Turkish grammar

A suffix (ek) is attached to a stem (gövde). A stem may be a root (kök) or further analyzable. The suffixes used in Turkish fall roughly into two classes: constructive suffixes (yapım ekleri) and inflectional suffixes (çekim ekleri). A constructive suffix makes a new word from an old one, that is, it is a derivational suffix. An inflectional suffix indicates how a word is used in a sentence. The article on Turkish grammar pertains chiefly to inflectional suffixes. The article on Turkish vocabulary treats the constructive suffixes.

The vowels of suffixes undergo vowel harmony. When a suffix is attached to a stem, the vowel in the suffix generally agrees in frontness or backness and in roundedness with the last vowel in the stem or of the preceding suffix.

Some suffixes show two-way vowel harmony between e and a, for example the plural suffix -ler/-lar. The e form is found after a syllable with i, e, ö or ü (e.g. evler "houses", günler "days"), and also after certain Arabic or French borrowings such as saatler "hours, clocks", kalpler "hearts". Other suffixes show four-way vowel harmony between i, ı, u, ü, for example the possessive ending -im/-ım/-um/-üm "my". These endings are found after syllables containing their own vowels or after e, a, o, ö respectively (e.g. evim "my house", gözüm "my eye", etc.)

A Turkish suffix can be called enclitic if its vowel undergoes vowel harmony, agreeing with the last vowel of the stem the suffix is attached to.

Turkish is a gender-neutral language except for a few sex-specific compound words (mostly naming professions). The English third-person singular pronouns she, he, and it all correspond to a single Turkish pronoun, o. Since many given names in Turkish are also gender-neutral, it is possible to describe someone without their sex being made known.

Turkish has a strong T–V distinction, using the second-person plural as the formal form, as in French and many other languages.

Turkish also uses various honorifics.

Family members and friends speak to one another using the second singular person sen, and adults use sen to address minors. In formal situations (meeting people for the first time, business, customer-clerk, colleagues) plural second-person siz is used almost exclusively. In very formal situations, double plural second-person sizler may refer to a much-respected person. Rarely, third-person plural conjugation of the verb (but not the pronoun) may be used to emphasize utmost respect. In the imperative, there are three forms: second person singular for informal, second person plural for formal, and double plural second person for very formal situations. Thus, the imperative forms of the verb gelmek, "to come", are gel (second person singular, informal), gelin (second person plural, formal), and geliniz (double second-person plural, very formal). The very formal forms are not frequently used.

Turkish honorifics generally follow the first name, especially if they refer to gender or particular social statuses (e.g. <name> Bey (Mr.), <name> Hanım (Ms.), <name> Hoca (teacher)). Such honorifics are used both in formal and informal situations. A newer honorific is Sayın, which precedes the surname or full name, and is not gender-specific. (e.g. Sayın Name Surname, or Sayın Surname, or Sayın Name Bey/Hanım). They are generally used in very formal situations. While these honorifics are normally used in pre-position to Turkish first names, for foreigners, names are preceded by Bay (Mr.) or Bayan (Ms.): Bay [Fox] Mulder, Bayan [Dana] Scully (cf. Fox [Mulder] Bey, Dana [Scully] Hanım, if these names were Turkish).[1]

In the Turkish terms for the constructive and inflectional endings, three roots are involved:

• ek "supplement, affix" (notably Turkish has no prefixes)
• yap- "make"
• çek- "pull, draw"

For the last two verbal roots, the constructive suffix -im can be added to form nouns for instances of the actions denoted by the roots:

• yapım "construction";
• çekim "[a] pull or draw" (or a "take" in cinema).

Either of these nouns can be compounded with the noun ek, resulting in an indefinite compound (belirtisiz tamlama), the sign of which is the inflectional suffix -i attached to ek:

• yapım eki "structure-suffix";
• çekim eki "inflection-suffix".

The inflectional suffix -ler comes before the -i to form the plural, so yapım ekleri, çekim ekleri.

Many words in Turkish— particularly many grammatical terms— are neologisms invented to replace earlier words borrowed from Arabic or Persian, which have largely been successful at permanently superseding the previously-used foreign terms. (See the main article on Turkish language.) In some cases, the foreign term continues to be in use alongside the neologism.

A Turkish noun has no gender. The dictionary-form of a noun can take up to four (kinds of) #Inflectional suffixes, generally in the following order:

1. plural suffix;
2. suffix of possession (iyelik eki from iye "owner");
3. case-ending;
4. personal suffix (kişi eki from kişi "person").

Through its presence or absence, the plural ending shows distinctions of number.

A noun is made plural by addition of -ler or -lar (depending on the vowel harmony). When a numeral is used with a noun, however, the plural suffix is usually not used:

baş	"head"
başlar	"[some] heads"
beş baş	"five head(s)", but
Beşevler	"Five Houses" (district of Bursa)

The plural ending also allows a family (living in one house) to be designated by a single member:

Aliler	"Ali and his family"
teyze	"maternal aunt"
teyzem	"my maternal aunt"
teyzemler	"my maternal aunt and her family"

In the last example, the first-person singular suffix of possession comes before the plural ending; this is an exception to the order of suffixes given above. In the usual order, we have:

teyzelerim "my maternal aunts"

Nouns are pluralized in standard temporal greetings.

gün ("day") – İyi günler! ("Good day!")

yıl ("year") – Mutlu yıllar! ("Happy new year!")

As noted earlier, the suffixes of possession give the person (and number) of the possessor of what is named by the noun:

When a word takes one of the endings of possession, the word becomes the name of something possessed, not possessing. The word for the possessor, if present, takes the genitive case ending.

The plural ending will not be attached twice to the same word; therefore ambiguity is possible:

fikir	"idea"
fikirleri	"their idea" or "their ideas" or "his/her ideas"

Ambiguity can be resolved with #Pronouns.

Turkish cases and case endings (durum ekleri from dur- "stop, last", or hâl ekleri from hâl "state, condition") can be named (in English) and used roughly as in Latin:

If a case ending is attached to a demonstrative pronoun (which ends in o or u), or to a noun that has already taken a third-person ending of possession, then the case ending is preceded by n (and the parenthetical y is not used).

The absolute case combines the uses of the nominative, vocative, and (in part) accusative cases. It is for subjects, and for names of people being addressed. It is also used for indefinite direct objects. Definite direct objects are in the definite-accusative case:

şiir	"poem"	(absolute case)
Şiir okur.	"S/he reads a poem/poetry."	(absolute case, indefinite direct object)
Şiiri okur.	"S/he reads the poem."	(accusative case, definite direct object)

The dative case tells whither, that is, the place to which. Thus it has roughly the meaning of the English prepositions "to" and "into", and also "in" when it can be replaced with "into":

Birayı	buzdolabına	koy.
the-beer	into-icebox	put
"Put the beer in(to) the fridge."

The dative also is for objects, usually indirect objects, but sometimes objects that in English would be considered direct:

Güneşin	batışına	bak.
sun's	at-its-sinking	look
"Look at the sunset."

Hükümete	güven.
in-government	trust
"Trust the government."

The locative case tells where, hence corresponds to the English prepositions "at", "on", and "in" (when it does not mean "into").

ev "house" → evde "at home"

Buzdolabında	dört	bira	var
in-icebox	four	beer	exist
"There are four beers in the fridge."

The ablative case tells whence, that is, the place from which (or through which), hence:

• material out of which something is made;

kumdan	yapılmış	kale
of-sand	made	castle
"castle made of sand"

• a cause by which something is effected;

açlıktan	öl
of-hunger	die
"die of hunger"

• that to which other things are being compared (see #Adjectives below).

In Turkish terminology, the genitive case indicates a "compounding" (tamlayan) word. The corresponding "compounded" (tamlanan) word will take the appropriate suffix of possession. The pair of these words is then a definite compound (belirtili tamlama):

anne	"mother"
annesi	"her mother"
Ayşe'nin annesi	"Ayşe's mother"

(The apostrophe in Turkish is used before suffixes attached to proper nouns.)

However, if two nouns are connected, but not by ownership, then the second noun generally takes an ending of possession, while the first takes no ending. The result is an indefinite compound (belirtisiz tamlama):

Türkiye'nin Cumhurbaşkanı	"The President of Turkey" (definite)
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti	"The Republic of Turkey" (indefinite)

If one noun names a material, the other noun need not take an ending:

nikâh yüzüğü	"wedding ring"
altın yüzük	"gold ring"

If a noun is to be in the first or second person, one of the predicative suffixes (or type-I personal suffixes) will show this.

Examples

dünya "world" → Dünyayız. "We are the world."

çocuk "child" → Çocuklarsınız. "You are the children"

In the third person, no ending is required. However, the ending -dir can be used; it is said[8] to be the remnant of a verb turur "S/he stands". Again in the third person, the plural suffix may be used:

Türk or Türktür	"S/he is Turkish"
Türkler or Türktürler	"They are Turkish"
Türklerdir	"They are the Turks" [9]

Several suffixes can be combined:

Evinizdeyim.
ev-	-iniz	-de-	-yim
house	your (plural)	at (locative case)	I am (1st-sing. predicative)
"I am at your house."

The infinitive, formed with -mek as noted earlier, does not take a suffix of possession, or the genitive case-ending. It does take all other case-endings. In particular, the progressive characteristic given earlier is the infinitive ending with the locative ending:

Konuşmaktayız – "We are in (the act of) speaking."

Savaşmaktayız – "We are in warmaking", that is, "We are at war."

The verbal noun in -me is called a gerund above, since it corresponds roughly to the English gerund.

bekle "wait" → bekleme "waiting": bekleme odası "waiting room"

The verbal noun can take a suffix of possession and any case-ending:

Beklemeniz	lâzım.
your-waiting	necessary
"You have to wait."

Sesini	duymayı	seviyorum.
your-voice-ACC	hearing-ACC	I-love
"I like to hear your voice."

The dative form of a Turkish gerund can correspond precisely to an English infinitive with to:

Ülkemizde	nano	teknolojik	ürünler	üretilmeye	başlandı.
In-our-country	nano	technological	products	to-be-produced	began
"Nano-technological products began to be produced in our country."[10]

The suffix -iş can also be used to create verbal nouns:

Verb	Noun
yürü- "walk"	yürüyüş "walk, walking"
yağ- "rain"	yağış "rain"
al- "take" + ver- "give/spend"	alışveriş "shopping"
yara- "be of use", yaratıl- "be created"	yaratılış "creation"

The verb et- "make, do" can be considered as an auxiliary verb, since for example it is often used with verbal nouns borrowed from other languages, such as Arabic:

kabul et- "accept" (kabul "[an] accepting");
reddet- "reject" (ret "[a] rejecting");
ziyaret et- "visit"  (ziyaret "[a] visiting").

Considered as units, these are transitive verbs; but the nouns in them can also, by themselves, take direct objects:

Antalya'yı ziyaret "visit to Antalya".

What looks like an ablative gerund is usually an adverb; the ending -meden usually has the sense of "without". See #Adverbs below.

An infinitive in the absolute case can be the object of a verb such as iste- "want":

Kimi eğitime devam etmek,
 "Some-of-them towards-education continuation make
kimi de çalışmak istiyor.  
 some-of-them also work want"

that is, "Some want to continue their education, and some want to work" (source: Cumhuriyet Pazar Dergi, 14 August 2005, p. 1.) Note here that the compound verb devam et- "continue, last" does not take a direct object, but is complemented by a dative noun.

Another way to express obligation (besides with lâzım as in the earlier example) is by means of zor "trouble, compulsion" and an infinitive:

Gitmek zoru "Go compulsion",
Gitmek zorundayız "We must go".

(Source: same as the last example.)

Both an infinitive and a gerund are objects of the postposition için "for" in the third sentence of the quotation within the following quotation:

A free translation is:

The facility authorities said: "The people of this district [namely Edremit, Van] are generally conservative. They cannot enter the lake comfortably, because the shore areas are near the road. So we are using a screen, both to close off the view of passersby on the road, and so that men will not cause discomfort." However, children cannot be prevented from spying on the other side through gaps in the screen.

Certain verbs in Turkish are used to enhance the meaning of other verbs, or to agglutinate verbs from nouns. These verbs are called auxiliary verbs. A concise list follows:

Verbs that are used with nouns to agglutinate new verbs

• etmek
• olmak
• kılmak
• eylemek

Examples

• farz (assumption) → farz etmek (to assume)
• hak (right) → hak etmek (to deserve)
• af (amnesty) → affetmek (to excuse)
• kayıp (loss) → kaybetmek (to lose)
• terk (leaving) → terk etmek (to leave)
• arz (submission, supply) → arz etmek (to submit, to supply)

If there is a change in the noun root through the process of agglutination, it is written adjacently. These are mostly Arabic loan-words, which switch to their more original form.

In Turkish words, two consonants of a syllable need a vowel to be pronounced. There are exceptions in loan words only, but those that lost their original form are more common. This occurs in two ways:

If a word ends in two identical consonants, one is dropped, e.g. hall ("state, status") becomes hal; aff ("amnesty, forgiving") becomes af.

If a syllable ends in two different consonants, a vowel is added between them; e.g., hükm ("judgement") becomes hüküm.

Exceptions: Words which end in nk, rt, rk, such as taht ("throne"), renk ("colour"), kart ("card"), do not add a vowel. Most of these are loan-words from Persian or Western languages (but zevk "pleasure" from Arabic ذَوْق).

Examples

Verbs that are used with other verbs to enhance the meaning:

• -(i)vermek (implies urgency)
• -(e)bilmek (implies ability)
• -(e)durmak (implies continuity)
• -(e)gelmek (implies repetition)
• -(a)kalmak (implies continuity)
• -(e)yazmak (implies a close escape)

Examples

• düş- (fall) → düşeyazdım (I almost fell)
• git- (go) → gidiverdim (I just went)
• yavaşla- (slow down) → yavaşlayabilirim (I can slow down)
• yaz- (write) → yazaduruyorlar (they keep on writing)
• söyle- (tell) → söylenegelir (keeps being told)

Most adjectives in the dictionary are descriptive. The two most fundamental descriptive adjectives are:

• var ("existing")
• yok ("not existing")

These are used only predicatively:

• with the sense of the English "There is" and "There is not":

Gökte	bir	bulut	yok.
in-the-sky	a	cloud	not existing
"There is not a cloud in the sky."

• in the construction that supplies the lack of a verb "have":

Balcının	var	bal	tası,	Oduncunun	var	baltası.
honey-seller's	exists	honey	his-pot	wood-cutter's	exists	his-axe
"The honey-seller has a honey-pot; the wood-cutter has an axe."

(This is a proverbial expression; the more usual order would make the saying, Balcının bal tası var, oduncunun baltası var).

The cardinal number bir ("one") can be used as an indefinite article. Word order can make a difference:

güzel bir gün – "a nice day"

bir güzel gün – "one fine day"

Unless it is being used by itself, elliptically, the adjective hiç ("no") requires an additional word with negative force:

Hiç	param	yok.
no	my-money	there-is-not
"I have no money."

Hiçbir	adam	ada	değildir.
no-one	man	island	is-not
"No man is an island."

Compare:

• Bir şey görüyorum. – "I see something."
• Hiçbir şey göremiyorum. – "I can't see anything."

In a positive comparison, the object takes the ablative case; the adverb daha ("more") is optional, unless the object is left out.

tüyden	(daha)	hafif
feather-ABL	(more)	light
"lighter than a feather"

In a negative comparison, the adverb az ("less") is needed; the object still takes the ablative; daha can still be used as well.

kurşundan	(daha)	az	ağır
lead-ABL	(more)	less	heavy
"less heavy than lead"

The superlative degree is expressed by the adverb en ("most").

en	büyük	yalancı
most	big	liar
"the biggest liar"

en	az	güvenilir
most	less	trust-
"the least trustworthy"

It is noted under #Parts of speech that Turkish participles (sıfat-fiiller) can be classified as

• personal, if they take a suffix of possession;
• impersonal, if they do not.

In a personal participle, the suffix of possession signifies the subject of the underlying verb; if this possessor is third person, then the possessor may be further specified with a noun in the genitive case.

The noun modified by a personal participle as an adjective may be the direct object of the underlying verb; the connexion may also be more vague.

The noun modified by an impersonal participle is generally the subject of the underlying verb (but see Lewis (1967: IX,2)).

The aorist tense (geniş zaman "broad time") is for habitual actions; the present tense (şimdiki zaman "time that is now") is for actions ongoing or contemplated.

that is, "No legal process has begun concerning the AKP members who pulled out guns and fired them in the air"; for -ip see #Adverbs below.

that is, "last week";

A personal participle can be construed as a noun and used in parallel with verbal nouns:

that is, "Children are working, 68% to provide for their family's needs, 21% because their family wants it, 6% to learn a job or profession, 4% to meet their [own] needs."

The following sentence from a newspaper headline contains twenty-two words, nine derived from verbs, four of these as participles, three as gerunds. Note also the use of kontrol from French as a verbal noun with et-:

In other words:

Saying that, by not joining the EU and by drawing close to the Islamic world, Turkey would be pushed into the lap of those who favor sharia, French senator Duireux made clear that it was necessary to control the Islamic tide.

Many stems in the dictionary are indivisible; others consist of endings attached to a root.

The verb-stem temizle- "make clean" is the adjective temiz "clean" with the suffix -le; this suffix was mentioned earlier under #Parts of speech in connexion with the verb köpekle-. Many verbs are formed from nouns or adjectives with -le:

Noun	Verb
baş "head"	başla- "make a head", that is, "begin"
kilit "lock"	kilitle- "make locked", that is, "lock"
kir "dirt"	kirle- "make dirty"

A verbal root, or a verb-stem in -le, can be lengthened with certain extensions. If present, they appear in the following order, and they indicate distinctions of voice:

Extensions for voice

Voice	Ending	Notes
Reflexive	-(i)n
Reciprocal	-(i)ş
Causative	-t	after polysyllabic stems in -l, -r, or a vowel; and
	-dir	in other cases; except:
	-ir, -er, -it	after some monosyllabic stems; and
		there are some other exceptional forms as well.
Passive	-il	after stems ending in a consonant other than -l; otherwise, same as reflexive.

These endings might seem to be inflectional in the sense of the § Introduction above, but their meanings are not always clear from their particular names, and dictionaries do generally give the resulting forms, so in this sense they are constructive endings.

The causative extension makes an intransitive verb transitive, and a transitive verb factitive. Together, the reciprocal and causative extension make the repetitive extension -(i)ştir.

Verb Root/Stem	New Verb	Voice
bul "find"	buluş "meet"	-uş (reciprocal)
	bulun "be found/present"	-un (reflexive)
yıka "wash (something)"	yıkan "wash oneself"	-n (reflexive)
	yıkanıl "be washed"	-n (reflexive) + -ıl (passive)
kayna "(come to a) boil"	kaynat "(bring to a) boil"	-t (causitive)
öl "die"	öldür "kill"	-dür (causitive)
öldür "kill"	öldürt "have (someone) killed"	-t (causitive, factitive)
ara "look for"	araştır "investigate"	-ş (reciprocal) + -tır (causitive) = (repetitive)

A dictionary-stem is positive; it can be made:

• negative, by addition of -me;
• impotential, by addition of -e and then -me.

Any of these three (kinds of) stems can be made potential by addition of -e and then -bil. The -bil is not enclitic, but represents the verb bil- "know, be able"; the first syllable of the impotential ending represents an obsolete verb u- "be powerful, able" #Lewis [VIII,55]. So far then, there are six kinds of stems:

Paradigm for stems negative, impotential and potential

	English infinitive	English finite form
gel-	"come"	"come"
gelme-	"not come"	"do not come"
geleme-	"be unable to come"	"cannot come"
gelebil-	"be able to come"	"can come"
gelmeyebil-	"be able to not come"	"may not come"
gelemeyebil-	"able to be unable to come"	"may be unable to come"

Such stems are not used for aorist forms, which have their own peculiar means of forming negatives and impotentials.

The characteristics with which verb-bases are formed from stems are given under § Inflectional suffixes. Note again that aorist verbs have their own peculiar negative and impotential forms.

The progressive base in -mekte is discussed under § Verbal nouns. Another base, namely the necessitative (gereklilik), is formed from a verbal noun. The characteristic is -meli, where -li forms adjectives from nouns, and -me forms gerunds from verb-stems. A native speaker may perceive the ending -meli as indivisible; the analysis here is from #Lewis [VIII,30]).

The present base is derived from the ancient verb yorı- "go, walk" #Lewis [VIII,16]; this can be used for ongoing actions, or for contemplated future actions.

The meaning of the aorist base is described under #Adjectives from verbs: participles.

There is some irregularity in first-person negative and impotential aorists. The full form of the base -mez (or (y)emez) reappears before the interrogative particle mi:

Gelmem "I do not come" (cf. Gelmez miyim "Do I not come?");

Gelmeyiz "We do not come" (cf. Gelmez miyiz "Do we not come?")

The definite past or di-past is used to assert that something did happen in the past. The inferential past or miş-past can be understood as asserting that a past participle is applicable now; hence it is used when the fact of a past event, as such, is not important; in particular, the inferential past is used when one did not actually witness the past event.

A newspaper will generally use the di-past, because it is authoritative. The need to indicate uncertainty and inference by means of the miş-past may help to explain the extensive use of ki in the newspaper excerpt at Turkish vocabulary#The conjunction ki.

The conditional (şart) verb could also be called "hypothetical"; it is used for remote possibilities, or things one might wish for. (See also #Compound bases.)

The various bases thus give distinctions of tense, aspect and mood. These can be briefly tabulated:

First-person singular verbs

Form	Suffix	Verb	English Translation
Progressive	-mekte	gelmekteyim	"I am in the process of coming"
Necessitative	-meli	gelmeliyim	"I must come"
Positive	-(i/e)r	gelirim	"I come"
Negative	-me(z)	gelmem	"I do not come"
Impotential	-(y)eme(z)	gelemem	"I cannot come"
Future	-(y)ecek	geleceğim	"I will come"
Inferential Past	-miş	gelmişim	"It seems that I came"
Present/Imperfective	-iyor	geliyorum	"I am coming"
Perfective/Definite Past	-di	geldim	"I came"
Conditional	-se	gelsem	"if only I came"

The interrogative particle mi precedes predicative (type-I) endings (except for the 3rd person plural -ler), but follows the complete verb formed from a verbal, type-II ending:

Geliyor musunuz? "Are you coming?" (but: Geliyorlar mı? "Are they coming?")

Geldiniz mi? "Did you come?"

Usually, in the optative (istek), only the first-person forms are used, and these supply the lack of a first-person imperative (emir). In common practice then, there is one series of endings to express something wished for:

Merged Optative & Imperative Moods

Number	Person	Ending	Example	English Translation
Singular	1st	-(y)eyim	Geleyim	"Let me come"
	2nd	—	Gel	"Come (you, singular)"
	3rd	-sin	Gelsin	"Let [her/him/it] come"
Plural	1st	-(y)elim	Gelelim	"Let us come"
	2nd	-(y)in(iz)	Gelin	"Come (you, plural)"
	3rd	-sinler	Gelsinler	"Let them come"

The ancient verb er- #Lewis [VIII,2] survives in Turkish in three bases:

• imiş,
• idi,
• ise.

The form iken given under #Adverbs from verbs is also descended from er-. Since no more bases are founded on the stem i-, this verb can be called defective. In particular, i- forms no negative or impotential stems; negation is achieved with the #Adverb of negation, değil, given earlier.

The i- bases are often turned into base-forming suffixes without change in meaning; the corresponding suffixes are

• -(y)miş,
• -(y)di,
• -(y)se,

where the y is used only after vowels. For example, Hasta imiş and Hastaymış both mean, "Apparently/Reportedly, he/she/it is ill".

The verb i- serves as a copula. When a copula is needed, but the appropriate base in i- does not exist, then the corresponding base in ol- is used; when used otherwise this stem means "become".

The verb i- is irregular in the way it is used in questions: the particle mi always precedes it:

Kuş idi or Kuştu "It was a bird";

Kuş muydu? "Was it a bird?"

The bases so far considered can be called "simple". A base in i- can be attached to another base, forming a compound base. One can then interpret the result in terms of English verb forms by reading backwards. The following list is representative, not exhaustive:

• Past tenses:
  • continuous past: Geliyordum "I was coming";
  • aorist past: Gelirdim "I used to come";
  • future past: Gelecektim "I was going to come";
  • pluperfect: Gelmiştim "I had come";
  • necessitative past: Gelmeliydim "I had to come";
  • conditional past: Gelseydim "If only I had come."
• Inferential tenses:
  • continuous inferential: Geliyormuşum "It seems (they say) I am coming";
  • future inferential: Gelecekmişim "It seems I shall come";
  • aorist inferential: Gelirmişim "It seems I come";
  • necessitative inferential: Gelmeliymişim "They say I must come."

By means of ise or -(y)se, a verb can be made conditional in the sense of being the hypothesis or protasis of a complex statement:

önemli bir şey yapıyorsunuz "You are doing something important";

Önemli bir şey yapıyorsanız, rahatsız etmeyelim "If you are doing something important, let us not cause disturbance."

The simple conditional can be used for remote conditions:

Bakmakla öğrenilse, köpekler kasap olurdu "If learning by looking were possible, dogs would be butchers."

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