Trimeresurus

Most species in the genus Trimeresurus are relatively small, primarily arboreal species, with thin bodies and prehensile tails. However, Trimeresurus flavoviridis (the Okinawa habu) can reach a total length (including tail) of 242 cm (7 ft 9 in), and is one of the longest pit vipers in East Asia. Most Trimeresurus species are typically green in color, but some species also have yellow, black, orange, red, or gold markings.

The diet of Trimeresurus species includes a variety of animals, including lizards, amphibians, birds, rodents, and other small mammals.

Like most viper species, many of the species in the genus Trimeresurus are ovoviviparous, bearing live young. However, some species such as T. flavoviridis, T. kaulbacki, and T. macrolepis are oviparous, laying eggs. Also, the reproductive biology of some Trimeresurus species is as yet unknown.

Trimeresurus venom varies in toxicity between species, but all are primarily hemotoxic and considered to be medically significant to humans.

Species in the genus Trimeresurus are found in Southeast Asia from India including regions of North Chotanagpur of Jharkhand to southern China and Japan, and the Malay Archipelago to Timor.[1]

Image	Species[2]	Taxon author[2]	Subsp.*[2]	Common name[5]	Geographic range[1]
	T. albolabris	Gray, 1842	0	White-lipped pit viper	India (Assam), Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, southern China (Fukien, Hainan, Kwangsi, Kwangtung), Hong Kong, West Malaysia, Indonesia (Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, Java, Madoera, Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Sumba, Roti, Timor, Kisar, Wetar).
	T. andalasensis	David, Vogel, Vijaykumar & Vidal, 2006	0	Sumatran palm pit viper	Indonesia: Sumatra.
	T. andersonii	Theobald, 1868	0	Anderson’s pit viper, Andaman pit viper	Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands.
	T. arunachalensis	Captain, Deepak, Pandit, Bhatt, and Athreya, 2019	0	Arunachal pit viper	India: Arunachal Pradesh
	T. borneensis	(W. Peters, 1872)	0	Bornean pit viper	Indonesia: Borneo.
	T. brongersmai	Hoge, 1969	0	Brongersma's pit viper	Indonesia: Simalur Island.
	T. cantori	(Blyth, 1846)	0	Cantor's pit viper	India: Nicobar Islands, and possibly the Andaman Islands.
	T. cardamomensis	(Malhotra, Thorpe, Mrinalini, & Stuart, 2011)	0	Cardamom Mountains green pit viper	Eastern Thailand, Koh Kong Province in Cambodia.
	T. erythrurus	(Cantor, 1839)	0	Red-tailed bamboo pit viper	India (Assam and Sikkim), Bangladesh and Myanmar.
	T. fasciatus	(Boulenger, 1896)	0	Banded pit viper	Indonesia: Djampea Island.
	T. flavomaculatus	(Gray, 1842)	2	Philippine pit viper	Philippine Islands: Agutayan, Batan, Camiguin, Catanduanes, Dinagat, Jolo, Leyte, Luzon, Mindanao, Mindoro, Negros and Polillo.
	T. gracilis	Ōshima, 1920	0	Kikushi habu	Central Taiwan.
	T. gramineusT	(Shaw, 1802)	0	Bamboo pit viper	Southern India.
	T. gumprechti	David, Vogel, Pauwels & Vidal, 2002	0	Gumprecht's green pit viper	China (Yunnan), Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
	T. gunaleni	Vogel, David, & Sidik, 2014	0	Gunalen's pit viper	Sumatra.
	T. hageni	(Lidth de Jeude, 1886)	0	Hagen's pit viper	Peninsular Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra and the nearby islands of Bangka, Simalur, Nias, Batu and the Mentawai Islands.
	T. honsonensis	Grismer, Ngo, & Grismer, 2008	0	Hon Son pit viper	Southern Vietnam.
	T. insularis	(Kramer, 1977)	0	Sunda Island pit viper, White-lipped island pit viper	Indonesia, Timor-Leste
	T. kanburiensis	M.A. Smith, 1943	0	Kanburi pit viper	Thailand.
	T. labialis	Steindachner, 1867	0	Nicobar bamboo pit viper	India: Nicobar Islands.
	T. macrolepis	Beddome, 1862	0	Large-scaled pit viper	The mountains of southern India.
	T. macrops	Kramer, 1977	0	Large-eyed pit viper	Thailand, Cambodia and southern Vietnam.
	T. malabaricus	(Jerdon, 1854)	0	Malabar rock pit viper	Southern and western India at 600-2,000 m elevation.
	T. malcolmi	(Loveridge, 1938)	0	Malcolm's pit viper	Borneo.
	T. mcgregori	Taylor, 1919	0	McGregor's pit viper, McGregor's tree viper, Philippine pit viper	Batan Island, Philippines.
	T. medoensis	Zhao, 1977	0	Motuo bamboo pit viper	Northern India, northern Myanmar and China (southeastern Xizang).
	T. mutabilis	Stoliczka, 1870	0	Central Nicobar pit viper, Central Nicobar bamboo pit viper	Central Nicobar Island.
	T. nebularis	(Vogel, David, & Pauwels, 2004)	0	Cameron Highlands pit viper, Clouded pit viper	West Malaysia (Cameron Highlands), Thailand.
	T. phuketensis	Sumontha, Kunya, S.G. Pauwels, Nitikul & Punnadee, 2011 [6]	0	Phuket pit viper	Thailand: Phuket Island.
	T. popeiorum	M.A. Smith, 1937	2	Popes' pit viper	Northern India, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Vietnam and Indonesia (Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut, Sipora and North Pagai, and on the island of Borneo).
	T. puniceus	(Kuhl, 1824)	0	Flat-nosed pit viper	Southern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) and Indonesia (Borneo, Sumatra, the Mentawai Islands of Siberut and North Pagai, Simalur and Java.
	T. purpureomaculatus	(Gray, 1832)	0	Mangrove pit viper	Bangladesh, Myanmar, Thailand, West Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia (Sumatra).
	T. rubeus	Malhotra, 2011	0	Ruby-eyed green pit viper	Cambodia (Mondulkiri), southern Vietnam.
	T. sabahi	(Regenass & Kramer, 1981)	0	Sabah bamboo pit viper, Sabah pit viper	Sabah, Sarawak
	T. salazar	Mirza, Bhosale, Phansalkar, Sawant, Gowande, & Patel (2020)	0	Salazar’s pit viper[7]	India: western lowlands of Arunachal Pradesh
	T. schultzei	Griffin, 1909	0	Schultze's pit viper	Philippines: Palawan and Balabac.
	T. septentrionalis	Kramer, 1977	0	Nepal pit viper, Himalayan white-lipped pit viper	Bangladesh, India, Nepal
	T. sichuanensis	Guo & Wang, 2011	0	Sichuan pit viper	Sichuan, China
	T. stejnegeri	Schmidt, 1925	2	Stejneger's pit viper	India (Assam), and Nepal through Myanmar and Thailand to China (Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Hainan, Fukien, Chekiang, Yunnan) and Taiwan.
	T. strigatus	Gray, 1842	0	Horseshoe pit viper	The hills of southern India.
	T. sumatranus	(Raffles, 1822)	0	Sumatran pit viper	Southern Thailand, West and East Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak on Borneo) and Indonesia (Bangka, Billiton, Borneo, Sumatra and the nearby islands of Simalur, Nias, and possibly the Mentawai Islands [Sipora]).
	T. tibetanus	Huang, 1982	0	Tibetan bamboo pit viper	China: Xiang (Tibet) Autonomous Region.
	T. trigonocephalus	(Donndorff, 1798)	0	Sri Lankan pit viper	Throughout Sri Lanka from low elevations to about 1,800 m.
	T. truongsonensis	Orlov, Ryabov, Thanh, & Cuc, 2004	0	Quang Binh pit viper	Central Vietnam
	T. venustus	Vogel, 1991	0	Beautiful pit viper, Brown-spotted pit viper	Southern Thailand
	T. vogeli	David, Vidal & Pauwels, 2001	0	Vogel's pit viper	Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam.
	T. wiroti	Trutnau, 1981	0	Wirot's pit viper	Thailand, West Malaysia.
	T. yingjiangensis	Chen, Zhang, Shi, et al., 2019	0		Southwest China
	T. yunnanensis	Schmidt, 1925	0	Yunnan bamboo pit viper	Southern China

*) Not including the nominate subspecies.
^T) Type species.[1]

Additional species that may be recognized by other sources include:[8]

• T. barati Regenass & Kramer, 1981. Commonly called Barat's bamboo viper, found in Indonesia.
• T. fucatus Vogel, David & Pauwels, 2004. Commonly called the Siamese peninsula pit viper and found in southern Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia.

The genus Trimeresurus (sensu lato) has been the subject of considerable taxonomic work since 2000, resulting in the recognition of additional genera within this complex. Most authors now recognise the genus Protobothrops for the species cornutus, flavoviridis, jerdonii, kaulbacki, mucrosquamatus, tokarensis, xiangchengensis,[9][10][11] since these have been shown not to be closely related to other Trimeresurus in recent phylogenetic analyses.

In addition, Malhotra and Thorpe (2004)[10] proposed a radical shake up of the entire genus, splitting Trimeresurus into seven genera. Their proposed arrangement (including species described since 2004) is shown in the table below:

This new arrangement has been followed by many,[11][12] but not all[8][13] subsequent authors.

David et al. (2011) considered some of the genera of Malhotra & Thorpe to be subgenera of the genus Trimeresurus, creating new combinations such as "Trimeresurus (Parias) flavomaculatus", "Trimeresurus (Popeia) popeiorum", "Trimeresurus (Viridovipera) stejnegeri", etc.[14]

• 
  A juvenile T. vogeli in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
• 
  Trimeresurus fucatus from Khao Sok National Park, Thailand
• 
  Trimeresurus albolabris from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand
• 
  Trimeresurus gumprechti, Gumprecht's green pit viper, from Phu Hin Rong Kla National Park, Thailand
• 
  Trimeresurus macrops from Khao Yai National Park, Thailand
• 
  Trimeresurus popeiorum from Kaeng Krachan National Park, Thailand

• Lacépède BG (1804). "Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle-Hollande dont la description n'a pas encore été publiée ". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris 4: 184-211. (Trimeresurus, new genus, p. 209). (in French).

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