Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)
In the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo, the French Marshal Michel Ney took the fortified city from Field Marshal Don Andrés Perez de Herrasti[1] on 10 July 1810 after a siege that began on 26 April. Ney's VI Corps made up part of a 65,000-strong army commanded by André Masséna, who was bent on a third French invasion of Portugal.
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Forces
Ney's VI Corps included Jean Marchand's 1st Division (6,500), Julien Mermet's 2nd Division (7,400), Louis Loison's 3rd Division (6,600), Auguste Lamotte's corps light cavalry brigade (900), Charles Gardanne's mounted dragoon brigade (1,300) and 60 cannon.
Herrasti commanded 3 regular battalions from the Avila, Segovia and 1st Majorca Infantry Regiments, 375 artillerymen and 60 sappers. These troops were supplemented by 3 battalions of the Volunteers of Ciudad Rodrigo and 1 battalion of the Urban Guard.
Siege
Initially hoping to be relieved by the British Light under Brigadier General Robert Craufurd, which was nearby, in accordance with the aid that had been promised, Herrasti refused the initial offer to surrender.[2] Viscount Wellington was not however prepared to meet the French in open battle, as he was greatly outnumbered, resting on the Portuguese frontier to await the outcome of the siege.
Herrasti's 5,500-man Spanish garrison put up a gallant and sustained defence,[2] for over 10 weeks, surrendering only after the counterscarp had been blown in, Ney's artillery opened practical breaches in the walls and the French infantry were poised for an assault.[3]:277 Herrasti met Ney at the foot of the breach and having been offered the chance of an honourable capitulation, accepted. "Ney promised that the people and property of the inhabitants of the city would be respected. However, all the men who had participated in the defence, and the members of the Central Junta who had encouraged it, would be taken as prisoners to France."[2]
The Spanish suffered 461 killed and 994 wounded, while 4,000 men and 118 cannon were captured. Ney's VI Corps lost 180 killed and over 1,000 wounded during the siege. The French soldiery then pillaged the city, breaking Ney's promise. The siege delayed Masséna's invasion of Portugal by over a month.
Aftermath
French troops advanced, following up the retreating British fought the Battle of the Côa soon after. The Siege of Almeida was started and ended suddenly with a massive explosion of the fortress magazine on 26 August. With all obstacles cleared from their path, the French could march on Lisbon in strength.
A defensive battle, the Battle of Bussaco, was fought, which gave the French a bloody nose, before the British and Portuguese fell back on the Lines of Torres Vedras which were completed as the troops arrived. The lines were designed to enable a successful defence of Lisbon and avoid a British evacuation of the peninsular, as had happened after the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.
The delay in capturing Cuidad Rodrigo gave many precious weeks of time to enable the Lines of Torres Vedras to be completed and therefore contributed greatly to the Allied victory of the Peninsular War.
A second Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo occurred in January 1812, with the French being besieged this time, losing the town after a short two-week siege.
References
Notes
- Perez de Herrasti, Governor of Ciudad Rodrigo
- "Perez de Herrasti, Governor of Ciudad Rodrigo: "the thumb breaks but does not bend"". napoleon-series.org.
- Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
Bibliography
- Chandler, David (1979). Dictionary of the Napoleonic Wars. Macmillan.
- Glover, Michael (1974). The Peninsular War 1807–1814. Penguin.
- Horward, Donald, ed. (1973). The French Campaign in Portugal 1810–1811: An Account by Jean Jacques Pelet. University of Minnesota.
- Smith, Digby (1998). The Napoleonic Wars Data Book. Greenhill.
- Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.
- Pérez de Herrasti, A. (published in Madrid 1814) Relación Histórica y Circunstanciada de los Sucesos del Sitio de la Plaza de Ciudad Rodrigo en el año 1810, hasta su rendición al Exército Francés mandado por el príncipe de Essling el 10 de julio del mismo [Historical and Detailed Account of the Events of the Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo in 1810, until its surrender to the French Army sent by the Prince of Essling 10 July of the same]
