Timeline of Chiang Kai-shek

This is a timeline of Chiang Kai-shek's (Jiang Jieshi) life.

1880s
YearDateEvent
188731 OctoberJiang Jieshi is born to Jiang Suan and Wang Caiyu in Xikou[1]
1889Jiang Jieshi's family moves to a two-story merchant's house a hundred feet or so down Wu Ling Street[1]

1890s
YearDateEvent
1896Jiang Jieshi's father Jiang Suan dies and he inherits the house, bamboo grove, and rice paddies[2]

1900s
YearDateEvent
1901winterJiang Jieshi marries Mao Fumei[2]
1903Jiang Jieshi takes the new civil service examination and fails, so he enters the Phoenix Mountain Academy, a small Confucian school in Fenghua[2]
FebruaryJiang Jieshi transfers to the Golden Arrow Academy in Ningbo[3]
1906FebruaryJiang Jieshi transfers to the Dragon River School in Fenghua[3]
Jiang Jieshi cuts off his Manchu queue[4]
Jiang Jieshi spends several months in Tokyo learning Japanese[4]
Jiang Jieshi enters the Baoding Military Academy[4]
1907Jiang Jieshi enters the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko, a school set up for Chinese students wishing to attend a Japanese military academy[4]
1909NovemberJiang Jieshi graduates from the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko and enters the 19th Field Artillery Regiment at Takada[5]

1910s
YearDateEvent
191027 AprilMao Fumei delivers Jiang Jingguo[6]
191110 OctoberWuchang Uprising: The New Army rebels in Wuchang and Jiang Jieshi leaves for Shanghai[7]
Jiang Jieshi is put in charge of a "dare to die" contingent cjkxke up of Fenghua fishermen reinforced by Green Gang and Red Gang members[8]
4 NovemberJiang Jieshi's men take part in the New Army's seizure of key public buildings in Hangzhou[9]
19126 JanuarySun Zhongshan is inaugurated as provisional President of China by the National Assemby in Nanjing[10]
12 JanuaryJiang Jieshi may or may not have assassinated Tao Chengzhang, head of the Guangfuhui, and rival of Chen Qimei for the governorship of Zhejiang[10]
12 MarchSun Zhongshan resigns and Yuan Shikai becomes president, however he only controls half of the old Manchu Army[10]
25 AugustThe Tongmenghui and four other parties form the Nationalist Party, also known as the Kuomintang (KMT), with Song Jiaoren as its leader[11]
1913MarchThe KMT wins control of the National Assembly[11]
22 MarchSong Jiaoren is assassinated[11]
AugustJiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei flee to Japan and Sun Zhongshan goes to Yokohama[12]
DecemberJiang Jieshi meets Sun Zhongshan for the first time[12]
1914springSun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to Shanghai to pull together the revolutionary underground but he fails and returns to Japan[13]
Sun Zhongshan sends Jiang Jieshi to recruit warlords in Manchuria but he fails and returns to Japan[14]
191518 JanuaryThe Twenty-One Demands are handed to Yuan Shikai and a revised "Thirteen Demands" are eventually agreed upon[14]
Jiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei return to Shanghai[14]
10 NovemberThe defense commissioner in Chinese Shanghai, Zheng Ruzheng, is assassinated on the orders of Jiang and Chen[14]
An attack on the police headquarters by Jiang Jieshi's "dare to die" teams fails and he falls ill[14]
1916FebruaryJiang Jieshi and Chen Qimei try to rebuild the Chinese Revolutionary Army in Shanghai[15]
18 MayChen Qimei is assassinated[15]
6 JuneYuan Shikai dies and Sun Zhongshan returns to Shanghai[15]
1918The KMT flees to Guangzhou and launches the Constitutional Protection Movement with the support of Chen Jiongming and warlords in Guangdong and Yunnan[16]
MarchJiang Jieshi joins Chen Jiongming's army as senior operations officer for an attack on the warlord of Fujian[16]
Sun Zhongshan goes into exile in Shanghai due to warlord demand for more authority[16]
JulyJiang Jieshi takes a key town in Fujian[16]
1919MayJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[17]
4 MayMay Fourth Movement: Mass demonstrations spread all over China in response to the Treaty of Versailles[18]
Jiang Jieshi adopts Jiang Weiguo, son of Dai Jitao[19]
Moscow announces that it will relinquish special rights in Manchuria and cancel all the "unequal" tsarist treaties with China[17]

1920s
YearDateEvent
1920springJiang Jieshi contracts typhoid[19]
30 SeptemberSun Zhongshan appoints Jiang Jieshi as chief of staff of the Second Guangdong Army[19]
OctoberGuangdong–Guangxi War: Chen Jiongming and the Second Guangdong Army enter Guangzhou[20]
12 NovemberJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai to brief Sun Zhongshan and then leaves for Zhejiang[21]
1921AprilGuangdong–Guangxi War: A Beiyang government backed Old Guangxi Clique army attacks Guangdong but is defeated by Xu Chongzhi and the KMT occupy Guangxi[21]
4 MaySun Zhongshan becomes president again[21]
10 MayJiang Jieshi arrives in Guangzhou[21]
4 JuneJiang Jieshi's mother dies[21]
1922Chen Jiongming attacks the KMT and Sun Zhongshan escapes to Pazhou[22]
29 JuneJiang Jieshi joins Sun Zhongshan at Pazhou[22]
9 AugustJiang and Sun leave for Xianggang and Shanghai[22]
1923Sun Zhongshan returns to Guangzhou and appoints Jiang Jieshi as Xu Chongzhi's chief of staff[23]
AugustJiang Jieshi leaves for the Soviet Union[24]
15 DecemberJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[25]
192412 JanuaryJiang Jieshi returns to Guangzhou[26]
JuneSun Zhongshan and Jiang Jieshi preside over the opening of the Huangpu Military Academy[26]
192512 MarchSun Zhongshan dies[27]
30 MayMay Thirtieth Movement: The Shanghai Municipal Police fire on striking workers, causing widespread anti-foreign demonstrations and riots[28]
23 JuneCanton–Hong Kong strike: Huangpu Military Academy cadets are among those killed by British troops firing on anti-imperialist protesters[28]
1 JulyThe Nationalist government is formed in Guangzhou with Wang Jingwei as chairman of the new ruling political council[29]
The National Revolutionary Army is formed[29]
20 AugustLiao Zhongkai is assassinated and Jiang Jieshi enters the KMT's top triumvirate consisting of himself, Wang Jingwei, and Xu Chongzhi[30]
20 SeptemberXu Chongzhi is forced to leave for Shanghai due to charges of corruption[31]
OctoberJiang Jingguo is approved for study at the University of the Toilers of the East in Moscow[32]
Chen Jiongming is defeated[32]
NovemberDisaffected KMT veterans including Dai Jitao vote to expel the communists from the party[32]
1926JanuaryJiang Jieshi is voted onto the Central Executive Committee[33]
18 MarchJiang Jieshi is alerted to a plot by the Chinese Communist Party Central Executive Committee and the Russians to oust him[34]
20 MarchCanton Coup: Jiang Jieshi places Guangzhou under martial law and arrests 50 communists[35]
Wang Jingwei is ousted and leaves for France[36]
JuneTang Shengzhi defects to the KMT[37]
9 JulyJiang Jieshi becomes Supreme Commander[36]
11 JulyNorthern Expedition: The NRA takes Changsha[37]
OctoberNorthern Expedition: The NRA defeats warlord forces in Hubei and occupy Wuhan[37]
18 DecemberNorthern Expedition: He Yingqin's First Corps capture Fujian and move into Zhejiang[38]
Northern Expedition: Jiang Jieshi gains control of China from Guangxi in the south, to Sichuan in the west, to the Changjiang at Wuhan in the north, and northern Fujian in the east[39]
19271 MarchThe Wuhan Central Executive Committee places Jiang Jieshi under a new military council and issues a secret order for his arrest[40]
22 MarchNorthern Expedition: Bai Chongxi's forces enter Shanghai[41]
23 MarchNorthern Expedition: Zheng Qian's forces enter Nanjing[41]
24 MarchNorthern Expedition: Jiang Jieshi reaches Nanjing[41]
26 MarchJiang Jieshi returns to Shanghai[41]
6 AprilWang Jingwei arrives in Shanghai and refuses leadership of the KMT, leaving for Wuhan[41]
Jiang Jieshi institutes martial law and leaves for Nanjing[42]
Joseph Stalin declares that KMT is of no more use and that Jiang Jieshi should be eliminated[42]
12 AprilShanghai massacre: Communists are killed or arrested in Shanghai, Guangzhou, Guilin, Ningbo, and Xiamen[43]
19 JuneFeng Yuxiang joins the KMT[44]
24 JulyNorthern Expedition: Sun Chuanfang defeats NRA forces and takes Xuzhou[44]
12 AugustJiang Jieshi resigns and leaves for Shanghai[45]
16 AugustNRA forces retake Xuzhou and Sun Chuanfang flees across the Yellow River[46]
1 DecemberJiang Jieshi marries Song Meiling in Shanghai[47]
1928Jiang Jieshi returns to power and Wang Jingwei resigns, leaving for France[48]
2 MayJinan incident: The Japanese army bomb Ji'nan, killing hundreds[46]
5 MayJinan incident: The Japanese arrest Nanjing's representative Cai Gongshi, cut out his tongue, gouge out his eyes, and then shoot him as well as ten of his staff members[46]
11 MayJinan incident: The Japanese army attacks the NRA, killing 11,000 soldiers and civilians in Ji'nan[49]
4 JuneHuanggutun incident: Zhang Zuolin's train is bombed and he dies a few days later[50]
19 JuneNorthern Expedition: Zhang Zuolin's son, Zhang Xueliang, cables Jiang Jieshi expressing his loyalty to the Chinese nation[50]
10 OctoberJiang Jieshi becomes the director of the State Council, in effect the president[51]
29 DecemberChinese reunification (1928): Zhang Xueliang replaces the flags of the Beiyang government with the flag of the Republic of China[51]
192928 MarchJinan incident: The Japanese army withdraws from Shandong[49]
AprilSino-Soviet conflict (1929): Zhang Xueliang seizes the Soviet consulate in Harbin[52]
JulySino-Soviet conflict (1929): Zhang Xueliang seizes the Chinese Eastern Railway[52]
12 OctoberSino-Soviet conflict (1929): Soviet troops defeat Zhang Xueliang's forces[52]
DecemberSino-Soviet conflict (1929): Soviet rights to the Chinese Eastern Railway is restored[53]

1930s
YearDateEvent
1930JuneCentral Plains War: Li Zongren, Bai Chongxi, Feng Yuxiang, Zhang Fakui, and Yan Xishan form an anti-Jiang coalition[54]
autumnEncirclement Campaigns: NRA troops fail to defeat communist forces in the Jinggang Mountains[55]
NovemberCentral Plains War: The anti-Jiang coalition is defeated[56]
1931AprilEncirclement Campaigns: He Yingqin's forces fail to suppress communist forces in Jiangxi[55]
Wang Jingwei sets up an anti-Jiang government in Guangzhou[55]
1 JulyEncirclement Campaigns: The NRA defeat the Chinese Red Army[55]
18 SeptemberMukden Incident: The Kwantung Army sets off an explosion on a rail line outside Shenyang and fires artillery into a nearby Chinese garrison before occupying the city[55]
Japanese invasion of Manchuria: Japan invades Manchuria[57]
15 DecemberJiang resigns[58]
1932JanuaryJiang meets with Wang Jingwei and returns as the KMT's military leader while Wang becomes head of government[59]
28 JanuaryJanuary 28 Incident: Japan invades Shanghai and forces Chinese troops to withdraw[60]
MarchJiang resumes his position as chairman of the Military Council and chief of the General Staff[59]
AprilEncirclement Campaigns: NRA troops force Zhang Guotao to flee to Sichuan[61]
19331 JanuaryDefense of the Great Wall: Japan occupies Shanhai Pass[61]
1 MarchBattle of Rehe: Japan takes Rehe[62]
MayEncirclement Campaigns: NRA forces start blockading communist areas[61]
31 MayTanggu Truce: The Republic of China agrees to a local armistice declaring the northern part of Hebei a demilitarized zone, essentially ceding it to Japan[61]
193416 OctoberLong March: The Chinese Red Army escapes from Jiangxi[63]
1935JanuaryLong March: The Chinese Red Army reaches Zunyi and joines Zhang Guotao's army; Mao Zedong is elected the CCP's senior military as well as political authority[64]
SeptemberJiang announces that China will never surrender its sovereignty or Manchuria[65]
OctoberLong March: The Chinese Red Army arrive at Baoan [66]
NovemberWang Jingwei is wounded in an assassination attempt and Jiang takes over as president of the Executive Yuan[67]
NRA forces retreat from Chahar[66]
1936FebruaryZhang Xueliang meets with CCP representatives in Xi'an to discuss the formation of an anti-Japan anti-Jiang government[68]
6 AprilZhang Xueliang meets with Zhou Enlai[69]
MayZhou Enlai meets with ROC representatives to discuss a united front[70]
31 OctoberJiang celebrates his birthday in Luoyang[71]
12 DecemberXi'an Incident: Zhang Xueliang kidnaps Jiang[72]
26 DecemberXi'an Incident: Jiang offers some verbal concessions and is released[73]
193719 AprilJiang Jingguo arrives in Shanghai[66]
7 JulyMarco Polo Bridge Incident: Japanese troops performing maneuvers around Beijing receive fire from the NRA and de-escalation fails, ending in Japanese shelling of Chinese troops[74]
12 JulyBattle of Beiping–Tianjin: Japanese troops arrive in Tianjin[74]
22 JulyBattle of Beiping–Tianjin: The Japanese order Chinese forces to withdraw from the area, but they attack instead[75]
7 AugustJiang convenes the Military Council and declares all-out resistance as the national policy[75]
13 AugustBattle of Shanghai: The NRA attempts to drive Japanese forces from Shanghai but fail[76]
5 NovemberBattle of Shanghai: Japanese forces land on the beaches of Hangzhou Bay and advance toward Suzhou River[77]
8 NovemberBattle of Shanghai: Jiang gives the orders to withdraw[77]
7 DecemberBattle of Nanjing: Jiang and Song Meiling leave Nanjing for Lushan[78]
12 DecemberBattle of Nanjing: Tang Shengzhi gives the order to break out of Japanese encirclement[78]
193824 MarchBattle of Taierzhuang: Japanese forces fall into an ambush at a railway spur line at Taierzhuang[79]
5 June1938 Yellow River flood: Soldiers blow open the dikes on the south banks of the Yellow River, flooding Henan, Anhui, and Jiangsu[80]
24 OctoberBattle of Wuhan: Jiang gives the order to withdraw from Wuhan[81]
NovemberJiang arrives in Chonqqing[82]
The Burma Road is constructed by 200,000 laborers and engineers[83]
193927 SeptemberBattle of Changsha (1939): A Japanese attack on Changsha is defeated and withdraws with heavy casualties[84]
winter1939–40 Winter Offensive: NRA forces attack Japanese positions but ultimately end in operational failure[84]

1940s
YearDateEvent
1940JanuaryWang Jingwei defects to the Japanese and sets up the Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China in Nanjing[83]
AugustHundred Regiments Offensive: The Eighth Route Army attacks Japanese occupied areas in Shanxi and Hebei[85]
DecemberHundred Regiments Offensive: The communist offensive is reversed and Japanese retaliation reduces the population of communist base areas by 19 million[86]
19417 JanuaryNew Fourth Army incident: The New Fourth Army moves south into ROC territory and clash with NRA forces[87]
30 JanuaryBattle of South Henan: NRA and Japanese forces clash in South Henan[88]
8 DecemberAttack on Pearl Harbor: Jiang receives news of Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor[89]
24 DecemberBattle of Changsha (1942): Japanese forces attack Changsha[90]
194215 JanuaryBattle of Changsha (1942): Japanese forces withdraw from Changsha and suffer heavy losses from a Chinese encirclement maneuver[90]
18 FebruaryJiang meets Gandhi outside Kolkata[91]
27 FebruaryJiang visits Lashio[92]
19 MarchBattle of Toungoo: Japanese forces attack NRA troops at Toungoo[93]
30 MarchBattle of Toungoo: NRA troops withdraw[93]
18 AprilDoolittle Raid: American bombers crash land in China[94]
19 AprilBattle of Yenangyaung: NRA forces assist British troops from escaping a Japanese encirclement[95]
20 AprilBattle of Yenangyaung: Japanese forces destroy the Sixth Army's Temporary 55th Division[95]
29 AprilThe Japanese seize Lashio[95]
AprilBattle of West Hubei: Japanese forces enter Hubei and Hunan to loot and collect supplies[96]
5 MayJoseph Stilwell abandons his soldiers and escapes to India[97]
15 MayZhejiang-Jiangxi campaign: Japanese forces devastate Zhejiang and Jiangxi in reprisal for the Doolittle Raid, killing hundreds of thousands[94]
2 JuneJoseph Stilwell flies back to Chongqing[98]
10 OctoberJiang announces that Washington and London have agreed to drop "extraterritoriality"[99]
19432 NovemberBattle of Changde: Japanese forces capture Changde[100]
21 NovemberCairo Conference: Jiang arrives in Cairo[101]
1 DecemberThe Cairo Declaration is formally announced, promising to return all territories Japan had stolen from China[102]
20 DecemberBattle of Changde: Japanese forces are forced to withdraw from Changde[100]
194419 AprilOperation Ichigo: Japanese forces begin their largest land operation and cross the Yellow River into Henan[103]
25 MayBattle of Central Henan: Jiang gives the orders to withdraw[104]
26 JuneBattle of Changsha (1944): Zhang Deneng gives the orders to abandon Changsha[105]
22 JuneDefense of Hengyang: Japanese forces lay siege to Hengyang[106]
3 AugustSiege of Myitkyina: Allied forces take Myitkyina[107]
8 AugustDefense of Hengyang: Japanese forces take Hengyang[108]
24 NovemberBattle of Guilin–Liuzhou: Japanese forces take Guilin and Liuzhou[109]
19459 AprilBattle of West Hunan: Japanese forces advance into western Hunan[110]
7 JuneBattle of West Hunan: Japanese forces are routed[110]
15 AugustVictory over Japan Day: Jiang Jieshi receives news of Japan's surrender and he broadcasts a victory speech throughout all of China[111]
29 AugustChongqing Negotiations: Mao and Jiang start negotiations[112]
16 DecemberJiang visits Beijing[113]
194613 JanuaryJiang and Mao agree to cease-fire following the convening of the Political Consultative Assembly[114]

1970s
YearDateEvent
19755 AprilJiang Jieshi dies[115]

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References

Taylor, Jay (2009), The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China, The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

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