Sperrbrecher

A Sperrbrecher (German; informally translated as "pathfinder" but literally meaning "mine barrage breaker"), was a German auxiliary ship of the First World War and the Second World War that served as a type of minesweeper, steaming ahead of other vessels through minefields and detonating them with their reinforced hull. Also used as anti-aircraft ships, the Sperrbrecher suffered heavy losses in the war.

Sperrbrecher 131
Class overview
Operators: Kriegsmarine
General characteristics
Class and type: Sperrbrecher 32
Type: Minesweeper
Displacement: 7,500 tonnes (8,300 short tons)
Length: 115.1 m (378 ft)
Beam: 15.3 m (50 ft)
Draught: 6.5 m (21 ft)
Propulsion: One diesel engine, one shaft, 3,500 shp (2,600 kW)
Speed: 14 knots (26 km/h)
Armament:
Notes: Representative type of converted ships.[1]

Operational history

Sperrbrecher were used extensively by the Germans in World War I. The Imperial Fleet had a total of thirty Sperrbrecher for clearing mine streets – eight were lost during the war. Some of these ships were equipped with airplanes, such as Rio Negro, Plauen or Wigbert. In World War II officially designated as 'Special Purpose Merchant Ships',[2] although termed by the Royal Air Force as Heavy Flak Ships,[3] the Sperrbrecher were converted from merchant ships for their special role, were primarily crewed by merchant seamen. Often their cargo holds were filled with buoyant material to aid in flotation in case of hitting a mine and the bows were strengthened.[2] Ships converted to the Sperrbrecher type were usually fitted with heavy anti-aircraft armament and often carried barrage balloons.[1]

The primary use of the Sperrbrecher was to escort other vessels through cleared paths in defensive minefields, for the purpose of detonating any mines that might have strayed into the passageways.[2] The ships of the Sperrbrecher type were, early in the war, used to clear suspected enemy minefields by simply sailing through them. Even with the strengthened hull and buoyant material the ships suffered heavy losses and with the advent of acoustically and magnetically fused mines, they became ineffective.[4] Later in the war the Sperrbrecher type ships were used to escort U-boats in and out of harbour.[3]

Due to their capable dual purpose armament and respectable fire control a Sperrbrecher was also an able surface combatant, significant enough to deter a RN escort destroyer from engaging for fear of receiving "a bloody nose".[5]

To counter newer, magnetically fused mines, some ships of the Sperrbrecher type were equipped with a large electromagnet in their bows.[6] Referred to as the VES system, this was to detonate magnetic mines well clear of the vessel, the design specifications calling for a distance of 460 metres (500 yd) from the hull at detonation.[1] Careful military intelligence work by the Royal Navy resulted in a method to defeat this method of minesweeping, sinking several Sperrbrecher through the careful fusing of mines laid as traps, their fuses desensitised to be activated only when the sweeping vessel was directly above them.[7]

Over one hundred vessels, mostly merchant ships of around 5,000 tonnes (5,500 short tons) and larger displacement, were converted as Sperrbrecher and it is estimated that around 50 percent of the vessels converted were lost during the war.[1]

During World War II only one commander received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for services on a Sperrbrecher. Korvettenkapitän of the Reserves Karl Palmgreen received the award on 3 August 1941 as commander of Sperrbrecher IX and I.[8] After the war some Sperrbrecher were converted back to merchant duties, a number remaining in service until the 1970s.[1]

See also

References

Notes
  1. Breyer 1994.
  2. Williamson 2009, p. 19.
  3. Paterson 2004, p. 165.
  4. Paterson 2004, pp. 164–165.
  5. Whinney, Bob (2000). The U-boat Peril; A fight for survival. Cassell. pp. 129. ISBN 0-304-35132-6.
  6. Ridley 2006, p. 14.
  7. Ridley 2006, pp. 14–15.
  8. Fellgiebel 2000, p. 332.

Bibliography
  • Breyer, Siegfried; et al. (1994). Die Deutsche Kriegsmarine 1935–1945 (in German). I–IV. Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-89350-699-6.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer (2000). Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 – Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtsteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 – The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Paterson, Lawrence (2004). U-Boat War Patrol: The Hidden Photographic Diary of U564. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. pp. 164–165. ISBN 1-59114-890-1.
  • Ridley, Matt (2006). Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-0-06-114845-3.
  • Williamson, Gordon (2009). Kriegsmarine Coastal Forces. New Vanguard. 151. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-1-84603-331-5.

Further reading
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