Relative key

In music, relative keys are the major and minor scales that have the same key signatures, meaning that they share all the same notes but are arranged in a different order of whole steps and half steps. A pair of major and minor scales sharing the same key signature are said to be in a relative relationship.[1][2] The relative minor of a particular major key, or the relative major of a minor key, is the key which has the same key signature but a different tonic; this is as opposed to parallel minor or major, which shares the same tonic (from the Latin relativus, itself from relatus, past participle of referre). Relative keys are a type of closely related keys, the keys between which most modulations occur, because they differ by no more than one accidental. Relative keys are the most closely related, as they share exactly the same notes.[3]

Circle of fifths showing major and minor keys
Relative tonic chords on C and A (Play ).
Chromatic modulation in Bach's Du grosser Schmerzensmann, BWV 300, m. 5-6 (Play  with half cadence, Play  with PAC) transitions from FM to its relative minor dm through the inflection of C♮ to C♯ between the second and third chords. Note that this modulation does not require a change of key signature.
Relative major and minor scales on C and A with shared notes connected by lines.

The minor key starts three semitones below its relative major; for example, A minor is three semitones below its relative, C major.

For example, G major and E minor both have a single sharp in their key signature at F♯; therefore, E minor is the relative minor of G major, and conversely G major is the relative major of E minor, The tonic of the relative minor is the sixth scale degree of the major scale, while the tonic of the relative major is the third degree of the minor scale.[1] The relative relationship may be visualized through the circle of fifths.[1]

A complete list of relative minor/major pairs in order of the circle of fifths is:

Key signature Major key Minor key
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭ C♭ major A♭ minor
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭ G♭ major E♭ minor
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭ D♭ major B♭ minor
B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭ A♭ major F minor
B♭, E♭, A♭ E♭ major C minor
B♭, E♭ B♭ major G minor
B♭ F major D minor
C major A minor
F♯ G major E minor
F♯, C♯ D major B minor
F♯, C♯, G♯ A major F♯ minor
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯ E major C♯ minor
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯ B major G♯ minor
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯ F♯ major D♯ minor
F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯ C♯ major A♯ minor


Terminology

Confusingly, the term for "relative key" in German is Paralleltonart, while parallel key is Varianttonart. Similar terminology is used in most Germanic and Slavic languages, but not Romance languages. This is particularly confusing with the term parallel chord, which denotes chords derived from the relative key in English usage.

See also

References
  1. Benward & Saker (2003). Music in Theory and Practice, Vol. I, p.33-35. ISBN 978-0-07-294262-0. "D flat major and a minor scale that have the same key signature are said to be in a relative relationship."
  2. Forte, Allen (1979). Tonal Harmony, p.9. 3rd edition. Holt, Rinehart, and Wilson. ISBN 0-03-020756-8. "The key which shares the same key signature but not the same first degree with another scale is called relative. Thus, the relative of C major is A minor (no sharps or flats in either key signature); the relative major of A minor is C major."
  3. Benward & Saker (2003), p.243.
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