Same-sex marriage in Portugal

A de facto union (Portuguese: união de facto; Mirandese: ounion de fato) is a legally recognised union, wherein couples, opposite-sex or same-sex, are granted similar rights and benefits to marriage. Same-sex de facto unions were established through Law no. 7/2001 (Lei n.º 7/2001).

On 1 February 2006, a lesbian couple applied for a marriage licence. Their application was refused, but the couple, Teresa Pires and Helena Paixão, promised to challenge the ban in court, saying that it discriminated against them on the basis of sexual orientation, which is banned by the 1976 Constitution.[5] Discrimination based on sexual orientation was made illegal in 2004. In May 2007, the court rejected the motion, and they appealed to the Portuguese Constitutional Court. The Constitutional Court received the case in July 2007. Helena and Teresa's lawyer, Luís Grave Rodrigues, presented their allegations on 19 October 2007, including seven legal opinions (pareceres) from Portuguese professors of law arguing that the ban on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional.[6][7]

On 9 July 2009, the Constitutional Court decided on a 3–2 vote that the Constitution does not demand the recognition of same-sex marriage,[8][9][10] but also does not oppose it, and that the decision must be made by the Assembly of the Republic.

Two bills to legalize same-sex marriage were presented to Parliament on 10 October 2008. The bills were introduced separately by the Left Bloc (BE) and the Green Party (PEV). Both bills were rejected by Parliament on opposition from the governing Socialist Party and the main opposition Social Democratic Party.[11][12]

Prime Minister José Sócrates stated on 18 January 2009 that, if re-elected in the September 2009 elections, he planned to introduce a bill to grant same-sex couples the right to marry. While the bill did not contemplate adoption, most LGBT organizations in Portugal supported the measure as an important step.[13][14][15]

In March 2009, Jorge Lacão, the Secretary of State for the Presidency of the Council of Ministers, confirmed that the Socialist Government intended to legalize same-sex marriage if re-elected in 2009.[16] Manuela Ferreira Leite, the leader of the conservative Social Democratic Party (PSD), expressed her opposition to the recognition of same-sex marriage.[17]

In May 2009, a grassroots movement, the Movement for Equality in Access to Civil Marriage (Portuguese: Movimento pela Igualdade no acesso ao casamento civil), was formed to campaign for the proposed same-sex marriage law. It attracted the support of several Portuguese celebrities, including Nobel Prize winner José Saramago and the Mayor of Lisbon, António Costa.[18][19]

In October 2009, the newly re-elected José Sócrates made an assurance that the Socialist Party would move ahead with its campaign promise of same-sex marriage. The proposition received strong support from the Left Bloc, with its parliamentary leader presenting a proposed amendment to the Family Code which would make the definition of marriage gender-neutral.[20][21][22][23] In mid-October 2009, Jorge Lacão said it was likely that same-sex marriage would be legalised in early 2010.[24]

On 3 November 2009, José Ribeiro e Castro, a member of the CDS-PP, called for a referendum but the Prime Minister, the Socialist Party and Left Bloc rejected that idea.[25][26][27][28]

On 4 November 2009, Francisco Assis, the parliamentary leader of the Socialist Party, said that the same-sex marriage bill would be voted on soon and confirmed that the bill would not allow same-sex couples to adopt children.[29][30] On 17 December 2009, the Government approved the same-sex marriage bill.[31][32]

On 8 January 2010, after a debate which included the intervention of the Prime Minister,[33][34][35] the Portuguese Parliament passed the bill in its first reading by 126 votes to 97,[36][37][38] and rejected bills introduced by the Left Bloc and the Green Party, as well as a measure to create registered civil unions submitted by the PSD.[39][40][41][42] On 10 February, the Constitutional Affairs Committee of Parliament approved the bill.[43] The final parliamentary vote took place on 11 February, with the bill being approved.[44][45] On 24 February 2010, the Constitutional Affairs Committee sent the bill to the Portuguese President, Aníbal Cavaco Silva.[46][47]

On 13 March 2010, the President asked the Constitutional Court to verify whether the bill was constitutional.[48][49] On 8 April 2010, the Portuguese Constitutional Court ruled (11–2) for the constitutionality of the bill, with three members concluding that the Constitution required the recognition of same-sex marriages.[50][51][52][53] The ruling was published in the official gazette on 28 April, giving President Aníbal Cavaco Silva twenty days to sign, or veto, the bill.[54][55]

On 17 May 2010, the President signed the bill.[56][57] The law was published in the Diário da República on 31 May 2010 and became effective on 5 June 2010.[1][2] On 7 June, Teresa Pires and Helena Paixão became the first lesbian same-sex couple to marry in Portugal.[58][59]

Article 1577 of the Portuguese Civil Code was amended to read as follows:[60]

• Casamento é o contrato celebrado entre duas pessoas que pretendem constituir família, mediante uma plena comunhão de vida, nos termos das disposições deste Código.
• (Marriage is a contract between two persons who intend to found a family through a full communion of life, in accordance with the provisions of this Code.)

On 24 February 2012, Parliament rejected two bills allowing same-sex couples to adopt children.[61][62]

On 17 May 2013, Parliament rejected a bill allowing same-sex couples to adopt children, in a 104-77 vote. On the same day, Parliament approved in its first reading a bill allowing same-sex married couples to adopt their partner's children (i.e. stepchild adoption).[63] However, that bill was rejected in its second reading on 14 March 2014, in a 107-112 vote.[64]

On 17 January 2014, Parliament approved a resolution to hold a referendum on adoption rights for same-sex couples.[65][66][67] On 28 January, President Aníbal Cavaco Silva asked the Constitutional Court to verify whether the resolution was constitutional.[68][69] On 19 February 2014, the Court declared the resolution unconstitutional.[70][71] Subsequently, Cavaco Silva vetoed it the following day.[72][73][68]

On 20 November 2015, Parliament approved 5 bills allowing same-sex adoption in their first readings. The bills were sent to the Committee for Constitutional Affairs, Rights, Freedoms and Guarantees.[74][75][76][77][78][79] On 16 December, the committee merged the bills into one project and voted for its approval.[80][81] On 18 December, the bill was approved by Parliament in its second, final vote.[82][83] The President vetoed the bill on 23 January 2016, with the decision being announced publicly on 25 January.[84][85][86] On 10 February 2016, the veto was overridden by Parliament.[87][88] It was published in the official journal on 29 February. The law took effect the first day of the first month after its publication (i.e. 1 March 2016).[89]