Recognition of same-sex unions in Romania

Romania does not allow same-sex marriage or civil unions, though it does recognise the right of residence of same-sex married couples if one partner is an EU citizen. As a result of a ruling of the European Court of Justice in June 2018, same-sex married partners of EU citizens must be recognised for the purpose of establishing a right of residency in Romania.[1][2]

Marriage
LGBT portal

The Constitution of Romania does not define marriage directly, but Article 48 of the Constitution defines marriages between "spouses" as the foundation of the family.[3]

History
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

2004 election campaign

Former Romanian President Traian Băsescu said during his electoral campaign of late 2004 that he sees nothing wrong with same-sex marriage. The opposition Social Democratic Party later used his comments against him during the presidential campaign.

Activism

The primary LGBT rights defender in Romania, ACCEPT, has advocated for partnership rights for same-sex couples as well as for same-sex marriage in Romania. The organisation launched a campaign to legalise same-sex unions in Romania during the Bucharest GayFest 2006, which lasted from 30 May to 4 June, and was organised under the theme of "Same-sex marriage and civil unions in Romania". This event provoked widespread debate over the issue in the media. LGBT activists from ACCEPT organised a public debate and seminar on same-sex unions on 31 May, and called on the Government of Romania to provide marriage or at least registered partnership for same-sex couples, offering its assistance in forming a legislative proposal.[4]

Romaniţa Iordache, the president of ACCEPT, stated on 31 May 2006 that "Article 200 [the last anti-gay law] has been abrogated, but we [the LGBT community] still do not have equal rights, even though the Constitution guarantees this."[5] The spokesman of ACCEPT, Florin Buhuceanu, claimed that, "guaranteeing the equality of rights through the recognition of gay marriage... is just a step forward."[6]

Romania's first religious same-sex marriage ceremony took place on 5 June 2006, following the Bucharest GayFest, when Florin Buhuceanu, the executive director of ACCEPT, married his Spanish partner of four years. The symbolic marriage, which has no legal status in Romania, was blessed by the Metropolitan Community Church in Bucharest, an international denomination which recognises same-sex unions and supports LGBT rights. The couple married officially later in 2006, in a civil marriage in Spain, where same-sex marriage is legal.[7][8]

Statutory same-sex marriage ban

On 13 February 2008, the Senate of Romania voted in favour of an amendment to the Civil Code, proposed by Greater Romania Party, to explicitly define marriage as being only between a man and a woman. Previously, the law had only used the words "between spouses". The amendment was approved with 38 votes for, 10 votes against and 19 senators abstaining.[9] It was not voted on in the Chamber of Deputies, and as new elections took place at the end of that year, the legislation died.

In May 2009, a new Civil Code was proposed by the Government. The Parliamentary Subcommittee responsible for the Civil Code decided to amend the definition of marriage, mentioning explicitly that it must be "between a man and a woman". Furthermore, an amendment was passed stating that the Romanian state would not recognise foreign same-sex marriages.[10][11]

Article 259 (1) of the Civil Code states that marriage is "the freely consented union between one man and one woman". In addition, Article 277 (1) of the code emphasizes that "marriage shall be prohibited between persons of the same sex".[12]

2018 European Court of Justice ruling
Main article: Coman and Others v General Inspectorate for Immigration and Ministry of the Interior

In 2018, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) ruled in favour of a Romanian man, Adrian Coman, who was seeking to have his marriage to his American husband Clai Hamilton recognised. They had married in 2010 in Belgium, where same-sex marriage has been legal since 2003. European Union law permits a non-EU spouse of an EU citizen to join their spouse in the member state where the European national resides. However, Romanian authorities refused to issue a residence permit to Hamilton, saying he could not be recognised as Coman's spouse because Romanian law prohibits same-sex marriages. The couple filed suit, arguing that the refusal was discrimination based on sexual orientation, which is banned in Romania.[1]

The Constitutional Court heard the case in 2016 and later decided to consult the ECJ on the matter.[13] The ECJ began examining the case in November 2017.[14] In January 2018, Advocate General Melchior Wathelet advised the court to rule in favour of the couple:

Although member states are free to authorize marriage between persons of the same sex or not, they may not impede the freedom of residence of an E.U. citizen by refusing to grant his or her spouse of the same sex, a national of a non-E.U. country, a right of permanent residence in their territory.

Opinions of the Advocate General are not legally binding but are normally followed by the court.[15]

The ECJ found in the couple's favour on 5 June 2018,[1] ruling that EU member states may choose whether or not to allow same-sex marriage, but they cannot obstruct the freedom of residence of an EU citizen and their spouse. Furthermore, the court ruled that the term "spouse" is gender-neutral, and that it does not necessarily imply a person of the opposite sex.[1] Coman welcomed the ruling, saying: "We can now look in the eyes of any public official in Romania and across the EU with certainty that our relationship is equally valuable and equally relevant for the purpose of free movement within the EU."[16] The ruling was well received by White & Case, the law firm which represented the couple, as well as the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) and other human rights groups, but drew criticism from religious and conservative groups.[17] The Romanian Orthodox Church called the ruling "anti-democratic".[18]

The Court finds that the obligation for a Member State to recognise a marriage between persons of the same sex concluded in another Member State in accordance with the law of that state, for the sole purpose of granting a derived right of residence to a third-country national, does not undermine the institution of marriage in the first Member State, which is defined by national law and falls within the competence of the Member States. Such recognition does not require that Member State to provide, in its national law, for the institution of marriage between persons of the same sex. It is confined to the obligation to recognise such marriages, concluded in another Member State in accordance with the law of that state, for the sole purpose of enabling such persons to exercise the rights they enjoy under EU law.

— European Court of Justice[1][2]

On 18 July 2018, the Romanian Constitutional Court ruled that the state must grant residency rights to the same-sex partners of European Union citizens. This came after the aforementioned couple applied for recognition with the court following the ECJ ruling the previous month.[19][20]

Civil unions

Registered partnerships have not been legislated for in Romania, despite several failed attempts in the past.

History

On 23 February 2008, Péter Eckstein-Kovács, a parliamentarian from the Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania, proposed the legalisation of registered partnerships which would have allowed unmarried same-sex and opposite-sex couples a number of rights. He said that the current Family Code was "adopted more than fifty years ago and no longer reflected social realities, both in the case of homosexuals and heterosexuals".[21] This marked the first time in Romania that a politician had explicitly supported civil partnerships for same-sex couples.

On 23 July 2008, Péter Eckstein-Kovács re-introduced a civil partnership bill in the Senate. However, the bill died in the Senate following the 2008 Romanian legislative election.[22]

A civil partnerships bill was introduced by Democratic Liberal Deputy Viorel Arion in February 2011. It would have provided same-sex and opposite-sex couples with some of the rights of marriage. It received a favourable recommendation from the Legislative Committee of the Chamber of Deputies. However, the bill was opposed by the Government, which stated that the Civil Code only recognises one form of relationship in Romania (marriage between a man and a woman).[23]

Green Party bills

In April 2013, Green Party MP Remus Cernea announced he would introduce a proposed law that would give same-sex couples the same rights as heterosexual ones, prompting fierce reactions from opponents of the move.[24] Among the most vehement was from Senator Puiu Hașotti, who described homosexuals as "sick people" and "not natural", prompting a formal complaint made by the gay rights organisation ACCEPT addressed to the National Council for Combating Discrimination.[25][26] On 4 July 2013, Cernea introduced the bill in the Senate.[27][28] A few months later, the Romanian Government issued a statement confirming they would not support the bill and on 17 December 2013 the bill was rejected by the Senate by 110 votes to 2.[29][30] On 13 March 2014, a judicial committee unanimously advised the Parliament to reject the proposal.[31] On 11 June 2014, the bill was rejected by the Chamber of Deputies with 298 votes opposed to the bill, 4 in favor of the bill and 5 abstentions.[32][33]

On 31 March 2015, another civil unions proposal was rejected by the Senate with 49 votes in favor, 8 against and 3 abstentions.[34][35]

2018/19 reform attempts

In April 2018, Liviu Dragnea, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, expressed his support for civil unions.[36][37] On 9 October 2018, just days after the failed referendum to ban same-sex marriage in Romania's Constitution, the Minister for European Affairs, Victor Negrescu, stated that a bill allowing civil partnerships had been finalized and would be introduced in mid-October.[38] However, in mid-October 2018, some media reported that the introduction of the bill had been postponed, and that the ruling Social Democratic Party (PSD) and Dragnea himself were no longer supporting the idea.[39][40] On 29 October, the Senate rejected the bill introduced by Independent Deputy Oana Bîzgan.[41] On 31 October, a group of 42 deputies from different parties submitted another bill to the Chamber of Deputies.[42][43]

Two separate civil union bills were rejected by the Senate in March 2019. One bill recognised unions of same-sex and opposite-sex couples "for the purpose of setting up a shared private life and household". The other bill proposed shared rights for couples entering such a partnership and covered aspects such as succession rights, sanctions against domestic violence, the obligation to support an incapacitated partner, and fiscal facilities or social benefits granted by the state.[44]

In June 2019, the Chamber of Deputies voted in favour of amending patient rights legislation, to allow patients to designate any person over 18 years of age as their "legal representative" through a statutory declaration. This allows same-sex partners (among others) to visit their partners in hospital and to make medical decisions on their behalf. The initiator of the law specifically referred to the fact that 10% of Romanians live in de facto unions as one of the reasons for the reform.[45][46] The law was promulgated by the President on 24 July 2019 and came into effect on 28 July 2019.[47] While the law does not specifically mention same-sex couples, it provides a mechanism for same-sex couples to obtain equal visitation and medical decision-making rights to different-sex married couples, by appointing themselves as "legal representatives" through a notary public.

Attempts to amend Constitution

Article 48 of the Constitution of Romania states:

The family is founded on the freely consented marriage of the spouses, their full equality, as well as the right and duty of the parents to ensur the upbringing, education and instruction of their children.[lower-alpha 1]

Amending the Romanian Constitution requires approval by the people through a referendum. Until 2014, referendums required a 50% turnout to be valid,[50] but changes to electoral law subsequently reduced this to 30%.[51]

June 2013 attempts

On 5 June 2013, a parliamentary committee tasked with reviewing the Constitution voted to include sexual orientation as a protected ground against discrimination in the new Constitution. The same committee voted, the following day, to change the current marriage law form, which describes marriage as "a consensual union between spouses", to the more restrictive form, describing it "as a union between a man and a woman alone", thus banning same-sex marriage.[52] Green Party MP Remus Cernea, who is a staunch supporter of LGBT rights and who introduced a draft law to the Senate in order to legalize civil unions, thought of the move to ban same-sex marriage as "clearly a democratic setback; Romania should now be included among the most homophobic countries in the world."[52]

Dozens of NGOs protested the move and released a common statement arguing that the protection provision should remain in the new Constitution:[53]

members of the Committee for Constitutional Revision deny the protection for the citizens who most need it (...) [and] as a Member State of the European Union, it is mandatory for Romania to implement the provisions of Community law in the national legislation.

— ACCEPT, Sexual orientation should remain a protected ground in the Romanian Constitution!

Florin Buhuceanu, president of the LGBT rights defender NGO, ACCEPT, said:

we see the scale of schizophrenia: one day you accept sexual orientation as a Constitutional protected ground [against discrimination], the next day you act discriminately on the basis of sexual orientation proposing a different treatment for these citizens of Romania of this sexual orientation.[54][55]

Csaba Asztalos, president of the National Council for Combating Discrimination, thought that the new amendments

are brought to the table just to manipulate, just to incite, just to serve other goals then a real problem (...) [and] that at this point we are channeling the societal hatred through acts like the Constitution only, for example, to have [political] quorum (...) and this is not normal.[56][57][58]

Faced with a series of backlashes from civil society and domestic and international organizations, such as ACCEPT and Amnesty International,[59] the committee retracted both amendments.

Save Romania Union was the only party with parliamentary representation that positioned against a potential referendum to amend the constitutional definition of the family and ban same-sex marriage in Romania.[60] Since its establishment, several party members, including deputies and senators, have attended Bucharest Pride and Cluj Pride, respectively.

2018 referendum
Further information: 2018 Romanian constitutional referendum

The Romanian Government announced plans to hold a referendum in the fall of 2017, following a successful citizens' initiative by a group opposed to same-sex marriage, Coaliția pentru Familie, which collected an estimated 3 million signatures in support of banning same-sex marriage.[61] The Chamber of Deputies approved the initiative on 9 May 2017, in a 232-22 vote.[62] However, no referendum was held that year. The Government proposed referendum dates of May and June 2018, though these passed without a vote.[37][63][64][65] Eventually, the referendum was confirmed to be held on 6 and 7 October 2018.[66] Less than two weeks out from the vote, on 27 September 2018, the Constitutional Court of Romania ruled that same-sex couples have the same rights to privacy and family life as heterosexual couples. The ruling, hailed as a landmark by LGBT advocacy groups the country, stated that legal rights and obligations should be equal under law.[67][68]

Nonetheless, the referendum proceeded as planned on 6 and 7 October 2018. It failed to achieve validity as the turnout was 21.1%, well below the 30% required under the law.[69] The lowest turnout (8.5%) was recorded in Covasna County. The highest turnout (30.7%) was in Suceava County, the only county to surpass the 30% threshold.[70]

Political viewpoints

With the exceptions of Save Romania Union and the Green Party, none of Romania's major political parties, either in government or in opposition, explicitly supports same-sex marriage or registered partnerships, or has proposed any law regarding it, resulting in the debate about this issue in the political sphere being more reserved than in civil society and the media.

On 6 June 2006, the Cotidianul newspaper conducted interviews with representatives of the five main political parties, asking them about their stance on same-sex marriage.[71]

Crin Antonescu, the leader of the parliamentary delegation of the National Liberal Party, part of the governing alliance, declined to give an official party view on the matter. Instead, he said that "both the party and myself have given proof that we are in favour of recognising sexual minorities. However, personally I am against marriage between people of the same sex". The leader of the Democratic Party, the other large governing coalition member, was similarly elusive, stating that: "Now is not the right moment to talk about this issue [same-sex marriage]. We now have other much more important things to do regarding European integration. Let's integrate firstly, and then we can see the way in which mentalities change. Eventually, we will discuss this issue then". Romania's EU accession took place in January 2007. Liviu Negoiţă, the Democrat Mayor of Bucharest's Sector 3, stated that "if a law will exist [legalising same-sex marriage], I will respect it. As a mayor, I don't have any other choice. Personally, I respect the sexual choice of each person".[72] The largest opposition party, the Social Democrats, whose stance on social issues is usually more conservative than that of the governing parties, stated that they would "not initiate and would not support such a legislative proposal". However, the party's official spokesperson also proclaimed that, "a public debate [on same-sex marriage] is necessary, in order to see in what way the standards regarding fundamental liberties can be improved in regard to people with another sexual orientation".

Opposition was seen most clearly from the far-right, nationalist Greater Romania Party. The vice-president of the party stated that "clearly, we wouldn't initiate such a legislative proposal, since we're a Christian party. The sin of sodomy is one of the biggest [sins]". The Conservative Party was less vocal in its opposition to same-sex marriage, with Octavian Petrovici, the vice-president of the party's Bucharest division, stating about same-sex couples that "it's their own choice, and in the same way that we respect the option of every citizen, we respect the choice of these people. However, it is a long way from respecting a choice to making special laws, which do not match the values and principles that our party affirms".

On 27 November 2006, the women's organisation of the Conservative Party adopted a resolution opposing same-sex marriage and same-sex adoption. The resolution declared that "the family has as its primary aim our continuity and we will continue to support its development, particularly since we will be confronted in the future with an accentuated process of aging and a significant reduction in the population. We reject categorically the legalisation of same-sex marriage".[73]

On 10 June 2007, after the annual Bucharest GayFest, the Conservative Party reiterated its position on same-sex marriage, stating: "The sexual options of each citizen are accepted and respected in Romania, but from here until the adoption of special laws for sexual minorities is too long a way. We support the definition of marriage as a union between one man and one woman".[74]

Public opinion

The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 21% of Romanians supported same-sex marriage. This was a 10% increase from 2006. EU-wide support was 61%.[75]

According to a 2017 Pew Research Center poll, 26% of Romanians supported same-sex marriage, while 74% were opposed. Opposition was 66% among 18-34-year-olds.[76]

An IRES poll conducted in December 2018 found that 27% of Romanians supported same-sex marriage, while 72% were opposed and 1% did not know or answer. 38% of Romanians supported civil partnerships, while 60% were opposed and 2% did not know or answer.[77]

The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 29% of Romanians thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, 63% were against.[78]

See also

Notes
  1. In Romanian: Familia se întemeiază pe căsătoria liber consimţită între soţi, pe egalitatea acestora şi pe dreptul şi îndatorirea părinţilor de a asigura creşterea, educaţia şi instruirea copiilor.[48]
    In Hungarian: A család a házastársak szabad akaratnyilvánításából létrejött házasságon, a házastársak egyenlőségén és a szülők azon jogán és kötelezettségén alapul, hogy biztosítsák a gyermekek eltartását, nevelését és oktatását.[49]

References
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  2. JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Grand Chamber) 5 June 2018
  3. art. 48, alin. (1) Constituția României - "Familia se întemeiază pe căsătoria liber consimţită între soţi, pe egalitatea acestora şi pe dreptul şi îndatorirea părinţilor de a asigura creşterea, educaţia şi instruirea copiilor."
  4. (in Romanian) A treia ediţie GayFest (The third edition of GayFest), HotNews, 25 May 2006
  5. (in Romanian) Homosexualii romani vor casatorie cu acte (Romanian gays want to marry legally), Libertatea, 31 May 2006
  6. Romanians launch campaign to legalize same-sex marriage, AP/Dallas Voice, 1 June 2006
  7. (in Romanian) 'Seful' homosexualilor s-a insurat religios ieri, Libertatea
  8. (in Romanian) El este primul român însurat cu un bărbat (He is the first Romanian married with another man), Click.ro, 8 June 2007
  9. (in Romanian) "Căsătoriile gay, interzise în România", Mediafax, 13 February 2008
  10. (in Romanian) "Codul Civil interzice căsătoriile între homosexuali", Mediafax, May 14, 2009
  11. Romania has prohibited same-sex marriages
  12. Adina Portaru. "Marriage at a crossroads in Romania" (PDF). Coalition for Family. Refer to pp. 30
  13. "Romania to Consult With European Court Over Same-Sex Marriage Case". NBC News. 29 November 2016.
  14. Romania Gay Marriage Case Could Have Outsize Impact in Europe, The New York Times, 21 November 2017
  15. Gay spouses have rights in all EU countries, says European court official, The Guardian, 11 January 2018
  16. EU states must recognize foreign same-sex marriages: court, Reuters, 5 June 2018
  17. Landmark EU marriage ruling hailed as big win for gay rights, Thomson Reuters Foundation News, 5 June 2018
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  19. "Romania must give residency rights to same-sex spouses, court rules". Reuters. 19 July 2018.
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  28. (Romanian) Propunere legislativă privind parteneriatul civil
  29. (Romanian)L597/2013|raport de respingere
  30. Punct de vedere - Guvernul Romaniei
  31. (Romanian) Proiectul parteneriatului civil intre persoane de acelasi sex a fost respins
  32. (Romanian)PL 670/2013|Derularea procedurii legislative
  33. (Romanian)PL 670/2013|Respingere PL 670/2013 privind parteneriatul civil
  34. (Voting Results)PL 670/2013| L 52/2015 Vot raport de respingere
  35. (Romanian)L 52/2015| Propunere legislativă privind reglementarea parteneriatului civil
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  42. Proiectul privind parteneriatul civil a ajuns în Parlament
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  49. "Románia Alkotmánya" (PDF). jog.sapientia.ro (in Hungarian).
  50. Referendum for Referendums by Corneliu Visoianu, Romania’s Constitutional Court invalidated the ballot as it did not reach the 50% threshold required by law.
  51. "De câte voturi este nevoie pentru aprobarea unui referendum". Digi24HD (in Romanian). 23 January 2017.
  52. Balkan Insight, Romania's New Constitution Bans Gay Marriage, 7 June 2013.
  53. "Sexual orientation should remain a protected ground in the Romanian Constitution!" (Press release). Bucharest, Romania: ACCEPT. 13 June 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2013.
  54. Pantazi, Raluca (7 June 2013). "Interzicerea casatoriilor gay in viitoarea Constitutie. Csaba Asztalos: Canalizam ura societatii prin acte ca legea fundamentala doar pentru a avea cvorum la Constitutie / Florin Buhuceanu: Biserica Ortodoxa Romana este una autista, nu cred ca dialogheaza cu cineva" (in Romanian). Hotnews. Retrieved 2013-11-17.
  55. (in Romanian) "Pe de alta parte, observam gradul de schizofrenie: intr-o zi accepti ca criteriul orientarii sexuale este un criteriu protejat constitutional, a doua zi operezi cu o discriminare pe criteriul sexual propunand un tratament diferentiat pentru acesti cetateni ai Romaniei de orientare homosexuala."
  56. Pantazi, Raluca (7 June 2013). "Interzicerea casatoriilor gay in viitoarea Constitutie. Csaba Asztalos: Canalizam ura societatii prin acte ca legea fundamentala doar pentru a avea cvorum la Constitutie / Florin Buhuceanu: Biserica Ortodoxa Romana este una autista, nu cred ca dialogheaza cu cineva" (in Romanian). Hotnews. Retrieved 17 November 2013.
  57. (in Romanian) "Dar ele sunt aduse pe masa tocmai pentru a manipula, tocmai pentru a incita, tocmai pentru a servi la alte tinte decat o problema reala".
  58. (in Romanian) "In momentul in care noi canalizam ura societatii prin acte cum ar fi Constitutia doar pentru, de exemplu, a avea cvorum la Constitutie - ca si asta se poate intampla - nu este normal".
  59. Romania Insider, Amnesty worried that Romanian Constitution changes on definition of family might cause discrimination, 7 June 2013.
  60. Iulia Rosca (31 May 2017). "Sedinta tensionata in USR. Conducerea partidului a votat sa se pozitioneze impotriva redefinirii familiei in Constitutie. Nicusor Dan ar fi plecat din sedinta spunand ca isi da demisia/ Nicusor Dan, pe Facebook: "Biroul National al USR a luat o decizie. E singura stire pentru azi"". HotNews.ro (in Romanian).
  61. Marica, Irina (2017-09-04). "Romanian SocDem leader: Referendum for family redefinition to be organized this fall". Romania Insider. Retrieved 2017-09-05.
  62. Initiative changing family definition in Romanian Constitution, voted by the deputies
  63. "Referendumul pentru familie, probabil în mai, în paralel cu legiferarea parteneriatului civil". Digi 24 (in Romanian). 26 March 2018.
  64. "Propunere: Referendumul pentru redefinirea familiei, pe 10 iunie". Digi 24 (in Romanian). 3 May 2018.
  65. "PSD renunță la marele miting din luna iunie. Când ar putea avea, totuși, loc". Digi 24. 13 May 2018.
  66. "Referendum privind redefinirea familiei în Constituţie, pe 7 octombrie".
  67. Necsutu, Madalin (28 September 2018). "Romania LGBT Activists Hail Constitutional Court Ruling". Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina: Balkan Insight. Balkan Investigative Reporting Network. Archived from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.
  68. Jackman, Josh (28 September 2018). "Romania's top court decides same-sex couples should have equal rights". PinkNews. London, England. Archived from the original on 30 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018. Jackman2018
  69. "Romanian constitutional ban on same sex marriage fails on low vote turnout". Reuters. 7 October 2018.
  70. (in Romanian) Referendum national pentru revizuirea Constitutiei
  71. (in Romanian) Familia Florin şi Raul nu primeşte credit cu buletinul, Cotidianul, 6 June 2006 Archived July 9, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  72. (in Romanian) Vanghelie: 'Sa se duca in Congo!' (Vanghelie: They should go to Congo!), Libertatea, 1 June 2006
  73. (in Romanian) Vest Flash, Evenimentul Zilei, 27 November 2006
  74. (in Romanian) Gardianul, Romanii, din ce în ce mai ostili relațiilor gay
  75. DISCRIMINATION IN THE EU IN 2015
  76. Eastern and Western Europeans Differ on Importance of Religion, Views of Minorities, and Key Social Issues. Pew Research Center, 29 October 2018
  77. IRES poll, slide 24
  78. "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU". TNS. European Commission. p. 2. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
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