Singapore Airlines Flight 006

Singapore Airlines Flight 006 (SQ006/SIA006)[lower-alpha 1] was a scheduled Singapore Airlines passenger flight from Singapore Changi Airport to Los Angeles International Airport via Chiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport) in Taipei, Taiwan. On 31 October 2000, at 23:17 Taipei local time (15:17 UTC), the Boeing 747-412 operating the flight attempted to take off from the wrong runway at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport during a typhoon. The aircraft crashed into construction equipment on the runway, killing 81 of the 179 occupants aboard. Ninety-eight initially survived the impact, but two passengers died later from injuries in a hospital.[1] As of 2020, the accident is the third-deadliest on Taiwanese soil. It was the first fatal accident involving a Boeing 747-400 and the only fatal accident involving the passenger variant, it is also the first and only Singapore Airlines crash to result in fatalities.[1]

Singapore Airlines Flight 006
9V-SPK, the aircraft involved five months before the incident
Accident
Date31 October 2000 (2000-10-31)
SummaryCrashed into construction equipment during takeoff on a closed runway
SiteRunway 05R, Chiang Kai-Shek International Airport, Taoyuan, Taiwan
25°4′35″N 121°13′26″E
Aircraft
Aircraft typeBoeing 747-412
OperatorSingapore Airlines
IATA flight No.SQ006
ICAO flight No.SIA006
Call signSINGAPORE 6
Registration9V-SPK
Flight originSingapore Changi Airport, Singapore
StopoverChiang Kai-shek International Airport (now Taiwan Taoyuan International Airport), Taoyuan, Taiwan
DestinationLos Angeles International Airport, Los Angeles, California, United States
Occupants179
Passengers159
Crew20
Fatalities83
Injuries71
Survivors96

Aircraft and crew

The aircraft involved in the accident was a Boeing 747-412, registered as 9V-SPK with manufacturer's serial number 28023, powered by four Pratt & Whitney PW4056 engines. It was the 1099th Boeing 747 built and had been delivered to Singapore Airlines on 21 January 1997. It was one of two Singapore Airlines 747-412s (The other being 9V-SPL) that was painted in the special Tropical MegaTop Paint Scheme to promote new First and Business Class Items. It had its last maintenance check on 16 September 2000 and had no defects during the inspection and at the time of the accident.[2]

The captain of the flight was Foong Chee Kong (age 41). He was an experienced pilot with a total of 11,235 recorded flight hours, of which 2,017 of them were in Boeing 747-400 aircraft. The first officer, Latiff Cyrano (age 36), had 2,442 total flight hours, including 552 hours on the Boeing 747-400. The third member of the crew was relief pilot Ng Kheng Leng (age 38) with approximately 5,508 total flight hours, including 4,518 hours on the Boeing 747-400.[3]

Crash
Diagram of Typhoon Xangsane's path.

At 15:00 UTC, 23:00 Taipei local time on 31 October 2000,[3] 9V-SPK left Bay B5[4] during heavy rain caused by Typhoon Xangsane. At 23:05:57, ground control cleared the aircraft to taxi to runway 05L via taxiway SS WC then NP.[4] At 23:15:22, the aircraft was cleared for takeoff on runway 05L.[4] Many carriers in Southeast and East Asia take off during inclement weather.[5]

After a six-second hold, at 23:16:36, the crew attempted takeoff on runway 05R – which had been closed for repairs – instead of the assigned runway 05L (which ran parallel to 05R). The captain correctly heard that he needed to take off at 05L, but he turned 215 metres (705 ft) too soon and lined up with 05R.[6] The airport was not equipped with ASDE, a ground radar that allows the air traffic controllers to monitor aircraft movements on the ground.[7]

3D Diagram of Chiang Kai-shek International Airport and the taxi path of Singapore Airlines Flight 006. The dotted green line indicates the correct path to Runway 05L. The yellow arrow indicates the path to Runway 05R. The red path indicates the fatal takeoff path.

Due to poor visibility in the heavy rain, the flight crew did not see that construction equipment, including two excavators, two vibrating rollers, one small bulldozer, and one air compressor,[3] had been parked on runway 05R. In addition, the runway contained concrete Jersey barriers and pits.[4] About 41 seconds later,[4] the aircraft collided with the machinery and broke into three major pieces. The fuselage was torn in two, and the engines and landing gear separated.[4] A crane tore the left wing from the aircraft, forcing the jet back onto the ground.[8] The nose struck a scoop loader,[9] with a following large fire, destroying the forward section of the fuselage and the wings.[4] Seventy-nine of 159 passengers and four of 20 crew members died in the accident. Many of the dead were seated in the middle section of the aircraft;[3] the fuel stored in the wings exploded and incinerated that section.[10] At 23:17:36, the emergency bell sounded and 41 firefighting vehicles, 58 ambulances, nine lighting units, and 436 personnel were dispatched to assist survivors and extinguish the fire. Chemical extinguishing agents rained on the aircraft at about three minutes after the impact.[4] At 23:35, roughly 10 minutes after the impact, the fire was brought under control.[4] At 23:40, non-airport ambulances and emergency vehicles from other agencies congregated at the north gate. At 00:00 Taipei time on 1 November, the fire was mostly extinguished and the front part of the aircraft was destroyed. Authorities established a temporary command centre.[4]

Casualties
Rescuers retrieving a casualty from the wreckage.

At the time of the crash, 179 passengers and crew,[11] including three children and three infants, were on the aircraft. Of the 179 occupants, 83 were killed, 39 suffered from serious injuries, 32 had minor injuries, while 25 were uninjured.[4] Amongst those who perished, there were four crew members. 81 passengers and crew died on impact immediately after the crash and two passengers died at a hospital.[10]

The passengers mostly consisted of Taiwanese and Americans.[12]

Nationalities of passengers and crew
Nationality[13][14]PassengersCrewTotal
TotalKilledSurvivedTotalKilledSurvivedTotalKilledSurvived
Australia101000101
Cambodia101000101
Canada101000101
Germany101000101
India1110100011101
Indonesia514000514
Ireland101000101
Japan110000110
Malaysia8441[lower-alpha 2]01945
Mexico303000303
Netherlands110000110
New Zealand202000202
Philippines110000110
Singapore118317413281216
Spain101000101
Taiwan (Republic of China)552629202572631
Thailand202000202
United Kingdom422000422
United States472423000472423
Vietnam211000211
Total1597980204161798396

Amongst the Singaporeans who perished were Elma Thwaites, mother of Singapore Turf Club horse-trainer Malcolm Thwaites; Dr. Sung Kah Kay (Chinese: 宋家骥; pinyin: Sòng Jiājì[15]), assistant professor of the National University of Singapore's Department of Computer Science;[16][17] Dr. Sung's wife, Jennifer Loo Tak Wing;[18] and Captain Lim Kim Hock, a Republic of Singapore Air Force pilot on his way to the Air National Guard to attend the Advanced Fighter Weapons Instructor Course.[19] In addition, four of the dead were Motorola employees.[15][20] Amongst perished passengers of other nationalities were the president and two vice-presidents of Buena Park, California-based Ameripec Inc.[21] Kevin Rice, a professor at UC Davis, survived the crash with more than 12% of his body burned,[22] as did John Diaz, a vice-president of MP3.com, who survived the crash with injuries not related to burns.[23] William Wang, who later founded Vizio, survived with only carbon monoxide poisoning.[24]

Origin of passengers and crew and types of injuries sustained
Diagram of 9V-SPK illustrating crew and passenger seat locations, lack of injury, severity of injuries, and deaths.

The captain, co-pilot and relief pilot originated from Singapore on another SQ 006 flight the day before the accident, rested at a hotel in Taipei, and boarded SQ 006 on 31 October.[3] All three flight crew members survived the crash. The pilot and relief pilot sustained no injuries while the co-pilot received minor injuries.[3] Of the 17 cabin crew members, four died, four received serious injuries, and nine received minor injuries.[3]

Of the passengers, 79 died, 35 received serious injuries, 22 received minor injuries, and 23 were uninjured.[3]

The aircraft had five first-class passengers, 28 business-class passengers (nine on lower deck and 19 on upper deck), and 126 economy-class passengers.[3][25] Of the first class passengers, one received a minor injury and four received no injuries. Of the business-class passengers, 14 (two on lower deck, 12 on upper deck) died, two (one on lower deck, one on upper deck) received serious injuries, seven (two on lower deck, five on upper deck) received minor injuries, and eight (four on lower deck, four on upper deck) were uninjured. Of the economy class passengers, 65 died, 33 received serious injuries, 14 received minor injuries, and 11 were uninjured.[3] The lower deck passengers who died were seated in rows 22 through 38.[3][26] Sixty-four of 76 passengers in the forward economy section were killed by the explosion of the centre fuel tank, which resulted in intense fire.[9] In the upper deck of the business class section, 12 of 19 passengers and one of two flight attendants died due to smoke inhalation and fire;[9] 10 bodies, originating from the upper deck of business class, were found between the stairwell and the 2L exit on the main deck.[9] All passengers in the aft economy section survived.[9]

Of the passengers on the TPE-LAX leg, 77 flew from Singapore and 82 flew from Taipei. Of the passengers originating from Singapore, 37 died. Of the passengers originating from Taipei, 42 died. Of the three male passengers identified as infants, including two Indians originated from Singapore and one Taiwanese originated from Taipei, all three died.

The Department of Forensic Pathology Institute of Foreign Medicine, Ministry of Justice performed seven autopsies. One person died from impact injuries, and six people died from severe burns.[3] Many passengers on the flight sustained burns since jet fuel splashed onto the passengers.[27]

Lin Ming-liang, a 45-year-old Taiwanese passenger bearing burns to more than 86% of his body, died of his injuries at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Chinese: 長庚紀念醫院; pinyin: Chánggēng Jìniàn Yīyuàn), Linkou, Taipei County (now New Taipei City) on Sunday 5 November 2000.[28] Lee Suet Yee,[29] a hospitalised Singaporean woman bearing burns to 95% of her body, died of her injuries in a Taiwanese hospital on 24 November 2000.[30][31]

Diaz did not receive burns; he received lung damage and "body shock," which resulted in compressed joints with soft tissue damage.[23] When Diaz appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show, he used a walker.[32]

Investigation findings
The broken off tail section of 9V-SPK.

An investigation into the accident was conducted by the Aviation Safety Council (ASC) of the Republic of China (Taiwan). The final report was issued by the ASC on 24 April 2002. In the report section "Findings Related to Probable Causes," which detailed factors that played a major role in the circumstances leading to the accident, it was stated that the flight crew did not review the taxi route, despite having all the relevant charts, and as a result did not know the aircraft had entered the wrong runway. Upon entering the wrong runway, the flight crew had neglected to check the para visual display (PVD) and the primary flight display (PFD), which would have indicated that the aircraft was lined up on the wrong runway. According to the ASC, these errors, coupled with the imminent arrival of the typhoon and the poor weather conditions, caused the flight crew to lose situational awareness and led them to attempt to take off from the wrong runway.[3][33]

Notification of details

Immediately after the accident occurred, James Boyd,[27] a Singapore Airlines spokesperson in Los Angeles, stated that no fatalities occurred in the crash;[10][34][35] the airline statement was later revised to state that fatalities occurred.

The airline initially stated that reports of the aircraft taking the wrong runway were untrue before the fact that the wrong runway was used was proven true.[36]

Khan Mahmood, whose sister and parents died in SQ006, criticised the airline for taking too much time to notify relatives.[37][38]

A counselling centre opened at Los Angeles International Airport to deal with relatives of passengers.[39]

Relatives of victims provided blood samples to identify bodies.[40]

Contesting investigation findings

Singapore's Ministry of Transport made several comments on the ASC report.[41]

Singapore Airlines also issued a statement after the release of the ASC report. In their statement, Singapore Airlines reiterated the points brought up by the Singapore investigators and added that air traffic control (ATC) did not follow their own procedure when they gave clearance for SQ006 to take off despite ATC's not being able to see the aircraft. Singapore Airlines also clarified that the para visual display (PVD) was meant to help the flight crew maintain the runway centerline in poor visibility, rather than to identify the runway in use.[42]

The statement by Kay Yong (Chinese: 戎凱; pinyin: Rēng Kǎi), managing director of the Republic of China's Aviation Safety Council, implied that pilot error played a major role in the crash of the Boeing 747-400, which led to the deaths of 83 people. He stated that the airport should have placed markers stating that the runway was closed to takeoffs and landings.[43]

Runway 05R was not blocked off by barriers because part of the strip was used by landing planes to taxi back to the airport terminal. The pilot confirmed twice with the control tower that he was on the correct runway; controllers did not know the plane had actually gone on to the wrong runway because the airport lacked ground radar and the plane was out of sight of the tower at the time of its takeoff attempt.[3]

Actions of flight crew and flight attendants

John Wiggans, a survivor of the crash, stated in a USA Today article that the staff were unable to help the passengers escape from the aircraft due to being frozen by fear and/or due to lack of competence in emergency procedures; Wiggans was seated in the upper deck business class area.[44] The Straits Times carried reports of flight attendants saving lives of passengers.[45][46] One story from the newspaper stated that Irene Ang Miau Lee (洪妙丽; Hóng Miàolì)[15] escaped the crash, ran back into the aircraft to attempt to save passengers, and died.[47]

The Australian reported that some flight attendants helped passengers and some flight attendants fled the aircraft before all passengers were accounted for.[44] Genevieve Jiang of The Electric New Paper stated that the pilots attempted to help the passengers.[48]

The Taiwanese report stated that the relief pilot (Crew Member 3, or CM-3) said in an interview that he was the first to leave the cockpit and the last to leave the aircraft[3](Pg. 108/508) A passenger sitting in seat 17A stated that the Right Upper Deck Door flight attendant directed him to the main deck via the stairs. The flight attendant died.[3](Pg. 108/508)

Upper deck passengers and flight attendants stated that the Crew-In-Charge flight attendant (CIC) travelled upstairs after the first impact; the Crew-In-Charge flight attendant died.[3](Pg. 109/508)

The 3R and 3L flight attendants died; they were seated in the middle of the aircraft.[3](Pg. 110/508)

Aftermath
9V-SPL, the sister aircraft of 9V-SPK, still wearing tropical livery in November 2000
After the crash, 9V-SPL's tropical livery was removed.

After the release of the ASC report, Republic of China (ROC) public prosecutors called upon the flight crew of SQ006 to return to the ROC for questioning and the three-member crew complied. Rumours abounded at the time that the pilots might be detained in the ROC and charged with negligence. IFALPA had previously stated that it would advise its members of the difficulties of operating into the ROC if the flight crew of SQ006 were prosecuted. The prosecutors did not press charges and the flight crew were allowed to leave the ROC.

The accident aircraft 9V-SPK was painted in Singapore Airlines special promotion livery, a scheme called "Tropical", at the time of the accident. The special livery was intended to promote Singapore Airlines new first class and business class products. After the accident, 9V-SPK's sister aircraft, 9V-SPL, the only other aircraft painted with the promotional livery, was immediately removed from service and repainted with standard Singapore Airlines livery. Since then, the only special livery that Singapore Airlines applies to some of its aircraft outside its standard livery is the Star Alliance livery.

Dozens of survivors and relatives of those killed filed lawsuits against the airline and ROC authorities.[49][50] Despite a Taiwanese High Prosecutor's decision to not prosecute the pilots for the first three years after the crash, Singapore Airlines subsequently fired the captain and first officer in 2002.[51]

The Association of Asian American Yale Alumni named the Tina E. Yeh Community Service Fellowship program after Tina Eugenia Yeh, an American who boarded SQ006 in Taipei and died.[52][53]

Repatriation of bodies

By 8 November 2000, several bodies were scheduled to be repatriated. Of the bodies:[54]

  • 19, including 14 Americans, 3 Taiwanese, and 2 Indians, were repatriated to the United States
  • 13, including 11 Singaporeans, 1 British, and 1 American, were repatriated to Singapore
  • 10, including 8 Indians and 2 Americans, were repatriated to India
  • 4 were repatriated to Malaysia[55]
  • 3 Americans were repatriated to Canada
  • 1 was repatriated to Indonesia[55]
  • 1 was repatriated to Japan[55]
  • 1 was repatriated to the Netherlands[55]
  • 1 was repatriated to the United Kingdom
  • 1 was repatriated to Vietnam[55]

The bodies of 14 Taiwanese passengers and the others remained in Taipei to be collected by relatives.[54]

Hospitalization and release of survivors

By 2 November 2000, 40 passengers and crew were hospitalised, of whom 11 were later released that night.[56] On 5 November 2000, 34 passengers and crew remained hospitalised. 64 were discharged from the hospitals.[57] Lin Ming-Liang, a Taiwanese passenger, died that day. On 8 November 2000, 24 passengers and crew remained hospitalised: 20 in the Republic of China (Taiwan), 3 in Singapore and 1 in the United States.[54] The Republic of Singapore Air Force deployed a specially configured KC-135R for the medical evacuation of critical Singaporean victims. 73 survivors, 40 who were not hospitalised and 33 who were discharged, had either returned home or continued with their travel.

The film Thread That Binds includes an interview with Farzana Abdul Razak, a surviving flight attendant.[58]

Episode 3 ("Caution to the Wind") of season 12 of the Canadian TV series Mayday (also known as Air Crash Investigation) documented the whole investigation process.

See also

Notes
  1. Abbreviated forms of the flight name combine the airline's IATA airline code (SQ) or ICAO airline code (SIA) with the flight number.
  2. The captain.[3]

References
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Investigation reports

Aviation Safety Council

Singapore Airlines press statements
Court documents
Cockpit voice recorder data
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