Soft power of China

The soft power of China is the indirect and non-military influence of the People's Republic of China that can be observed outside the country around the world.[1]

A storefront in Paris showing the use of the Chinese language in a stylistic, rather than use-based or culturally influenced fashion - an example of the diffusion of soft power

Overview

China's traditional culture has been a source of attraction, building on which it has created several hundred Confucius Institutes around the world to teach its language and culture. The enrollment of foreign students in China has increased from 36,000 a decade before to at least 240,000 in 2010.[2] China's Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has attracted many western countries to join.[3] In 2017, China had the second largest diplomatic network in the world.[4]

A spring 2014 Global Attitudes survey from Pew Research Center states China receives mostly positive reviews in the sub-Saharan African nations polled, although South Africans are closely divided (45% favorable, 40% unfavorable).[5] China's increasing soft power can be explained by looking at China's economic growth and regarding economic engagement with many African countries. China's expansion of trade and investment on the African continent and the spread of Chinese-led infrastructure projects gives positive impressions of China to people in Africa. China's economic engagement in African countries is considered as much more pragmatic and in consistency with the priorities of many African countries. Moreover, China's increasing role as a global superpower seems appealing and this drives a desire to tie African economies more closely to China's economy.

Through the use of GONGOs (otherwise known as a Government-organized non-governmental organization), China exerts soft power through foreign aid and development in Africa. China has made a systematic effort to expand and give greater profile to its soft-power policies in Africa ever since the first Forum on China-Africa Cooperation in 2000. The commitments of China's soft power ranges from health, humanitarian assistance to academic, professional and cultural exchange.

Cultural exchange between China and Africa can be a representative example of how China has been spreading its soft power. In 2005, the first Confucius Institute was established in Africa. The institute is funded by the Chinese government and it provides Chinese language and cultural programming to the public. There are 19 institutes today in Africa and China has planned to spend 20 million RMB for education projects in South Africa, including the teaching of Mandarin in 50 local high schools.

Furthermore, there is an increasing support for cultural visitors programs which gained momentum in 2004 when the African Cultural Visitors Program was established. There is a rising number of African entrepreneurs who choose to move to China and there are also diaspora communities in many Chinese cities that have been found.[6]

Outside of Africa, Chinese soft power extends to countries like Barbados. Barbadian Prime Minister David Thompson expressed admiration for the Chinese economic model and sought to emulate the way Chinese state controlled banks guided development.[7] The Chinese soft-Power in the Middle East countries have been expanding since the beginning of the millennium, and include many efforts in the fields of education, journalism, and popular culture.[8]

The increase of soft power of China has created a backlash in the United States, where the government has started closing Confucius Institutes.[9]

The use of Chinese medical aid during the COVID-19 pandemic has been dubbed "facemask diplomacy".[10]

See also

References
  1. Edney, Kingsley; Rosen, Stanley; Zhu, Ying, eds. (2020). Soft power with Chinese characteristics : China's campaign for hearts and minds. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-80435-6. OCLC 1130023014.
  2. Nye, Joseph S. (2012-01-17). "Why China Is Weak on Soft Power". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-06-06.
  3. "With New Bank, China Shows U.S. It's Got Soft Power". Forbes. 23 March 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
  4. "Global Diplomacy Index – Country Rank". Lowy Institute. Retrieved 2018-04-01.
  5. "Global Opposition to U.S. Surveillance and Drones, but Limited Harm to America's Image". Pew Research Center. 2014-07-14. Retrieved 14 April 2015.
  6. Jennifer G. Cooke. China's soft power in Africa; "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-24. Retrieved 2012-06-04.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  7. Wikileaks 09Barbados144
  8. Yellinek, Roie; et al. (2020-03-01). "Chinese 'Soft Power Pipelines Diffusion' (SPPD) to the Middle Eastern Arab Countries 2000-2018: A Discursive-Institutional Study". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies. 0: 1–19. doi:10.1080/13530194.2020.1732870. ISSN 1353-0194.
  9. "Colleges move to close Chinese government-funded Confucius Institutes amid increasing scrutiny". www.insidehighered.com. Retrieved 2019-10-17.
  10. Waterson, Jim; Kuo, Lily (2020-04-03). "China steps up western media campaign over coronavirus crisis". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2020-04-06.
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