Prevention through design

Prevention through design (PtD), also called safety by design usually in Europe, is the concept of applying methods to minimize occupational hazards early in the design process, with an emphasis on optimizing employee health and safety throughout the life cycle of materials and processes.[1] It is a concept and movement that encourages construction or product designers to "design out" health and safety risks during design development. The concept supports the view that along with quality, programme and cost; safety is determined during the design stage.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8] It increases the cost-effectiveness of enhancements to occupational safety and health.[1]

Occupational hazards
Hierarchy of hazard controls
Occupational hygiene

This method for reducing workplace safety risks lessens workers' reliance on personal protective equipment, which is the least effective of the hierarchy of hazard control.[9]

Background

Each year in the U.S., 55,000 people die from work-related injuries and diseases, 294,000 are made sick, and 3.8 million are injured. The annual direct and indirect costs have been estimated to range from $128 billion to $155 billion. Recent studies in Australia indicate that design is a significant contributor in 37% of work-related fatalities; therefore, the successful implementation of prevention through design concepts can have substantial impacts on worker health and safety.[10]

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in the United States is a major contributor and promoter of PtD policy and guidelines. NIOSH considers PtD to be "the most effective and reliable type" of prevention of occupational injuries.[11] A core tenet of PtD philosophy the concept of addressing workplace hazards using methods at the top of the Hierarchy of Controls, namely elimination and substitution.

Within Europe, construction designers are legally bound to design out risks during design development to reduce hazards in the construction and end use phases via the Mobile Worksite Directive (also known as CDM regulations in the UK). The concept supports this legal requirement.[12] Some Notified Bodies provide testing and design verification services to ensure compliance with the safety standards defined in regulation codes such as the American Society of Mechanical Engineers.[13] Many non-governmental organizations have been established to support this aim, principally in the UK, Australia and the United States.[14][15][16]

History

While engineering as a rule factors human safety into the design process, a modern appraisal of specific links to design and workers' safety can be seen in efforts beginning in the 1800s. Trends included the widespread implementation of guards for machinery, controls for elevators, and boiler safety practices. This was followed by enhanced design for ventilation, enclosures, system monitors, lockout/tagout controls, and hearing protectors. More recently, there has been the development of chemical process safety, ergonomically engineered tools, chairs, and work stations, lifting devices, retractable needles, latex-free gloves, and a parade of other safety devices and processes.[17]

In 2007, the National Institute for Occupational Health and Safety began its National Initiative on Prevention through Design[18] with the goal of promoting prevention through design philosophy, practice, and policy.

Integration

Prevention through design represents a shift in approach for on-the-job safety. It involves evaluating potential risks associated with processes, structures, equipment, and tools. It takes into consideration the construction, maintenance, decommissioning, and disposal or recycling of waste material.[17]

The idea of redesigning job tasks and work environments has begun to gain momentum in business and government as a cost-effective means to enhance occupational safety and health. Many U.S. companies openly support PtD concepts and have developed management practices to implement them. Other countries are actively promoting PtD concepts as well. The United Kingdom began requiring construction companies, project owners, and architects to address safety and health during the design phase of projects in 1994. Australia developed the Australian National OHS Strategy 2002–2012, which set "eliminating hazards at the design stage" as one of five national priorities. As a result, the Australian Safety and Compensation Council (ASCC) developed the Safe Design National Strategy and Action Plans for Australia encompassing a wide range of design areas.[9]

In the US

Government

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health is a large contributor to prevention through design efforts in the United States. Several NIOSH initiatives and guidelines directly or indirectly advocate for PtD practices. Through NIOSH efforts, the U.S. Green Building Council posted new PtD credits[19] available for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) certification for construction. Additionally, they provide a wide variety of educational and guidance materials[20] on the topic of PtD The NIOSH "Buy Quiet" initiative uses elements of prevention through design to encourage companies to buy quieter machinery, thereby reducing occupational hearing loss for their workers.[21]

References
  1. "General Safe Practices for Working with Engineered Nanomaterials in Research Laboratories". U.S. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. May 2012. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2012147. Retrieved 2017-03-05.
  2. Behm M, 2005, Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept, Safety Science, Number 43, Pages 589-611
  3. Churcher D W, Alwani-Starr G M,Incorporating construction health and safety into the design process”, Implementation of Health and Safety in Construction Sites, Alvels, Dias & Coble (eds), ISBN 90-5410-847-9, 1996
  4. ECI 2000 Designing for Safety and Health, Proceedings of the ECI/CIB/HSE international Conference, London, European Construction Institute, Loughborough, ed A G F Gibb, June 245pp ECI, Publications
  5. Gambatese JA, Hinze J and Haas C, Tool to Design for Construction Worker Safety, Journal of Architectural Engineering, Volume 3, Part 1, Pages 32-42, 1997
  6. Gambatese JA, 2003, Safety in design: A Proactive Approach to Construction Worker Safety and Health, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Vol 18 (5): pp 339-342
  7. Gambatese JA, Hinze J, Addressing Construction Worker Safety in the Design Phase – Designing for worker Safety, Automation in Construction, Volume 8, Issue 6, Pages 643-649, August 1999
  8. Hecker S, Gambatese J, Weinstein M, Designing for Worker Safety- Moving the Construction Safety Process Upstream, Professional Safety, Pages 32-44, September 2005
  9. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Prevention through Design. Accessed 9/24/08.
  10. Heidel, Donna S., Paul Schulte. Making the Business Case for Prevention through Design. NIOSH Science Blog, 6/2/08. Accessed 9/23/08.
  11. "CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - Supporting Prevention through Design (PtD) Using Business Value Concepts (2015-198)". www.cdc.gov. 2015. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2015198. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  12. "Construction Design and Management Regulations 2015". www.hse.gov.uk. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
  13. "Pressure Vessel Inspection According to ASME". TÜV Rheinland (in German). Retrieved 2017-04-19.
  14. "Expired Registration Recovery Policy". www.saferdesign.org. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
  15. "Safe Work Australia". Safe Work Australia. Archived from the original on 2009-12-14. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
  16. "Executive and Continuing Professional Education". Harvard University School of Public Health. Archived from the original on 2010-08-16. Retrieved 2017-04-19.
  17. Schulte, Paul A., Richard Rinehart, Andrea Okun, Charles L. Geraci, Donna S. Heidel. National Prevention through Design (PtD) Initiative, Journal of Safety Research, Volume 39, Issue 2. Prevention through Design, 2008, Pages 115-121.
  18. "CDC - NIOSH Publications and Products - The State of the National Initiative on Prevention through Design (2014-123)". www.CDC.gov. 2014. doi:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2014123. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  19. "CDC - Prevention Through Design: Green , Safe, and Healthy Jobs - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.CDC.gov. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  20. "CDC - Prevention through Design - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic". www.CDC.gov. Retrieved 18 November 2017.
  21. "CDC - Buy Quiet - NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topics". www.CDC.gov. Retrieved 18 November 2017.

Occupational health psychology

Occupational exposure banding

Further reading
  • MacCollum, David V. Construction Safety Engineering Principles Designing and Managing Safer Job Sites (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-148244-8.
  • Brauer, Roger L. Safety and Health for Engineers (2nd ed.). Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-29189-3.
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