Walter Krupinski

Walter Krupinski (11 November 1920 – 7 October 2000) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace in World War II and a senior West German Air Force officer during the Cold War. He was one of the highest-scoring pilots in the war, credited with 197 victories in 1,100 sorties. He was called by his fellow pilots Graf Punski (Count Punski) due to his Prussian origins. Krupinski was one of the first to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in combat as a member of Jagdverband 44 led by Adolf Galland.

Walter Krupinski
Walter Krupinski
Nickname(s)Graf Punski, The Count
Born(1920-11-11)11 November 1920
Domnau, East Prussia
Died7 October 2000(2000-10-07) (aged 79)
Neunkirchen-Seelscheid
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
 West Germany
Service/branch Luftwaffe
 German Air Force
Years of service1940–45
1957–76
RankHauptmann (Wehrmacht)
Generalleutnant (Bundeswehr)
UnitJG 52, JG 5 and JV 44
Commands held7./JG 52, 1./JG 5, II./JG 11, III./JG 26
JaBoG 33
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
Bundesverdienstkreuz

Childhood, education and early career

Krupinski was born on 11 November 1920, in the town of Domnau in the Province of East Prussia, and grew up in Braunsberg, present-day Braniewo, Poland. He was the first son of Friedrich Wilhelm Krupinski, a Obergerichtsvollzieher (bailiff), and his wife Auguste, née Helmke. His two younger brothers were Paul and Günther.[1] Paul joined the Kriegsmarine and entered the U-boat service, and was killed in action on 11 November 1944 while serving on U-771 as an Oberleutnant zur See (first lieutenant), which was sunk off the Norwegian coast by the British submarine HMS Venturer.[2]

Krupinski entered the Luftwaffe in September 1939 as an ensign. From November 1939 to October 1940, Krupinski entered basic air training and, after being assigned as a fighter pilot, the fighter school.[Note 1] Following two weeks of vacation, Krupinski completed his training at Jagdfliegerschule 5 (5th fighter pilot school) in Wien-Schwechat to which he was posted on 1 July 1940. Jagdfliegerschule 5 at the time was under the command of the World War I flying ace and recipient of the Pour le Mérite Eduard Ritter von Schleich. One of his course mates was Hans-Joachim Marseille, who had been posted to the Jagdfliegerschule 5 in late 1939 but had not yet graduated out of disciplinary reasons.[3] His three-roommates at the school were Walter Nowotny, Paul Galland, the brother of Adolf Galland, and Peter Göring, a nephew of the Reichsmarschall (Empire Marshal) Hermann Göring.[4]

World War II

After completing his flight training at Jagdfliegerschule 5 Krupinski was sent to Ergänzungsjagdgruppe Merseburg on 1 October 1940. He then joined his new unit Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing), where he was placed in 6. Staffel in February 1941.[Note 2] 6. Staffel at the time was under the command of Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) Rudolf Resch. Resch later gave Krupinski the nickname "Graf Punski" ("Count Punski") or sometimes just "Der Graf" ("The Count"). The nickname had its origins in a late-night conversation between Krupinski and Resch. His father was a professor of Slavic studies in Dresden. When Krupinski tried to explain his East Prussian origin, Resch informed him that the ending in "-ski" or "-zky" denoted a landowner, or that it indicated a Freiherr ("free lord"), and thus the lowest level in the medieval noble hierarchy in the East. The witty banter which then followed, led at first in his squadron, then in his group and eventually in the entire German fighter force to his nickname which stuck with for the rest of his life.[5]

Günther Rall after his 200th aerial victory. Walter Krupinski (second from right) standing to his left.

Eastern Front

Krupinski won his first aerial victory during Operation Barbarossa. On 16 August 1941 at 05:48, he claimed a Polikarpov I-16.[6] Krupinski followed this up with an Ilyushin DB-3 on 17 September 1941.[7] His fourth victory came on the 4 October over a Tupolev SB near Kholm.[8]

In the summer, 1942, 6./JG 52 was supporting Army Group South on the front over the Caucasus. Opposing it was the 4th and 5th Air Armies of the Red Air Force.[9] On 25 October 1942 Krupinski claimed his 53rd victory but was then rammed by an I-16. The Soviet pilot was killed.[9]

Following his 50th aerial victory, Krupinski was awarded the Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 13 September 1942 and the German Cross in Gold (Deutsches Kreuz in Gold) on 27 October 1942.[10]

After another six victories, Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernes Kreuzes).[11] On 2 March 1943, Krupinski was promoted to Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) and was given command of 7. Staffel.[12] At this time Erich Hartmann, who went on to become the highest scoring Ace of the war, served as his wingman. Hartmann adopted Krupinki's close-quarters method of attack. On 18 August 1943, Krupinski was credited with his 100th aerial victory. He was the 51st Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[11]

Oak Leaves to the Knight's Cross

Following his 174th aerial victory, Krupinski was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub) on 2 March 1943. He was the 415th member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[10] At the time of the presentation of the Oak Leaves, his number of aerial of victories had increased to 177 claims. In addition, he had also been credited with the destruction of three T-34 tanks on the ground.[13]

Both Krupinski and Hartmann were ordered to the Reichsluftfahrtministerium (Ministry of Aviation) in Berlin for the Oak Leaves presentation. Both arrived in Berlin on 23 March 1944 only to learn that the presentation would be made at the Führerhauptquartier (Führer Headquarter). They were instructed to go the Anhalter Bahnhof where they would take an overnight train to the Führerhauptquartier. Here they met fellow JG 52 pilots Gerhard Barkhorn, who was to receive the Swords to his Knight's Cross, and Johannes Wiese. Also present were Kurt Bühligen, Horst Ademeit, Reinhard Seiler, Hans-Joachim Jabs, Dr. Maximilian Otte, Bernhard Jope and Hansgeorg Bätcher from the bomber force, and the Flak officer Fritz Petersen, all destined to receive the Oak Leaves. Krupinski assumed that they were heading for the Wolf's Lair in East Prussia but the train was heading for the Berghof in Berchtesgaden.[14] On the train, all of them got drunk on cognac and champagne. Supporting each other and unable to stand, they arrived at Berchtesgaden. Major Nicolaus von Below, Hitler's Luftwaffe adjutant, was shocked. After some sobering up, they were still intoxicated. Hartmann took a German officer's hat from a stand and put it on, but it was too large. Von Below became upset, told Hartmann it was Hitler's and ordered him to put it back.[15]

Defense of the Reich

On 18 April 1944, Krupinski was transferred from the Eastern Front to Germany, where he was assigned to 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 5 (JG 5—5th Fighter Wing). Promoted to the rank of Hauptmann (captain) on 1 May 1944, Krupinski was made Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 11 (JG 11—11th Fighter Wing) on 7 May 1944.[13] After the Allied invasion of Normandy in June 1944, the Gruppe was moved to Normandy to operate on low-level Army support missions. Krupinski claimed 10 Allied aircraft shot down before he was wounded and burned on 11 August. This was his fifth injury of the war for which he was presented with the Wound Badge in Gold (Verwundetenabzeichen in Gold) in January 1945.[13]

Following his convalescence, he was appointed Gruppenkommandeur of III. Gruppe, Jagdgeschwader 26 (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing) on 27 September 1944, replacing Klaus Mietusch who had been killed in action on 17 September.[16] Caldwell describes Krupinski's style of command as too loose. Stating that under his command, III. Gruppe performance as a fighter unit declined. Caldwall attributes this to Krupinki being "weary of the war".[17]

Jagdverband 44 and end of war

On 26 March 1945, III. Gruppe was disbanded and Krupinski was transferred to the jet unit Jagdverband 44, which flew the Messerschmitt 262 jet, claiming his last two aerial victories of the war on 16 and 26 April 1945.[13] At 3:00 pm on 24 April 1945, Krupinski was one of four pilots to take off from Munich-Riem to intercept a United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) B-26 Marauder aircraft formation. Günther Lützow, who failed to return from this mission, led the flight of four. Lützow's fate remains unknown to this date.[18]

Krupinski went into American captivity on 5 May 1945. He was held in US custody at Salzburg, Aibling, Heilbronn, Heidelberg, in England, France, Munich-Oberföhring and Tegernsee before being released on 26 September 1945. Krupinski had bailed out four times and had been wounded five times.

Gehlen Organization

The former General Reinhard Gehlen had offered his services to the Americans in the end of 1945. Gehlen had served as chief of Fremde Heere Ost (FHO), the German Army's military intelligence unit on the Eastern Front. The Gehlen Organization was in need for people who were familiar with the air war. Krupinski was hired and helped gather information about the armed forces in the Soviet occupation zone until 1953. There are many conflicting or missing bits of information about this stage of Krupinski's life. He had done little to lift this veil of uncertainty.[19]

Bundeswehr

Krupinski entered the Amt Blank (Blank Agency), named after Theodor Blank, the forerunner of the German Federal Ministry of Defense on 15 December 1952. Given the rank of major in 1957, Krupinski went to lead Jagdbombergeschwader 33 (JaBoG 33—Fighter-Bomber Wing 33) the first postwar German jet fighter wing. In 1966 Krupinski took command of the German forces of the Luftwaffen-Ausbildungs-Kommando in Fort Bliss, Texas with the rank of brigadier general. In July 1969 Krupinski became commander of the 3rd Luftwaffe division. In 1971 he became chief of staff of Second Allied Tactical Air Force. In October 1974 Krupinski was promoted commanding officer of the airfleet. Due to the Rudel Scandal he was forced into early retirement on 8 November 1976 holding the rank of Generalleutnant (lieutenant-general). Krupinski died in Neunkirchen-Seelscheid in 2000.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

Matthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 197 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 178 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 19 on the Western Front, including one four-engined bomber and two victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.[20]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 28472". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.[21]

Awards
  • Wound Badge in Gold (January 1945)[13]
  • Honour Goblet of the Luftwaffe (Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe) on 13 September 1942 as Leutnant and pilot[67][Note 20]
  • German Cross in Gold on 27 August 1942 as Leutnant in the 6./Jagdgeschwader 52[69]
  • Iron Cross (1939)
    • 2nd Class (13 May 1940)[70]
    • 1st Class (18 September 1941)[70]
  • Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves
  • Bundesverdienstkreuz 1973

Notes
  1. Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.
  2. For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  3. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 15:15.[33]
  4. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 16:24.[33]
  5. According to Braatz claimed at 11:35.[36]
  6. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 14:25.[40]
  7. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 17:43.[40]
  8. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 12:40.[40]
  9. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 14:35.[40]
  10. The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  11. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 04:43.[40]
  12. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 13:30.[40]
  13. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 17:25.[40]
  14. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 15:25.[51]
  15. Not listed by Braatz.[52]
  16. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 11:26.[51]
  17. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 10:40.[56]
  18. According to Matthews and Foreman claimed at 11:20.[56]
  19. According to Matthews and Foreman a North American P-51 Mustang.[56]
  20. According to Obermaier in May 1942.[68]

References

Citations
  1. Braatz 2010, pp. 13–14.
  2. Braatz 2010, p. 152.
  3. Braatz 2010, p. 28.
  4. Braatz 2010, p. 29.
  5. Braatz 2010, pp. 14–15.
  6. Prien et al. 2003, p. 43.
  7. Prien et al. 2003, p. 45.
  8. Prien et al. 2003, p. 46.
  9. Bergström & Pegg 2003, p. 364.
  10. Stockert 2007, p. 31.
  11. Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  12. Weal 2001, p. 67.
  13. Stockert 2007, p. 32.
  14. Braatz 2010, p. 118.
  15. Braatz 2010, p. 119.
  16. Caldwell 1998, p. 358.
  17. Caldwell 1998, pp. 358–359.
  18. Braatz 2005, p. 365.
  19. Braatz 2010, pp. 177–181.
  20. Matthews & Foreman 2015, pp. 696–700.
  21. Planquadrat.
  22. Matthews & Foreman 2015, pp. 696–697.
  23. Braatz 2010, p. 316.
  24. Prien et al. 2006, p. 486.
  25. Prien et al. 2006, p. 487.
  26. Prien et al. 2006, p. 482.
  27. Prien et al. 2006, p. 488.
  28. Prien et al. 2006, p. 483.
  29. Prien et al. 2006, p. 489.
  30. Prien et al. 2006, p. 484.
  31. Prien et al. 2006, p. 485.
  32. Prien et al. 2006, p. 490.
  33. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 697.
  34. Braatz 2010, pp. 316–317.
  35. Prien et al. 2006, p. 491.
  36. Braatz 2010, p. 317.
  37. Matthews & Foreman 2015, pp. 697–698.
  38. Prien et al. 2006, p. 492.
  39. Prien et al. 2006, p. 494.
  40. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 698.
  41. Matthews & Foreman 2015, pp. 698–700.
  42. Braatz 2010, pp. 317–320.
  43. Prien et al. 2012, p. 480.
  44. Prien et al. 2012, p. 489.
  45. Prien et al. 2012, p. 490.
  46. Prien et al. 2012, p. 481.
  47. Prien et al. 2012, p. 482.
  48. Prien et al. 2012, p. 491.
  49. Prien et al. 2012, p. 483.
  50. Prien et al. 2012, p. 487.
  51. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 699.
  52. Braatz 2010, p. 319.
  53. Prien et al. 2012, p. 492.
  54. Prien et al. 2012, p. 488.
  55. Prien et al. 2012, p. 493.
  56. Matthews & Foreman 2015, p. 700.
  57. Braatz 2010, p. 320.
  58. Mombeek 2011, p. 282.
  59. Mombeek 2011, p. 283.
  60. Braatz 2010, pp. 320–321.
  61. Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1209.
  62. Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1211.
  63. Prien & Rodeike 1996, p. 1212.
  64. Braatz 2010, p. 321.
  65. Caldwell 1998, p. 359.
  66. Caldwell 1998, p. 367.
  67. Patzwall 2008, p. 127.
  68. Obermaier 1989, p. 61.
  69. Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 258.
  70. Thomas 1997, p. 418.
  71. Scherzer 2007, p. 479.
  72. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 276.
  73. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 79.

Bibliography
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Military offices
New creation Commander of Jagdbombergeschwader 33
1 October 1958 – 31 December 1962		 Succeeded by
Oberst Georg Wroblewski
Preceded by
Generalmajor Günter Proll		 Commander of 3. Luftwaffendivision (Bundeswehr)
July 1969 – 30 September 1972		 Succeeded by
Generalmajor Gerhard Limberg
Preceded by
Generalleutnant Herbert Wehnelt		 Commanding General of Air Force Forces Command
1 October 1974 – 9 November 1976		 Succeeded by
Generalleutnant Bruno Loosen
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