Wiranto

Wiranto's appointment as Commander of ABRI in February 1998 came at a crucial time. Indonesia was suffering from the effects of the Asian Financial Crisis and there was widespread opposition to Soeharto. Nevertheless, Soeharto was re-elected for a seventh term as president by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) as the situation continued to deteriorate. In Soeharto's new Cabinet, Wiranto was named as the Minister of Defense and Security.

As the situation worsened, Wiranto tried to calm the situation down through dialogue. On 18 April 1998, together with 17 ministers, Wiranto held a meeting with prominent members of society and student organizations.[13] Wiranto took a cautious stance towards the social unrest that was brewing around Indonesia at the time and warned against it descending into anarchy.

Wiranto's involvement with the events of May 1998 began by ordering most senior military commanders to go to Malang in East Java (850 km from Jakarta) for a ceremonial party, during the riot in the capital Jakarta.[14] Later he authorized Commander of KODAM Jaya Syafrie Syamsuddin and Chief of Jakarta Regional Police Hamami Nata to take care of the situation in Jakarta.[15] That was the day when four students of Trisakti University were shot dead. Wiranto responded on May 13 by ordering the Military Police to mobilize. Wiranto also sensed that the condition was about to spiral out of control and ordered for reinforcements in the form of Marines and Kostrad personnel.[16]

On 15 May, Wiranto met with Soeharto who had gone to Egypt to attend an economic summit but was forced to come back to attend to the situation back home. Soeharto brought up the idea of reinstating the Command for the Restoration of Security and Order (Kopkamtib) to deal with the situation. Finally, on 18 May, Soeharto issued a Presidential Instruction (Instruksi Presiden No 16/1968) to Wiranto. Wiranto was to be made Commander of the National Alertness and Safety Operation Command (KOPKKN).[17] This presidential instruction has been compared to Supersemar, a key letter of authority which former president Sukarno issued in March 1966 providing the then-major general Soeharto with wide authority over government in Indonesia.[18] Soeharto's Presidential Instruction in May 1998 was seen as providing Wiranto with wide authority to choose whether to use his new power or not.[19]

On 21 May 1998, Soeharto announced his resignation as president. Vice President BJ Habibie took over as president. Wiranto took the opportunity to state that ABRI would be ensuring the personal safety of the now former President Soeharto and his family. Wiranto subsequently admitted the involvement of Kopassus special forces in the 1997–98 activists kidnappings in Indonesia.[20]

Wiranto was retained as both the Commander of ABRI and Minister of Defense and Security in Habibie's Cabinet. He immediately began working towards reforming ABRI and on 11 June, gave to Habibie and Head of People's Representative Council/MPR Chairman Harmoko a manifesto entitled "The Fundamentals of ABRI's Philosophy on Reform Towards Achieving the National Goal".[21] In August, Wiranto made a move to appease the people of Aceh by withdrawing the status of Military Operations Region (DOM) from the Province.

The Special Session of the MPR was held in November 1998 and Wiranto cracked down on protesters who were against the Special Session, killing 8 and injuring 226.[22] Despite this setback, Wiranto continued to build an image as a reformer. In January 1999, he met with reformist leaders and in April 1999, supervised the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia Police (POLRI) as an autonomous entity rather than subordinate to ABRI. ABRI also went through a name change and became known as TNI. Wiranto also supervised security during the 1999 Legislative Elections during which TNI and POLRI adopted a neutral role rather than support Golkar as has been the case during Soeharto's regime.

As Commander of TNI, Wiranto was also involved with the withdrawal of troops from East Timor when the Province voted to become an independent nation. In the process he became accused of being behind or at least condoned the human rights abuses committed by TNI soldiers during the retreat from Timor.[23]

Much like the 1999 legislative election, Wiranto was in charge of security at the 1999 MPR General Session. However, he would soon become involved in the politics. Habibie, who had been nominated for re-election by Golkar chose Wiranto to become his Vice President.[24] However, Habibie's accountability speech was rejected by the MPR and he chose not to run for president again. Nevertheless, Wiranto continued on as vice presidential candidate, this time with Akbar Tanjung as Golkar's presidential candidate. However, Akbar would withdraw from the race and throw his support behind eventual President Abdurrahman Wahid. Wiranto finally withdrew from the vice presidential race when it became evident that Megawati needed to become Vice President to appease her supporters who were angered by Megawati losing out on the Presidency.

As part of his effort to name a Cabinet which included all elements of Indonesian politics, Wahid included Wiranto in the Cabinet as Coordinating Minister of Politics and Security. Wiranto was only in his position for three months when in January 2000, Wahid called for Wiranto to step down from his position on an overseas trip to Europe. It appeared as if the President saw Wiranto as an obstacle to his plan to reform the military and that he took the human rights abuses allegations seriously.[25] Wiranto waited until Wahid returned before meeting with the President to argue his case. Wiranto seemed to have succeeded when Wahid decided to continue to keep him on but changed his mind during the same day and Wiranto was removed from the Cabinet.[22]

In January 2003, President Megawati was forced to raise the prices of fuel, electricity, and telephone.[26] Anti-Megawati protests were then held and it was suspected that Wiranto might have been involved in masterminding the demonstrations.[27]

On 24 February 2003, the Special Panels of the Dili District Court indicted Wiranto and charged him with crimes against humanity.[28] However, prosecutor-general of East Timor, Longuinhos Monteiro, withdrew support for the indictment claiming there "might be some defects".[29] East Timor sources believe Monteiro reversed his position following heavy pressure from senior figures in East Timor's Government.[29]

The warrant was never forwarded to Interpol, the international police agency.[30]

In August 2003, Wiranto made the decision to run for president after he declared his intentions to participate in the Golkar National Convention.[31] Wiranto's opponents for the Convention were Akbar, Prabowo, Aburizal Bakrie, Surya Paloh, Jusuf Kalla, Sultan Hamengkubuwono X, and Nurcholish Madjid. By April 2004, the month of the National Convention, Hamengkubuwono X and Nurcolish had withdrawn from the race whilst Kalla left Golkar to become Yudhoyono's running mate. On 20 April 2004, the Golkar National Convention was held. In the first round of voting, Wiranto came second to Akbar with 137 votes to 147 votes.[32] In the second round, Wiranto decisively won against Akbar with 315 votes to 227 votes and became Golkar's Presidential Candidate.[32]

As his running mate, Wiranto chose Solahuddin Wahid, the brother of former President Wahid. The selection of Solahuddin was to improve Wiranto's image with regards to human rights. According to Wiranto "Because Gus Solah (Solahuddin's nickname) is a clean figure, of course he would not associate himself with dirty goods. Especially when he's the Vice-Chairman of the National Commission on Human Rights (Komnas HAM). So I'm clean." [33] In addition to Golkar, Wiranto also drew support from Wahid who mobilized both his National Awakening Party (PKB) and the Nadhlatul Ulama (NU) to Wiranto's cause.[34]

On Election Day 5 July 2004, Wiranto and Solahuddin came third behind Yudhoyono/Kalla and Megawati/Hasyim Muzadi with 22.19% of the votes.[35]

In the lead up to the 2004 Golkar National Congress, Wiranto became one of the candidates for the position of Chairman. However, the situation soon changed when Kalla, now Vice President, participated in the contest to become Chairman with the support of President Yudhoyono. Wiranto was not happy because according to him, Yudhoyono would not do anything to block Wiranto from becoming Chairman.[36] Wiranto then chose to align himself with his former opponent Akbar. However the two failed and Kalla became the new Chairman.

In August 2005, Wiranto, together with former Presidents Wahid and Megawati, former Vice President Try Sutrisno, and Akbar met to discuss and criticize the policies of the Yudhoyono Government. On 1 September, they signed an official statement and called themselves the United Awakened Archipelago Coalition (Koalisi Nusantara Bangkit Bersatu).

The next month in September 2005, Wiranto joined the Nationhood Union, a mass organization which was created by former Golkar member Marwah Daud Ibrahim.[37] At the organization's National Leadership Meeting in May 2006, Wiranto said that the organization was a way to test the waters en route to forming a new political party.[38] Finally on 22 December 2006, Wiranto declared the formation of the People's Conscience Party (Hanura) and was elected as its first Chairman.[39]

Wiranto ran unsuccessfully for the vice-presidency as Jusuf Kalla's running mate in the 2009 Indonesian presidential election.[40]

Wiranto in July 2013 announced he would run for the presidency in 2014 with media tycoon Hary Tanoesoedibjo as his running mate,[41] but after Hanura's poor performance in the 2014 general election, Wiranto opted to support the presidential bid of Joko "Jokowi" Widodo,[42] who was victorious.

When Jokowi reshuffled his cabinet on 27 July 2016, Wiranto was appointed Coordinating Minister for Political, Legal and Security Affairs.[43] In December 2016, Wiranto said Hanura would support Jokowi for re-election in 2019.[44] In 2018, Wiranto urged the Corruption Eradication Commission to postpone naming regional election candidates suspected of involvement in corruption cases.[45]

Wiranto (wearing a peci) during the knife attack on 10 October 2019

On 10 October 2019, Wiranto was stabbed twice by a man allegedly affiliated with the Islamic State-linked militant group Jamaah Ansharut Daulah (JAD).[46] The attack occurred when Wiranto was exiting a car near the small town of Saketi, south of the main town of Pandeglang in Pandeglang Regency in Banten province, around 100 km southwest of Jakarta. Wiranto survived and was flown by helicopter to the Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital in Jakarta, where he underwent surgery.[47] Three other people, including a police officer, were stabbed and wounded while attempting to protect Wiranto and apprehend the assailant.

After treatment, Wiranto's condition was stable and improved. President Joko Widodo visited him twice and said that, "(He) told me he wants to go home and join the limited Cabinet meeting soon." A range of other Indonesian leaders and senior officials visited Wiranto in hospital including vice-president Jusuf Kalla, state intelligence agency head Budi Gunawan, former coordinating minister for political, legal and security affairs Tedjo Edhy Purdijatno, and presidential advisory board member Agum Gumelar.[48]

The attacker, identified as Syahrial Alamsyah alias Abu Rara, was apprehended at the scene, along with his wife, Fitria Diana (20), who stabbed a local sub-district police chief, Commissioner Dariyanto, in the back. Abu Rara said he was not part of a terror cell and he only decided to make the attack when he heard a helicopter and found out the Wiranto was visiting.[49] Authorities said Abu Rara had previously been under observation because of his collection of knives.[50] While officials said the attacker was believed to a member of JAD, some conservative Muslim politicians claimed the attack was staged,[51] such as Hanum Rais (daughter of Muslim leader Amien Rais).[52] Harits Abu Ulya, a spokesman for a group called the Community of Ideological Islamic Analyst (CIIA), claimed Wiranto himself was partly to blame for the attack because the minister's statements had hurt people's feelings.[53][54]

After Jokowi was sworn in for a second five-year term in October 2019, Wiranto -- still recovering from the knife attack -- lost his cabinet position, but by December 2019 he had recovered and was appointed to lead the nine-member Presidential Advisory Council.[55]

•  Malaysia : Honorary Commander of the Order of the Defender of the Realm (P.M.N.) (1999)[58]