof above and the furnaces below. In 1558, the Council of Ten consequently authorized the construction of an additional floor to be paid for with the remaining funds.[24][25] Although Sansovino was likely consulted for technical and structural aspects, it is improbable that he in fact designed the uppermost floor.[note 12]

Architecture
Layout of the ground floor with shaded area indicating location of sausage and cheese shops (relocated in 1588).

Layout

Due to the need to ensure ongoing minting operations during construction, the basic layout of the earlier mint was most likely maintained, activities being momentarily relocated as new sections were built.[26] The area on the ground floor facing the lagoon, separated from the rest of the building by a staircase and a long corridor connecting the water entry along the canal and the land entry onto the Piazzetta, was occupied by the offices of the silver officials and by the furnaces for the smelting and casting of silver. In the rear section, twenty workshops for the production of silver coins were located along the sides of a rectangular courtyard with a cistern for water.[note 13] Sansovino designed these workshops as small spaces so that the closely placed walls would provide adequate support for the heavy stone vaults. Charcoal deposits were located on the far side of the courtyard. The upper floor, destined for the minting of gold coins, was similarly arranged but with larger, and hence fewer, workshops.[27]

Detail of façade showing rustication of Doric order.

Façade

To convey a sense of impregnability appropriate to the function of the mint, Sansovino employed for the ground floor heavy rustication which was extended over the Doric order on the floor above. In Venice, such a combination of heavy-cut Istrian limestone and classical orders had already been used by Mauro Codussi for San Michele in Isola (begun 1469) and, in a more muted form, for Palazzo Corner Spinelli (1497-1500). However, it is likely that Sansovino was inspired by the ancient Porta Maggiore built under Claudius (52) and by Giulio Romano's designs for the portal at Villa Madama (1519) as well as for his own residence at Macel de' Corvi (1523-1524) with which Sansovino would have been familiar from his second period in Rome (1516-1527).[28][29] Significantly, Sebastiano Serlio, in his seven-volume architectural treatise Tutte l'opere d'architettura et prospetiva, considered the solution of clean-cut capitals and bases with crude, rusticated columns to represent great strength and to be appropriate to a fortress.[30]

The windows on the Doric level, originally protected by heavy iron grilles, are fit tightly between the engaged columns with no exposed surface, creating the impression that they are deeply recessed in a thick wall and contributing further to the sense of impregnability. The effect is enhanced by the massive, protruding lintels above. The floor that was later added employs the Ionic order, and although it continues the rustication, the exposed walls around the windows and the delicate tympanums overhead contrast with the design of the original structure and diminish the overall massive feel.

Entry

The heavily rusticated entry portal, flanked by two telamons supporting a Doric entablature, was subsequently incorporated into the seventeenth arcade of the library.[note 14] In the resulting passageway, two colossal statues, carved by Girolamo Campagna and Tiziano Aspetti, were placed.

Mint staff and officials
Illustrations of the cupellation process used to separate silver from base metals.
Source: Biringuccio, Vannoccio, De la pirotechnia, 1550, Vinegia, Giovan Padoano, cc. 45r and 47r.

Production

See also: Hammered coinage

Minting activity fluctuated throughout the year according to the availability of bullion and the commercial needs of the merchants but was most intense in spring and early summer when, after the snow in the Alps had melted, German merchants brought silver and gold to the city and the departing merchant-galley fleets required large amounts of coinage for trade in the East.[31]

The number of employees consequently varied, but in addition to the salaried gastaldi (foremen), fabri (blacksmiths who forged dies), intaidori (die engravers), pexadori (weighers), and fanti (unskilled workers with menial tasks), the staff routinely included skilled labourers paid at a piecework rate: afinadori (refiners), fondadori (casters who cast blank flans), mendadori (emenders who controlled the prescribed weight tolerances), and stampadori (moneyers who struck coins) for both the silver mint (lower floor) and the gold mint (upper floor).[note 15] Estimates for the medieval mint place the workforce at around 225 individuals, making the mint the second largest single employer after the Arsenal, the government-operated shipyards.[32]

  • Massari alla moneta e Massari all'oro e all'argento

The technical operations were coordinated by the Massari alla moneta e Massari all'argento e all'oro (mintmasters, separate for silver and gold). Usually of noble status, the Massari were responsible for acquiring bullion, supervising manufacture, and distributing newly minted coins.[note 16]

Oversight

Painting of a Provveditore in Zecca escorting bullion to the Zecca by Marco Vecellio (Senate Hall, Doge's Palace)

In addition, several magistracies existed to provide oversight:

  • Provveditori in Zecca

The Council of Ten was ultimately responsible for the control of the mint in consideration of its vital interest for the security of the state. But beginning in 1522, supervisory functions were assigned to a magistrate, chosen from among the Council membership, with the title of Provveditore in Zecca. Initially charged with the acquiring and minting of gold and the refining of silver, the Provveditore quickly assumed responsibility for the general direction of the mint. In addition, the Provveditore was responsible for dispensing government funds that were deposited in the mint to the subject cities and to the army. In 1562, the number of members of the Magistracy was increased to two and in 1572 a third was added. Following the reform of the Council of Ten in 1582, the magistracy came under the jurisdiction of the Senate.[33]

  • Depositario

Created in 1543 by the Council of the Ten, the Depositario was responsible for the mint’s cash accounts. The Depositario also maintained accounts for private capital deposited in the mint and ensured that the funds were not misappropriated by the government.[34]

  • Provveditori a ori e monete

The Provveditori a ori e monete were created in 1551 to ensure that gold, whether coined or not, was not sold at a price other than the official rate fixed by the government.[35]

  • Provveditori sopra ori e argenti

Created in 1585, the Provveditori sopra ori e argenti intervened in cases of money exchanged at other than face value.[36]

  • Conservatore dei pubblici depositi

The office of the Conservatore dei pubblici depositi was made permanent in 1592 with the responsibility for the reserve funds of the state that were kept in the mint.[37]

  • Provveditore alli prò

Instituted in 1639, the Provveditore alli prò oversaw the payment of interest on the private funds deposited in the mint.[38]

Notes
  1. The mint was located along the Canal della Fava between the churches of San Bartolomeo and San Salvatore. See Stahl, Zecca…, p. 8.
  2. The coin resembles issues minted throughout the empire from 819-822 in appearance and weight. See Stahl, Zecca…, pp. 3-4.
  3. The deliberation of the Great Council, dated 8 October, obligated merchants to sell silver either at Rialto or in Saint Mark's Square at the Mint or the moneychangers' booths. See Stahl, Zecca…, p. 281
  4. In their architectural treatises both Vitruvius and later Filarete recommended that the mint, or treasury, be situated near the centre of government. Elsewhere in Italy, the Vatican mint was built near the entrance to the Apostolic Palace and the Florentine Mint initially opposite the Palazzo della Signoria and subsequently behind the Loggia de' Signori. See Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 168, note 4.
  5. Between 1319 and 1339, both the silver and gold mints were expanded. An additional floor to the gold mint was authorized in 1343 to accommodate four additional hearths, but this was eliminated in 1352. See Stahl, Zecca…, pp. 285-286.
  6. Pietro Bon, chief consulting architect for the procurators of Saint Mark de supra is often confused with Bartolomeo Bon, chief consulting architect for the Salt Office. For relative documentation and the attribution of various projects, see Stefano Mariani, 'Vita e opere dei proti Bon Bartolomeo e Pietro' (unpublished doctoral thesis, Istituto Universitario di Architettura – Venezia, Dipartimento di Storia dell'Architettura, 1983).
  7. The second Italian war (1499-1504) largely coincided with the conflict against the Ottomans (1499-1503). The third Italian war lasted from 1508-1516. Conflicts on the mainland began anew in 1521 with the fourth and fifth Italian wars and concluded in 1530. Famine struck in 1527-1528.
  8. Contracts were already awarded in January 1537 for the vaults of a portion of the ground floor, an indication that work had progressed sufficiently. See Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 169, note 13.
  9. An estimated 23,000 to 24,000 slaves existed on Cyprus. These were descendants of the earlier invaders who had later been enslaved by the Byzantines. For a discussion, see Federico Berchet, 'Contributo alla storia dell'edificio della veneta Zecca, prima della sua destinazione a sede della Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana', Atti del Regio Istituto Veneto di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti, lxix (1909-1910), part II, pp. 339-367.
  10. By 1558, 28,879 ducats had been spent to complete Sansovino's design. Additional funds in the amount of 1,790 ducats arrived later and were used to finance the additional floor. See Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, pp. 42 and 169, note 31.
  11. Sansovino received a final payment on 17 May 1549. See Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 184.
  12. The decision to add another floor to the mint coincided with a legal dispute between Sansovino's regular employers, the procurators of Saint Mark de supra, and the mint officials, the provveditori in Zecca, regarding the rightful recipient of the rental income from the sausage and cheese shops that had been incorporated into the mint. In 1554, the Provveditori ordered the tenets to pay the rent to the mint rather than to the procurators as in the past. In the resulting case, the provveditori objected to Sansovino's testimony on the grounds that he was an employee of the procurators and therefore biased. In such tense circumstances, it is unlikely that they would have awarded him the contract for the new floor of the mint. See Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 42, Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 184, and Tafuri, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 72, note 89.
  13. The wellhead with a statue of Apollo by Danese Cattaneo is now located in the courtyard of Ca' Pesaro.
  14. Giulio Lorenzetti erroneously ascribes the design of the entry to Vincenzo Scamozzi, Sansovino's pupil, in Itinerario sansoviniano in Venezia (1929), but as the entry is already mentioned by Francesco Sansovino in Tutte le cose notabili che sono in Venetia (1556), prior to Scamozzi's superintendence of the library, it should be ascribed to Sansovino. See Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 184.
  15. See Stahl, Zecca…, pp.320-353 for a description of mint operations.
  16. For the duties of the mintmasters, see Stahl, Zecca…, pp. 245-255. See also Milan and others, Guida alle magistrature…, p. 114.

References
  1. Vasari, Le vite..., VII (1881), p. 504. The quote does not appear in the 1568 edition of Vite but was included in an expanded biography of Sansovino written by Vasari after 1570 and republished in 1789. See Gaetano Milanesi's note on page 485.
  2. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 191
  3. Stahl, Zecca…, pp. 8-13.
  4. Stahl, Zecca…, p. 13
  5. Stahl, Zecca…, pp. 16-22
  6. Stalh, Zecca…, p. 285
  7. Stahl, Zecca…, pp.33-34
  8. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, pp. 182-183
  9. Stahl, Zecca…, pp. 282-283. Stahl mistakes the central meat market to the east as a part of the mint.
  10. Sanudo, Diari, 57 (1902), col. 516, 7 July 1532
  11. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 39.
  12. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 182
  13. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 182
  14. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino… , p. 39. The document is in the State Archives of Venice in Consiglio di Dieci, Comuni, reg, II, c. 106.
  15. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 183
  16. See in general Chambers, The Imperial Age of Venice..., pp. 12–31.
  17. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 40
  18. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 39
  19. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 183
  20. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 42
  21. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 184. The senate deliberation is in the State Archives of Venice in Senato Terra, f. 108, 15 Sept. 1588; PS, b. 33, proc. 67, c. 34-40t.
  22. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 169, note 24
  23. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, pp. 183-184. The document relative to the closing of the construction site is in the State Archives of Venice in Provveditori di Zecca, Terminazioni, reg. 22, c. 82, 3 Jan 1547 m.v. (= 1548).
  24. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, pp. 42-43
  25. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 184
  26. Howard, Jacopo Sansovino…, p. 40
  27. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 183
  28. Howard, The Architectural History of Venice, p. 145
  29. Morresi, Jacopo Sansovino, p. 189
  30. Serlio, Regole generali di architetura..., fol. XIIIv
  31. Stahl, Zecca…, pp. 369-370
  32. Stahl, Zecca…, p. 320
  33. Milan and others, Guida alle magistrature…, pp. 114-115
  34. Milan and others, Guida alle magistrature…, pp. 115-116
  35. Milan and others, Guida alle magistrature…, p. 115
  36. Milan and others, Guida alle magistrature…, p. 116
  37. Milan and others, Guida alle magistrature…, p. 116
  38. Milan and others, Guida alle magistrature…, p. 116

Bibliography
  • Cappelletti, Giuseppe, Storia delle magistrature venete (Venezia: Grimaldo, 1873)
  • Chambers, David, The Imperial Age of Venice 1380-1580 (London: Thames and Hudson, 1970) ISBN 0155408917
  • Howard, Deborah, The Architectural History of Venice (London: B. T. Batsford, 1980) ISBN 9780300090291
  • Howard, Deborah, Jacopo Sansovino: architecture and patronage in Renaissance Venice (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975) ISBN 9780300018912
  • Milan, Catia, Antonio Politi, and Bruno Vianello, Guida alle magistrature: elementi per la conoscenza della Repubblica veneta (Sommacampagna: Cierre, 2003) ISBN 8883142047
  • Morresi, Manuela, Jacopo Sansovino (Milano: Electa, 2000) ISBN 8843575716
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  • Serlio, Sebastiano, Regole generali di architetura sopra le cinque maniere de gliedifici (Venetia: Francesco Marcolini, 1537)
  • Stahl, Alan M., Zecca, the Mint of Venice in the Middle Ages (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000) ISBN 978-0801863837
  • Tafuri, Manfredo, Jacopo Sansovino e l'architettura del '500 a Venezia (Padova: Marsilio, 1969)
  • Tafuri, Manfredo, Renovatio urbis: Venezia nell'età di Andrea Gritti (1523-1538) (Roma: Officina, 1984)
  • Vasari, Giorgio, Le vite de' più eccellenti pittori, scultori ed architettori, 9 vols (Firenze: G. C. Sansoni, 1878–1885)

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