Prices of chemical elements

This is a list of prices of chemical elements. Listed here are mainly average market prices for bulk trade of commodities. Data on elements' abundance in Earth's crust is added for comparison.

As of 2020, the most expensive non-synthetic element by both mass and volume is rhodium. It is followed by caesium, iridium and palladium by mass and iridium, gold and platinum by volume. Carbon in the form of diamond can be more expensive than rhodium. Per-kilogram prices of some synthetic radioisotopes range to trillions of dollars.

Chlorine, sulfur and carbon (as coal) are cheapest by mass. Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen and chlorine are cheapest by volume at atmospheric pressure.

When there is no public data on the element in its pure form, price of a compound is used, per mass of element contained. This implicitly puts the value of compounds' other constituents, and the cost of extraction of the element, at zero. For elements for which their radiological properties are important, individual isotopes and isomers are listed. The price listing for radioisotopes is not exhaustive.

Z Symbol Name Density[lower-alpha 1] (kg/L) Abundance in Earth's crust[lower-alpha 2] (mg/kg) Price[5] Year Source Notes
USD/kg USD/L[lower-alpha 3]
1HHydrogen0.0000898814001.390.0001252012DOE Hydrogen[6]Prices of hydrogen produced by distributed steam methane reforming, as predicted by H2A Production Model from United States Department of Energy,[7] assuming price of natural gas of 3 USD/MMBtu (10 USD/MWh; 0.10 USD/m3). Does not include cost of storage and distribution.
12HDeuterium0.0001667[8]134002.232020CIL[9]99.8% pure compressed deuterium gas, in lot size of 850 L (142 g). Also sold by same supplier in the form of heavy water at price of 3940 USD per kg deuterium.[10]

In 2016 Iran sold 32 tons of heavy water to United States for 1336 USD per kg deuterium.[11]

2HeHelium0.00017850.00824.00.004292018USGS MCS[12]Crude helium sold to non-government users in United States in 2018. In the same year, stockpiles of US government helium were sold on auctions for average price of 0.00989 USD/L.[13]
3LiLithium0.5342081.4–85.643.4–45.72020SMM[14][lower-alpha 4]
See also: Lithium as an investment
Min. 99% pure.
4BeBeryllium1.852.885715902020ISE 2020[15][lower-alpha 5]Min. 99% pure.
5BBoron2.34103.688.622019CEIC Data[16][lower-alpha 6]In the form of boric acid, price per boron contained. Min. 99% pure.
6CCarbon2.2672000.1220.282018EIA Coal[17]
See also: Diamonds as an investment
In the form of anthracite, price per carbon contained, assuming 90% carbon content. There is a wide variation of price of carbon depending on its form. Lower ranks of coal can be less expensive, for example sub-bituminous coal can cost around 0.038 USD/kg carbon.[17] Graphite flakes can cost around 0.9 USD/kg carbon.[18] Price of synthetic industrial diamond for grinding and polishing can range from 1200 to 13300 USD/kg, while cost per weight of large synthetic diamonds for industrial applications can be on the order of million dollars per kilogram.[19]
7NNitrogen0.0012506190.1400.0001752001Hypertextbook[22]As liquid nitrogen.
8OOxygen0.0014294610000.1540.0002202001Hypertextbook[22]As liquid oxygen.
9FFluorine0.0016965851.84–2.160.00311 – 0.003652017Echemi[23]In the form of anhydrous hydrofluoric acid, price per fluorine contained. Range of prices on Chinese market, week of 1–7 December 2017.
10NeNeon0.00089990.0052400.211999Ullmann[24]Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
11NaSodium0.971236002.57–3.432.49–3.332020SMM[25][lower-alpha 4]Min 99.7% pure industrial grade sodium.
12MgMagnesium1.738233002.324.032019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min 99.9% pure.
13AlAluminium2.698823001.794.842019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]High-grade primary aluminium, at London Metal Exchange warehouse.
14SiSilicon2.32962820001.703.972019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.1% pure, max. 0.4% iron, 0.4% aluminium, 0.1% calcium.[26] 10–100 mm.
15PPhosphorus1.8210502.694.902019CEIC Data[16][lower-alpha 6]Min. 99.9% pure yellow phosphorus.
16SSulfur2.0673500.09260.1912019CEIC Data[16][lower-alpha 6]
17ClChlorine0.0032141450.0820.000262013CnAgri[27]As chlorine is manufactured together with sodium hydroxide in chloralkali process, relative demand for one product changes the price for the other. When demand for sodium hydroxide is relatively high, chlorine price can fall to arbitrarily low levels, even to zero.[28]
18ArArgon0.00178373.50.9310.001662019UNLV[29]Liquid argon supply contract for University of Nevada, Las Vegas.
19KPotassium0.8622090012.1–13.610.5–11.72020SMM[30][lower-alpha 4]Min 98.5% pure industrial grade potassium.
20CaCalcium1.54415002.21–2.353.41–3.632020SMM[31][lower-alpha 4]Blocks of 98.5% pure calcium obtained by reduction process.
21ScScandium2.989223460103002020ISE 2020[32][lower-alpha 8]
See also: Scandium § Price
Min. 99.99% pure.
22TiTitanium4.54565011.1–11.750.5–53.12020SMM[33][lower-alpha 4]Min. 99.6% pure titanium sponge.
23VVanadium6.11120357–3852180–23502020SMM[34][lower-alpha 4]Min. 99.5% pure.
24CrChromium7.151029.4067.22019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.2% pure.
25MnManganese7.449501.8213.62019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Electrolytic manganese, min. 99.7% pure.
26FeIron7.874563000.4243.342020SMM[35][lower-alpha 4]L8-10 pig iron. At Tangshan, China.
27CoCobalt8.862532.82912019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
28NiNickel8.9128413.91242019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Primary nickel. Spot price. Min. 99.8% pure. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
29CuCopper8.96606.0053.82019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Spot price. Grade A.[36] At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
30ZnZinc7.134702.5518.22019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.995% pure special high grade zinc metal. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
31GaGallium5.907191488722019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.99% pure. Free on Board China.
32GeGermanium5.3231.5914–10104860–53902020SMM[37][lower-alpha 4]Ingot. 50 Ω/cm.
33AsArsenic5.7761.80.999–1.315.77–7.582020SMM[38][lower-alpha 4]Min. 99.5% pure.
34SeSelenium4.8090.0521.41032019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Selenium powder, min. 99.9% pure.
35BrBromine3.1222.44.3913.72019CEIC Data[16][lower-alpha 6]
36KrKrypton0.0037331×10−42901.11999Ullmann[24]Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
37RbRubidium1.5329015500237002018USGS MCS[12]100 g ampoules of 99.75% pure rubidium metal.
38SrStrontium2.643706.53–6.6817.2–17.62019ISE 2019[39]Min. 99% pure, Ex Works China.
39YYttrium4.4693331.01392019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
40ZrZirconium6.50616535.7–37.1232–2412020SMM[40][lower-alpha 4]Zirconium sponge, min. 99% pure.
41NbNiobium8.572061.4–85.6526–7342020SMM[41][lower-alpha 4]Min. 99.9% pure.
42MoMolybdenum10.221.240.14102019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.95% pure.
43TcTechnetium11.5~ 3×10−9[lower-alpha 9]10000012000002004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook[lower-alpha 11]
4399mTcTechnetium-99m11.51.9×101222×10122008NRC[44]In the form of medical doses of sodium pertechnetate made on-site in technetium-99m generators. Price per technetium contained. Range of prices for medical doses available in the United States. Technetium-99m has half-life of 6 hours, which limits its ability to be directly traded.
44RuRuthenium12.370.00110400 – 10600129000 – 1310002020SMM[45][lower-alpha 4]99.95% pure.
45RhRhodium12.410.00114700018200002019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]
See also: Rhodium § Mining and price
99.95% pure.
46PdPalladium12.020.015495005950002019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]
See also: Palladium as an investment
99.95% pure. London bullion market afternoon fix. In warehouse.
47AgSilver10.5010.07552154702019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]
See also: Silver as an investment
99.5% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
48CdCadmium8.690.1592.7323.82019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Ingot, min. 99.99% pure.
49InIndium7.310.2516712202019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.99% pure.
50SnTin7.2872.318.71362019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]
See also: Tin § Price_and_exchanges
Min. 99.85% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
51SbAntimony6.6850.25.7938.72019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Ingot, min. 99.65% pure.
52TeTellurium6.2320.00163.53962019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.99% pure. Europe.
53IIodine4.930.45351732019Industrial Minerals[46]Min 99.5% pure. Spot market price on 2 August 2019.
54XeXenon0.0058873×10−51800111999Ullmann[24]Approximate European price for buying small quantities.
55CsCaesium1.8733618001160002018USGS MCS[12]1 g ampoules of 99.8% pure caesium.
56BaBarium3.5944250.246–0.2750.886–0.9902016USGS MYB 2016[47]In the form of chemical-grade barite (barium sulfate) exported from China to United States. Price per barium contained, includes cost, insurance, and freight. Barium sulfate is the primary feedstock for production of barium chemicals.[48]
57LaLanthanum6.145394.78–4.9229.4–30.32020SMM[49][lower-alpha 4]Min. 99% pure.
58CeCerium6.7766.54.57–4.7130.9–31.92020SMM[50][lower-alpha 4]Min. 99% pure.
59PrPraseodymium6.7739.21036952019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
60NdNeodymium7.00741.557.54032019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
61147PmPromethium-1477.2646000034000002003Radiochemistry Society[51]From Periodic Table of the Elements published on website of Radiochemistry Society. There is no further information as to source or specifics of this price.
62SmSamarium7.527.0513.91042019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
63EuEuropium5.243231.41652020ISE 2020[32][lower-alpha 8]Min. 99.999% pure.
64GdGadolinium7.8956.228.62262020ISE 2020[32][lower-alpha 8]Min. 99.5% pure.
65TbTerbium8.2291.265854102019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
66DyDysprosium8.555.230726302019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99% pure, Free on Board China.
67HoHolmium8.7951.357.15032020ISE 2020[32][lower-alpha 8]Min. 99.5% pure.
68ErErbium9.0663.526.42402020ISE 2020[32][lower-alpha 8]Min. 99.5% pure.
69TmThulium9.3210.523000280002003IMAR[52][lower-alpha 12]Price quotes from canadian producer, for 1 kg order. 99.5–99.99% purity, Free on Board Vancouver, Canada.
70YbYtterbium6.9653.217.11192020ISE 2020[32][lower-alpha 8]Min. 99.99% pure.
71LuLutetium9.840.864363302020ISE 2020[32][lower-alpha 8]Min. 99.99% pure.
72HfHafnium13.313900120002017USGS MCS[12]Unwrought hafnium.
73TaTantalum16.6542298–3124960–52002019ISE 2019[39]Min. 99.95% pure. Ex Works China.
74WTungsten19.251.335.36792019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Powder, particle size 2–10 µm, 99.7% pure. Free on Board China.
75ReRhenium21.027×10−43010–415063300 – 873002020SMM[53][lower-alpha 4]99.99% pure.
76OsOsmium22.610.002120002800002016Fastmarkets[lower-alpha 13]
77IrIridium22.560.00155500 – 562001250000 – 12700002020SMM[56][lower-alpha 4]
See also: Iridium § Production
99.95% pure.
78PtPlatinum21.460.005278005960002019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]
See also: Platinum as an investment
99.95% pure. London bullion market morning fix. In warehouse.
79AuGold19.2820.004448008630002019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]
See also: Gold as an investment
99.9% pure. Morning London gold fix.
80HgMercury13.53360.08530.24092017USGS MCS[12]Average European Union price of 99.99% pure mercury.
81TlThallium11.850.854200498002017USGS MCS[12]
82PbLead11.342142.0022.62019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]Min. 99.97% pure. Spot price. At London Metal Exchange warehouse.
83BiBismuth9.8070.0096.3662.42019Preismonitor[18][lower-alpha 7]
See also: Bismuth § Price
Refined bismuth, min. 99.99% pure.
84209PoPolonium-2099.3249.2×1012458×10122004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
85AtAstatine73×10−20[lower-alpha 9]Not traded.Only under a tenth of microgram of astatine has ever been produced.[42] Most stable isotope has half-life of 8.1 hours.
86RnRadon0.009734×10−13[lower-alpha 9]Not traded.Used in brachytherapy until 1960s,[57] currently radon is not used commercially.[58]
87FrFrancium1.87~ 1×10−18[lower-alpha 9]Not traded.Only quantities of the order of millions of atoms have been obtained for research.[59] Most stable isotope, 223Fr, has half-life of 22 minutes. Francium has no commercial or medical uses.[58]
88RaRadium5.59×10−7[lower-alpha 9]Negative price.Radium was historically used in the treatment of cancer, but stopped being used when more effective treatments were introduced. As medical facilities had to pay for its disposal, its price can be considered negative.[60]
89225AcActinium-22510.0729×1012290×10122004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
90ThThorium11.729.628733602010USGS MYB 2012[61]As 99.9% pure thorium oxide, price per thorium contained. Free on Board port of entry, duty paid.
91PaProtactinium15.371.4×10−6[lower-alpha 9]No reliable price available.In 1959–1961 Great Britain Atomic Energy Authority produced 125 g of 99.9% pure protactinium at a cost of $500000, giving the cost of 4000000 USD per kg.[42] Periodic Table of Elements at Los Alamos National Laboratory website at one point listed protactinium-231 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at a price of 280000 USD/kg.[62]
92UUranium18.952.710119102018EIA Uranium Marketing[63]
See also: Uranium market
Mainly as triuranium octoxide, price per uranium contained.
93NpNeptunium20.45≤ 3×10−12[lower-alpha 9]660000135000002003[lower-alpha 10]Pomona[64]Periodic Table published by Pomona College Chemistry Department lists neptunium-237 as available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory at 660 USD/g plus packing costs.
94239PuPlutonium-23919.8464900001290000002019DOE OSTI[65]Certified reference material sample in the form of plutonium(IV) oxide, price per plutonium-239 contained.
95241AmAmericium-24113.69072800099700001998NWA[66][lower-alpha 15]Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in Nuclear Weapons FAQ.
95243AmAmericium-24313.690750000103000002004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
96244CmCurium-24413.5101850000002.50×1092004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
96248CmCurium-24813.510160×1092.16×10122004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
97249BkBerkelium-24914.790185×1092.74×10122004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
98249CfCalifornium-24915.10185×1092.79×10122004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
98252CfCalifornium-25215.1060.0×109906×1092004[lower-alpha 10]CRC Handbook (ORNL)[lower-alpha 14]
99EsEinsteinium8.840Not traded.Only microgram quantities have ever been produced.[42] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 471.7 days.
100FmFermium(9.7)0Not traded.Only tracer amounts have ever been produced.[42][67]:13.2.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 100.5 days.
101MdMendelevium(10.3)0Not traded.Only around 106 atoms have been produced in experiments.[67]:13.3.6. Most stable known isotope isotope has half-life of 51 days.
102NoNobelium(9.9)0Not traded.Only around 105 atoms have been produced in experiments.[67]:13.4.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 58 minutes.
103LrLawrencium(15.6)0Not traded.Only around 1000 atoms have been produced in experiments.[67]:13.5.6. Most stable known isotope has half-life of 11 hours.
104RfRutherfordium(23.2)0Not traded.Only a few thousand atoms have been produced in experiments.[42] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.5 hours.
105DbDubnium(29.3)0Not traded.Atoms of dubnium have been prepared experimentally at a rate of at most one per minute.[68] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 hours.
106SgSeaborgium(35.0)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[69] The most stable known isotope has half-life of 14 minutes.
107BhBohrium(37.1)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[70] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1 minute.
108HsHassium(40.7)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[70] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 16 seconds.
109MtMeitnerium(37.4)0Not traded.Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[71] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
110DsDarmstadtium(34.8)0Not traded.Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[71] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 9.6 seconds.
111RgRoentgenium(28.7)0Not traded.Only produced in experiments on a per-atom basis.[71] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 2.1 minutes.
112CnCopernicium(14.0)0Not traded.Only tens of atoms have been produced in experiments.[70] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 29 seconds.
113NhNihonium(16)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 8 seconds.
114FlFlerovium(14)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 1.9 seconds.
115McMoscovium(13.5)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.65 seconds.
116LvLivermorium(12.9)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 53 ms.
117TsTennessine(7.2)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than 100 atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 51 ms.
118OgOganesson(5.0)0Not traded.As of 2015, less than ten atoms have been produced in experiments.[72] Most stable known isotope has half-life of 0.7 ms.

See also

Notes
  1. Density for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa.[1] For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used. Values in parentheses are theoretical predictions.
  2. Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not through decay.
  3. Price per volume for 0 °C, 101.325 kPa, pure element. For individual isotopes except deuterium, density of base element is used.
  4. Spot market price range on 3 February 2020.
  5. Market price on 5 February 2020
  6. Average price in November 2019. Data from China Petroleum and Chemical Industry Federation.
  7. Price average for entire year 2019.
  8. Market price on 4 February 2020
  9. This element is transient – it occurs only through decay (and in the case of plutonium, also in traces deposited from supernovae onto Earth).
  10. or earlier
  11. The values reported are present in 85th edition of CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics[42] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[43]
  12. Source lists prices of other rare earth elements (some of which are significantly different than the ones presented in table above):
    • lanthanum – 25 USD/kg
    • cerium – 30 USD/kg
    • praseodymium – 70 USD/kg
    • neodymium – 30 USD/kg
    • samarium – 80 USD/kg
    • europium – 1600 USD/kg
    • gadolinium – 78 USD/kg
    • terbium – 630 USD/kg
    • dysprosium – 120 USD/kg
    • holmium – 350 USD/kg
    • erbium – 180 USD/kg
    • thulium – 3000 USD/kg
    • ytterbium – 484 USD/kg
    • lutetium – 4000 USD/kg
    • yttrium – 96 USD/kg
  13. Fastmarkets Price[54] and Chart[55] Creator. Mid-market price from price table. Year of latest price data (2016) read from chart. Archived: table, chart (5, 7, 50, 1200 data points)
  14. Available from Oak Ridge National Laboratory as reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Price does not include packing costs. The values reported are present in Handbook's 85th edition[42] (and possibly earlier) and remain unchanged to at least 97th edition.[43]
  15. This source also lists price of Americium-243 as 180 USD/mg, which is much higher than reported in CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics and used in this table.

References
  1. See: Densities of the elements (data page)
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  4. "USD / RMB". price.metal.com. Shanghai Metals Market. 3 February 2020. Archived from the original on 2020-02-03.
  5. Values used for currency conversion:
    • Euro: 1999 – 1.0654 USD/EUR[2]
    • Renminbi: September 2013 – 0.16340 USD/CNY,[3] December 2017 – 0.15159 USD/CNY,[3] November 2019 – 0.14241 USD/CNY,[3] 3 February 2019 – 0.14273 USD/CNY[4]
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  9. "DEUTERIUM (D, 99.8%) (D2,99.6%+HD,0.4%)". Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2020-04-16.
  10. "DEUTERIUM OXIDE (D, 99%)". Cambridge Isotope Laboratories. Archived from the original on 2020-04-16.
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  21. Fan, Karen (2007). Elert, Glenn (ed.). "Price of Liquid Nitrogen". The Physics Factbook. Archived from the original on 2019-07-23.
  22. In Cryocoolers 11,[20] cited in Hypertextbook[21]
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