Vietnam under Chinese rule

Vietnam under Chinese rule or Bắc thuộc (北屬, which is translated to 'belonging to the north' in Vietnamese),[1][2][3] is used by modern Vietnamese historians to describe the period when today's northern Vietnam was under historical Chinese dynasty rule. Chinese historians had also considered their own dynasties and historical periods to be intensely rife with chaotic internal affairs, divisions and political upheavals. "Bắc thuộc" is considered to begin in 111 BC, when the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue (Chinese influence in the Hong River Delta had begun centuries earlier) and lasted until the fall of the Tang dynasty during the 10th century. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year punitive invasion by the Ming dynasty during the 15th century is usually excluded by historians in discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese rule from 111 BC to 938 AD, as is the brief occupation of northern Vietnam by Kuomintang forces of the Republic of China at the end of World War II. The following describes each of the four periods and their respective political upheavals by individuals:

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Geographical extent and impact

The four periods of Chinese rule do not correspond to the modern borders of Vietnam but to Vietnam as a cultural entity. During the first three Chinese periods of rule, the pre-Sinitic indigenous culture was centered in the northern part of modern Vietnam in the alluvial deltas of Red River, Cả River and Mã River.[4][5] Ten centuries of Chinese rule left a substantial demographic footprint, with settlement by large numbers of ethnic Han Chinese,[6][7] while opening up Vietnam for trade and culture.[8]

The long period of Chinese rule introduced Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice cultivation, and animal husbandry.[9][10] Elements of Chinese culture such as language, religion, art and way of life constitute an important component of traditional Vietnamese culture until modernity. This cultural affiliation to China remained true even when militarily defending Vietnam against attempted invasion, such as against Kublai Khan of the Yuan dynasty. Chinese characters remained the official script until the 20th century, despite in the aftermath of the expulsion of the Ming saw a rise in vernacular chữ nôm literature.[11] Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the period reinforced Vietnam's cultural and later political independence.[12]

References
  1. Thailand, Indochina and Burma Handbook, 1994 - Page 557 Joshua Eliot - 1993 "Confucianism was introduced from China during the Bac Thuoc Period (111 BC-938 AD) when the Chinese dominated the country. The 'religion' enshrined the concept of imperial rule by the mandate of heaven, effectively constraining social ."
  2. Viet Nam social sciences 2002 Page 42 Ủy ban khoa học xã hội Việt Nam - 2002 "The first period of cultural disruption and transformation: in and around the first millennium CE (that is, the period of Bac thuoc) all of Southeast Asia shifted into strong cultural exchanges with the outside world, on the one hand with Chinese ..."
  3. Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor edited by Ooi Keat Gin (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC Clio, 2004) Volume 1 2004 Page 1296 "Thoi Bac-Thuoc ..Chinese colonial period in Vietnam"
  4. Craig A. Lockard Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History To 1500 2010 Page 125 "Champa existed from 192 to 1471 c.e., when the Vietnamese finally conquered Champa. Vietnam and Chinese Colonization During Chinese colonial times, Vietnamese society was largely confined to what is today the northern third of Vietnam ..."
  5. Hugh Dyson Walker East Asia: A New History 2012- Page 259 "In July 1407, Vietnam was renamed Jiao-zhi, and Chinese colonial rule was reestablished, with its capital at Thang Long, as in earlier days. Vietnamese provinces were re-labeled prefectures, with sub-prefectural and district subordinate units."
  6. Khánh Trần The Ethnic Chinese & Economic Development in Vietnam 1993- Page 14 "Thus began the long period of Chinese occupation and it also resulted in the first massive migration of Chinese into Vietnam. In 214 Bc nearly half a million Chinese troops and fugitives were resettled in the northern part of Vietnam.3 "
  7. Leo Suryadinata Ethnic Chinese as Southeast Asians Page 268 1997 "After more than ten centuries of Chinese occupation, this Vietnamese territory became one of the many places for refugees, convicts, officers and garrisons coming from northern China. Most of them consisted of men.2"
  8. Anh Tuá̂n Hoàng Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations, 1637-1700 - Page 12 - 2007 "It was said that Chinese merchants trading to this place all grew very wealthy.28 The Chinese occupation of northern Vietnam, 179 BC–AD 905 These Chinese sources recount that at the time of the Chinese occupation, in certain periods ..."
  9. Vietnam - Page 20 Audrey Seah, Charissa Marie Nair - 2005 "The long period of Chinese occupation influenced Vietnamese culture. The Vietnamese adopted Chinese techniques of dike construction, rice cultivation, and animal husbandry. Knowledge of Chinese language led to Chinese influence on ."
  10. Keat Gin Ooi -Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East ... - Volume 1 - Page 12 2004 This early kingdom had five rulers, a century of independence, and then was under Chinese occupation for a millennium from 111 B.C.E. Scholars and officials who fled the mainland ...
  11. The World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia - Volume 6 - Page 828 Marshall Cavendish Corporation - 2007 "The Chinese occupied but never quite subdued Vietnam for the next thousand years. From the reign of the first Hung king through the period of Chinese occupation, there were two kinds of literature in Vietnam: an elaborate court poetry written ..."
  12. Lonely Planet Vietnam- Page 29 Nick Ray, Peter Dragicevic, Regis St Louis - 2007 "In AD679 the Chinese changed the name of Vietnam to Annam, which means 'the Pacified South.' Ever since this era, the collective memory of Chinese occupation has played an important role in shaping Vietnamese identity and attitudes towards their northern neighbour."
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