Trappist beer

The Catholic Trappist order originated in the Cistercian monastery of La Trappe, France. Various Cistercian congregations existed for many years, and by 1664 the Abbot of La Trappe felt that the Cistercians were becoming too liberal. He introduced strict new rules in the abbey and the Strict Observance was born. Since this time, many of the rules have been relaxed. However, a fundamental tenet that monasteries should be self-supporting is still maintained by these groups.

Monastery brewhouses, from different religious orders, have existed across Europe since the Middle Ages. From the very beginning, beer was brewed in French Cistercian monasteries following the Strict Observance. For example, the monastery of La Trappe in Soligny already had its own brewery in 1685. Breweries were later introduced in monasteries of other countries as the Trappist order spread from France into the rest of Europe. The Trappists, like many other religious orders, originally brewed beer to feed the community, in a perspective of self-sufficiency. Nowadays, Trappist breweries also brew beer to fund their works and charitable causes. Many of the Trappist monasteries and breweries were destroyed during the French Revolution and the World Wars. In the last 300 years, there were at least nine Trappist breweries in France, six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, one in Germany, one in Austria, one in Bosnia and possibly other countries.

In 1997, eight Trappist abbeys – six from Belgium (Orval, Chimay, Westvleteren, Rochefort, Westmalle and Achel), one from the Netherlands (Koningshoeven) and one from Germany (Mariawald) – founded the International Trappist Association (ITA) to prevent non-Trappist commercial companies from abusing the Trappist name. This private association created a logo that is assigned to goods (cheese, beer, wine, etc.) that respect precise production criteria. For the beers, these criteria were the following:[2]

• The beer must be brewed within the walls of a Trappist monastery, either by the monks themselves or under their supervision.
• The brewery must be of secondary importance within the monastery and it should witness to the business practices proper to a monastic way of life.
• The brewery is not intended to be a profit-making venture. The income covers the living expenses of the monks and the maintenance of the buildings and grounds. Whatever remains is donated to charity for social work and to help persons in need.

The German Trappist abbey of Mariawald has not produced beer since 1953, however it is a founding member of the Trappist Association and uses the same Authentic Trappist Product logo for its other products.

In the twentieth century, the growing popularity of Trappist beers led some brewers with no connection to the order to label their beers "Trappist". After unsuccessful negotiations, monks sued one such brewer in 1962 in Ghent, Belgium.

The Dutch brewery De Koningshoeven produces Trappist beers – branded La Trappe – that are able to carry the "Authentic Trappist Product" logo. Their use of the International Trappist Association logo was withdrawn in 1999, but was restored in October 2005 (see Brouwerij de Koningshoeven for details). A second Dutch Trappist beer, branded Zundert and produced by Abdij Maria Toevlucht, made its debut in December 2013, and has also been granted permission to use the International Trappist Association logo.

An expansion of ITA recognized breweries took place for the first time in 2012 when the trappist brewery of the abbey of Engelszell, Trappistenbrauerei Engelszell in Engelhartszell, Austria started brewing beer at the monastery (the former production had stopped in 1929) and in the same year obtained the Authentic Trappist Product logo for their beer.[3]

In December 2013, Maria Toevlucht's abbey (Zundert, the Netherlands) and St. Joseph's Abbey (Spencer, Massachusetts, United States) were both granted the ATP recognition for their Trappist beers, followed in 2015 by Tre Fontane Abbey brewery in Rome.

In June 2018, the monks of Mount Saint Bernard Abbey in Leicestershire became the first in the UK to brew a Trappist ale.[4][5] Called "Tynt Meadow" (7.4% ABV), after the location of the abbey, it is available to visitors and sold through public outlets.[5]

Orval trappist beer

As of January 2019, fourteen Trappist breweries are active and members of ITA — six in Belgium, two in the Netherlands, and one each in Austria, Italy, England, France, Spain and the United States.[6]

This association has a legal standing, and its logo gives the consumer some information and guarantees about the product. Trappist breweries are constantly monitored to assure the irreproachable quality of their beers.

List of Trappist breweries

There are currently fourteen breweries producing Trappist beer.[6] Twelve of them (with the exception of Mont des Cats and Cardeña) are allowed to display the Authentic Trappist Product logo on their beer products.[8]

International Trappist Association recognized breweries

Brewery	Location	Opened	Annual production (2004)
Brouwerij der Trappisten van Westmalle	Belgium	1836	120,000 hL (100,000 US bbl)
Brouwerij Westvleteren/St Sixtus	Belgium	1838	4,750 hL (4,050 US bbl)
Bières de Chimay	Belgium	1863	123,000 hL (105,000 US bbl)
Brouwerij de Koningshoeven (La Trappe)	Netherlands	1884	145,000 hL (124,000 US bbl)
Brasserie de Rochefort	Belgium	1899	18,000 hL (15,000 US bbl)
Brasserie d'Orval	Belgium	1931	71,000 hL (61,000 US bbl)
Brouwerij der Sint-Benedictusabdij de Achelse Kluis (Achel)	Belgium	1998	4,500 hL (3,800 US bbl)
Stift Engelszell	Austria	2012	2,000 hL (1,700 US bbl)
St. Joseph's Abbey in Spencer, Massachusetts	United States	2013	4,694 hL (4,000 US bbl)
Brouwerij Abdij Maria Toevlucht (Zundert)	Netherlands	2013	5,000 hL (4,300 US bbl)
Tre Fontane Abbey	Italy	2015	2,000 hL (1,700 US bbl)
Mount St Bernard Abbey (Tynt Meadow)	England	2018	2,000 hL (1,700 US bbl)
Mont des Cats	France	1826	?
Cerveza Cardeña Trappist	Spain	2016	?

Netherlands
Belgium

Stift Engelszell

Stift Engelszell

Tre Fontane Abbey

St. Joseph's Abbey

Netherlands breweries
De Koningshoeven (La Trappe)
De Kievit Brewery (Zundert)
Belgium breweries
Brasserie de Rochefort
Trappist Abbey of Westmalle
St. Sixtus Abbey of Westvleteren
Bières de Chimay
Brasserie d'Orval
De Achelse Kluis

International Trappist Association recognised breweries in the world

Rochefort

Westmalle

Westvleteren

Chimay

Orval

Achel

La Trappe

Zundert

International Trappist Association recognised breweries in the Low Countries

The French Trappist abbey of Sainte Marie du Mont des Cats has been selling beer since June 16, 2011. This abbey has no brewery at the monastery and does not plan to build one in the near future, for reasons of cost and brewing skills. They have not excluded rebuilding one brewery in the future.[9] The beer sold by Mont des Cats is produced by the Chimay brewery. Although the beer is sold by Mont des Cats, it is produced by another Trappist brewery, and as such it does not bear the Authentic Trappist Product logo.[10]

The Spanish abbey Monasterio de San Pedro de Cardeña has been brewing a tripel ale since 2016. It does not bear the Authentic Trappist Product logo since it is not crafted within the walls of the monastery.

The designation "abbey beers" (Bières d'Abbaye or Abdijbier) was originally used for any monastic or monastic-style beer. After the introduction of an official Trappist beer designation by the International Trappist Association in 1997, it came to mean products similar in style or presentation to monastic beers.[11] In other words, an Abbey beer may be:

• Produced by a non-Trappist monastery—e.g. Cistercian, Benedictine; or
• produced by a commercial brewery under an arrangement with an extant monastery; or
• branded with the name of a defunct or fictitious abbey by a commercial brewer; or
• given a vaguely monastic branding, without specifically mentioning monastery, by a commercial brewer.

Trappist beers are mostly top-fermented, including La Trappe Bockbier, and mainly bottle conditioned. Trappist breweries use various systems of nomenclature for the different beers produced which relate to their relative strength.[12]

The best known is the system where different beers are called Enkel/Single, Dubbel/Double, Tripel/Triple and Quadrupel/Quadruple. These terms roughly describe both the amount of malt and the original gravity.[13] They may refer to the number of crosses or other marks chalked on the casks - two for a Dubbel and three for a Tripel.[14]

Colours can be used to indicate the different types, dating back to the days when bottles were unlabelled and had to be identified by the capsule or bottle-top alone. Chimay beer labels are based on the colour system (in increasing order of strength red, white and blue). Westvleteren beers are still unlabelled.

There is also a number system (6, 8 and 10, as used by Rochefort), which gives an indication of strength, but is not necessarily an exact alcohol by volume (ABV). Achel combine a strength and a colour (of the beer itself—blond or brown) designation.

Tripel

Main article: Tripel

Westmalle Tripel

Tripel is a naming convention traditionally used by Belgian Trappist breweries to describe the strongest beer in their range. Westmalle Tripel is considered to be the foundation of this beer style, and was developed in the 1930s. Achel 8 Blond, Westmalle Tripel, La Trappe Tripel, and Chimay White/Cinq Cents are all examples of Trappist tripels. The style has proven popular among secular breweries like St. Feuillien, Bosteels and St. Bernardus. Tripels as a style are generally beers with an alcohol content ranging from 8% to 10% ABV.

The official Trappist breweries produce the following beers for consumption:

Achel: 1. Blond (Belgian strong ale, 8% ABV) 2. Bruin (Belgian strong ale, 8% ABV) 3. Extra Blond (Abbey tripel, 9.5% ABV) 4. Extra Bruin (Abbey quadrupel, 9.5% ABV). 5. Achel 5 Blond (Belgian strong ale, 5% ABV) (patersbier) (only available on tap at the abbey inn) 6. Achel 5 Bruin (Belgian strong ale, 5% ABV) (patersbier) (only available on tap at the abbey inn)

Chimay: 1. Dorée (Belgian strong ale 4.8% ABV) 2. Brune (Abbey dubbel, 7% ABV), 3. Triple (Abbey tripel, 8% ABV), 4. Bleue (Abbey quadrupel, 9% ABV) 5. Chimay vieillie en barriques (Abbey quadrupel, barrel aged, 10.5% ABV)

Orval: 1. Orval (Belgian ale, 6.2% ABV) 2. Orval Vert (Belgian ale, 4.2% ABV) (patersbier) (only available on tap and bottle at the abbey inn)

Rochefort: 1. "6" (Abbey dubbel, 7.5% ABV) 2. "8" (Belgian strong ale, 9.2% ABV) 3. "10" (Abbey quadrupel, 11.3% ABV)

Westmalle: 1. Dubbel (Abbey dubbel, 7% ABV) 2. Tripel (Abbey tripel, 9.5% ABV) 3. Extra (Belgian ale, 4.8% ABV) (patersbier) (only available on bottle at the abbey inn)

Westvleteren: 1. Green Cap or Blonde (Belgian ale, 5.8% ABV) 2. Blue Cap or "8" (Belgian strong ale, 8% ABV) 3. Yellow Cap or "12" (Abbey quadrupel, 10.2% ABV)

Engelszell: 1. Nivard (Belgian ale, 5.5% ABV) 2. Benno (Abbey dubbel, 7% ABV) 3. Gregorius (Abbey quadrupel, 9.7% ABV) 4. Weisse (Weizen, 4.9% ABV)

La Trappe: 1. Puur (organic pale ale, 4.7% ABV) 2. Witte Trappist (witbier, 5.5% ABV) 3. Blond (Belgian ale, 6.5% ABV) 4. Dubbel (Abbey dubbel, 7% ABV) 5. Bockbier (bockbier, 7% ABV) 6. Isid'or (Belgian ale, 7.5% ABV) 7. Tripel (Abbey tripel, 8% ABV) 8. Quadrupel (Abbey quadrupel, 10% ABV) 9. Quadrupel Oak Aged (Abbey quadrupel, barrel aged, 10% ABV)

Zundert: 1. Zundert (Abbey tripel, 8% ABV) 2. Zundert 10 (Abbey quadrupel, 10% ABV).

Mount St Bernard Abbey: 1. Tynt Meadow (Abbey dubbel, 7,4% ABV).

Spencer: 1. Spencer Peach Saison (Farmhouse ale, 4.3% ABV) 2. Trappist Premium Pilsner (Pilsner, 4.7% ABV) 3. Trappist Vienna Lager (Lager, 5.5% ABV) 4. Trappist Ale (Belgian ale, 6.5% ABV) 5. Spencer Grapefruit IPA (IPA, 6.5% ABV) 6. Trappist IPA (IPA, 7.2% ABV) 7. Trappist Imperial Stout (Stout - imperial, 8.7% ABV) 8. Trappist Holiday Ale (Belgian strong ale, 9% ABV) 9. Trappist Monk's Reserve Ale (Abbey quadrupel, 10.2% ABV)

Tre Fontane: 1. Scala Coeli (Belgian ale, 6.3% ABV) 2. Tre Fontane (Abbey tripel, 8.5% ABV)

Mont des Cats: 1. Mont des Cats (Belgian Strong Ale, 7.6% ABV)

Cardeña 1. Cardeña (Abbey tripel, 7,0% ABV).

Belgian breweries have a tradition of providing custom beer glasses: with Trappist breweries, these often take the form of "chalice" or "goblet" style glasses. The distinction between goblet and chalice is typically in the glass thickness. Goblets tend to be more delicate and thin, while the chalice is heavy and thick walled. Some chalices are etched on the bottom to nucleate a stream of bubbles for maintaining a nice head.

• 
  Chimay beers and glass
• 
  Orval beer's "chalice" glass
• 
  Rochefort beer's "goblet" glass
• 
  The fourteen trappist beers and their glasses.

The idea of visiting Trappist monasteries to sample their beers has become more popular in recent years, partly due to promotion by enthusiasts such as the 'beer hunter' Michael Jackson. Some brewing monasteries maintain a visitors' center where their beers can be tasted and bought (sometimes with other monastic products such as bread and cheese).[17][18] Visits to the monastery itself are usually not available to the general public, although visitors can overnight in some of the monasteries (like Achel) if their purpose is non-touristic. Currently, Koningshoeven (which brews La Trappe) in Netherlands offers regular tours around their bottling plant, old brewery and parts of their site, along with a beer tasting.[19]

• Beer in Belgium
• Beer in the Netherlands
• Barrel-aged beer

• Official site of the International Trappist Association
• Official website of the Trappist Order