Whistling warbler

The whistling warbler (Catharopeza bishopi) is a species of bird in the New World warbler family. It is monotypic within the genus Catharopeza.[2] It has a dark back that fades into a lighter gradient going towards the chest. It also has a dark head,a dark strip on the breast, and a light orbital. Both male and female have the same plumage.[3] It is endemic to the island of Saint Vincent in the Lesser Antilles. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest and subtropical or tropical moist montane forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.[1] This habitat loss is due to volcanic activity and deforestation.[4][5] Whistling warblers have cup-shaped nests, and spotted eggs. Their diet primarily consists of insects.[6]

Whistling warbler
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Catharopeza
P.L. Sclater, 1880
Species:
C. bishopi
Binomial name
Catharopeza bishopi
(Lawrence, 1878)
Synonyms
  • Leucopeza Bishopi
    Andrle and Andrle, 1976

Taxonomy

The whistling warbler was originally given the genus, Leucopeza bishopi, but it was later changed to Catharopeza bishopi because of its stoutness in many areas of its body.[4]

There are competing beliefs on who the closest relative to the whistling warbler (Catharopeza) is between Phaeothlypis and Dendroica. A study done by Mark Robins and Theodore Parker in 1976 argued that Phaeothlypis was Catharopeza’s closest relative.[7] This was argued by comparing various characteristics of Phaeothlypis, Dendroica, and Catharopeza. For example, Catharopeza has a dark plumage, while Dendroica has a green one, and Catharopeza’s foraging, morphology, and song were more similar to Phaeothlypis’ than Dendroica’s.[7] Other studies believed Dendroica was Catharopeza’s closest relative. The closeness in relationship between Dendroica and Catharopeza has been widely recognized. When charted according to taxon, they are often placed adjacent to each other due to their similarities in morphology and song.[4][8] A study that sequenced the DNA of Dendroica and Catharopeza found that Catharopeza’s closest relative in the Dendroica genus was the Dendroica plumbea species.[9]

Description

The whistling warbler is often compared to a wren in appearance.[10] It has a dusty-black plumage, with a dark head and bill. Some interpretations of the whistling warbler have stated that they have a medium-brown plumage.[4] A bright white ring surrounds the eye, with a hazel iris.[6][3] There is also an off-white color on a minor portion of the chin and on the ends of feathers on the upper throat. The breast has a black and white stripped-like pattern, with the black between two white bands. The underside of the tail goes from a blackish ash gray to an off-white. The tail's two distal feathers have a white triangle at the end of them.[3] The tarsus and toes are a light orange color, and they also have a small manubrium-sternum bridge.[3][11] Females have the same plumage.[3]

Whistling warblers' length ranges from 5 ½ inches to 5 ¾ inches. Their wings are 2 ¾ in, tail is 2 ½ in, tarsus is 7/8 in, and wingspan is 8 ½ inches in length.[12][6]

The immature whistling warbler has black feathers emerging on the crown and has the same appearance of the tail's feather tips as the adult, with the overall tail feather color being black. There is a dark greenish brown color on the top, and lighter color on the bottom. In place of the white marks in an adult, a light reddish-brown is present. The quills are brown.[3]

The whistling warbler's song has a rapid rhythm, with an increasing intensity that is comparable to the Troglodytes rufescen, with less variation. The call is compared to a weaker olive-backed thrush song.[13] In Andrle and Andrle's study in 1986, they found that the average of the most common songs were about 4 to 6 second. They also found that the Whistling Warbler's songs could be heard from morning to late afternoon, unless it was heavily raining.[4]

Distribution and habitat

Whistling warblers inhabit the hills and mountains of St. Vincent island, including Richmond Peak, and Grand Bonhomme. St. Vincent is 18 miles in length and is located 13 degrees 10’ north latitude, and 60 degrees 57’ west longitude.[13] Other than the hills and mountains, volcanoes are also present on this island that are both inactive and active. On the top of the hills there are no seasons without rain and with 3800mm of yearly rain, are considered rain forests. These rain forests range from 300 m to 500 m in elevation.[4]

Whistling warbler distribution has changed over time. Before an eruption in 1902, whistling warblers were usually found 300m above sea level, but after they are now found in areas 300m to 600m above sea level, with more of them found at lower levels than higher levels. This higher occurrence of Whistling Warblers in lower levels is due to more ravines, gorges, and valleys in those areas and more wet slopes in higher altitudes.[4]

Relationship with humans and status

Volcanic activity and deforestation have led to the whistling warbler's endangerment. The volcanoes on the island have erupted and caused detrimental effects on the habitat. Europeans hurt the Whistling warbler population by deforesting areas for sugarcane.[4] With the combination of volcanic activity and deforestation, it has decreased the Whistling warbler population by 50%.[4][5] They are starting to re-inhabit Soufriere in St. Vincent and have a distribution of about 90 km2.[4]

Behavior and ecology

Breeding

The whistling warbler's cup-shaped nests are found at low levels and spotted eggs have been seen in them. Nesting has been found to occur in July in one observation, and April in another.[4][6] Chicks with developed wings from a few days old to a week were seen out of the nest.[4]

Diet and foraging

Whistling warblers forage at low levels usually from the ground to 4 m, and at most at 15 m.[4] They can be found foraging in large rocks along streams, boulders, and decayed logs.[4][6] They feed on insects, herbaceous plants, and in one case a lizard species was found in the stomach of a whistling warbler.[3][4][6] While foraging they hop from branch to branch with a “cocked tail”. The whistling warbler often flicks its cocked tail swiftly when observed foraging.[4]

References
  1. BirdLife International (2012). "Catharopeza bishopi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012. Retrieved 26 November 2013.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  2. Curson, Jon; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 157–158. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
  3. Lawrence, George (1978). "Descriptions of seven new species of birds from the island of St. Vincent, West Indies". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1: 146–152 – via Archive.
  4. Andrle, Robert F.; Andrle, Patricia R. (1976). "The Whistling Warbler of St. Vincent, West Indies". The Condor. 78 (2): 236–243. doi:10.2307/1366859. ISSN 0010-5422. JSTOR 1366859.
  5. "Whistling Warbler Catharopeza bishopi". BirdLife. May 12, 2019.
  6. Lister, C. E. (1880). "Field-notes on the birds of St. Vincent. West Indies". Ibis. 4: 38–44.
  7. Robbins, Mark B.; Parker, Theodore A. (1997). "What Is the Closest Living Relative of Catharopeza (Parulinae)?". Ornithological Monographs (48): 595–599. doi:10.2307/40157555. ISSN 0078-6594. JSTOR 40157555.
  8. Lovette, Irby J.; Perez-Eman, Jorge L.; Sullivan, John P.; Banks, Richard C.; Fiorentino, Isabella; Cordoba-Cordoba, Sergio; Echeverry-Galvis, Maria; Barker, F. Keith; Burnes, Kevin; Klicka, John; Lanyon, Scott M. (2010). "A Comprehensive Multilocus Phylogeny for the Wood-Warblers and a Revised Classification of the Parulidae (Aves)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 57 (2): 753–770. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.07.018. PMID 20696258.
  9. Lovette, I. J.; Bermingham, E. (1999). "Explosive Speciation in the New World Dendroica Warblers". Proceedings: Biological Sciences. 266 (1429): 1629–1636. doi:10.1098/rspb.1999.0825. ISSN 0962-8452. JSTOR 51517. PMC 1690178.
  10. West Indian Bulletin. Commissioner of agriculture for the West Indies. 1905.
  11. Webster, Dan J. (1992). "The Manubrium-Sternum Bridge in Songbirds (Oscines)". Indiana Academy of Science. 101: 299–308.
  12. Lawrence, George N. (1879). "Catalogue of the birds of St. Vincent, from collections made by Mr. Fred. A. Ober, under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution, with his notes thereon". Proceedings of the United States National Museum. 1 (27): 185–198. doi:10.5479/si.00963801.27.185.
  13. Bond, James (1928). "On the Birds of Dominica, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, and Barbados, B. W. I.". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 80: 523–545. ISSN 0097-3157. JSTOR 4064004.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.