Siege of Fort Mose

Located two miles north of St. Augustine, Fort Mose was established in 1738 by the Spanish as a refuge for British black slaves escaping from the colonies of Georgia and South Carolina. Forty-five years earlier, in 1693, King Charles II of Spain had ordered his Florida colonists to give all runaway slaves from British colonies freedom and protection if they converted to Catholicism and agreed to serve Spain.

The fort consisted of a church, a wall of timber with some towers, and some twenty houses inhabited by a hundred people.[10] The maroons were commissioned as Spanish militia by Governor Manuel de Montiano and put under the command of Captain Francisco Menéndez, a mulatto or creole of African-Spanish descent, who had escaped from slavery in South Carolina.

Fort Mose's militia soon became a matter of concern for the British colonies.[10] The fort served as both a colony of freedmen and as Spanish Florida's front-line of defense against British attacks from the north. The Spanish intended to destabilize the plantation economy of the British colonies by creating a community that would attract slaves seeking escape and refuge. Word of the free black settlement reached the Province of South Carolina; it is believed to have helped inspire the Stono Rebellion in September 1739. During the slave revolt, several dozen blacks headed for Spanish Florida, but were not successful in reaching it. The fort was later important in the British Siege of St. Augustine.[11]

At the outbreak of the War of Jenkins’ Ear in 1739, General James Oglethorpe, governor of Georgia, encouraged by some successful raids the British colonial Rangers made in the frontier, decided to raise a significant expedition to capture and destroy St. Augustine, capital of Spanish Florida.[12] As part of the campaign, he realized his forces had to capture and hold Fort Mose.

Oglethorpe launched his campaign. Regular troops from South Carolina and Georgia, militia volunteers, about 600 allied American Indian Creek and Uchise allies, and about 800 black slaves as auxiliaries made up the expedition, which was supported at sea by seven ships of the British Royal Navy.[12] Montiano, who had 600 regulars including reinforcements recently arrived from Cuba, was forced to resist entrenched. On several occasions he attacked the British lines by surprise.[2]

Approaching St. Augustine, a British party under Colonel John Palmer, composed of 170 men belonging to the Georgia colonial militia, the Highland Independent Company of Darien, and auxiliary native allies, rapidly occupied Fort Mose, strategically sited on a vital travel route.[7] The British forces suffered from conflicts in command and control. The Highlanders were primarily Gaelic speaking and were unimpressed with Colonel Palmer's leadership. For his part, Colonel Palmer was likewise distrustful of the Highlanders' abilities as disciplined soldiers.

Manuel de Montiano had ordered the fort abandoned after some of its inhabitants had been killed by Indian allies of Great Britain. The free black residents moved to St. Augustine.

While the Oglethorpe expedition laid siege to St. Augustine, Montiano considered his options. Knowing the strategic importance of Fort Mose, and realizing its vulnerabilities, Montiano decided to undertake a counter-offensive operation. At dawn on June 15 Captain Antonio Salgado commanded Spanish regulars, and Francisco Menéndez led the maroon militia and Seminole Indian auxiliaries, in a surprise attack on Mose.[2][4] The attack was initiated two hours before the British soldiers awoke so that they could not prepare their arms for defense.[13] About 75 of the British colonials were killed and 34 were captured in bloody hand-to-hand combat with swords, muskets, and clubs.[4]

The Spanish victory at Fort Mose demoralized the badly divided British forces and was a significant factor in Oglethorpe's withdrawal to Savannah.[4] In late June St. Augustine was relieved by Spanish forces from Havana, and the Royal Navy's warships abandoned the land forces.[4] Governor Montiano commended the maroons for their bravery.[13] Although Fort Mose had been destroyed during the siege, its former residents were resettled in St. Augustine for the next decade as free and equal Spanish colonial citizens.[13]

When the Spanish rebuilt the fort in 1752, free blacks returned there. After the British victory against the French in the Seven Years' War, it took over East Florida in a related trade with Spain. Most of the residents and military evacuated to Cuba, and Francisco Menéndez and most of the free blacks went with them, to escape being re-enslaved by British colonial forces.

• Battle of Bloody Marsh
• Invasion of Georgia (1742)
• Francisco Menéndez

• Burnett, Gene M. (1997). Florida's Past: People and Events That Shaped the State. Pineapple Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-56164-139-0
• De Quesada, A. M. (2006). A History of Florida Forts: Florida's Lonely Outposts. The History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-104-1
• Gómez, Santiago: La Guerra de la Oreja de Jenkins. Combates en el Caribe. Operaciones principales. Revista de Historia Naval (in Spanish)
• Henderson, Ann L. (1991). Spanish Pathways in Florida, 1492–1992. Pineapple Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-56164-004-1
• Jones, Maxine D.; McCarthy, Kevin M. (1993). African Americans in Florida. Pineapple Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-56164-031-7
• Landers, Jane (1999). Black Society in Spanish Florida. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06753-2
• Linebaugh, Peter and Marcus Rediker (2001). The Many-headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-5007-1.
• Marley, David (1998). Wars of the Americas: a Chronology of Armed Conflict in the New World, 1492 to the Present. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-87436-837-6
• Martínez Laínez, Fernando; Canales, Carlos (2009). Banderas Lejanas: la Exploración, Conquista y Defensa por España del Territorio de los Actuales Estados Unidos. EDAF. ISBN 978-84-414-2119-6
• Riordan, Patrick. "Finding Freedom in Florida: Native Peoples, African Americans, and Colonists, 1670–1816", Florida Historical Quarterly 75(1), 1996, pp. 25–44, at JSTOR.
• Twyman, Bruce Edward. The Black Seminole Legacy and Northern American Politics, 1693–1845. Washington: Howard University Press, 1999.
• Wasserman, Adam (2009). A People's History of Florida 1513–1876: How Africans, Seminoles, Women, and Lower Class Whites Shaped the Sunshine State. Adam Wasserman. ISBN 978-1-4421-6709-4