Parvalbumin

Parvalbumin is a calcium-binding albumin protein with low molecular weight (typically 9-11 kDa).

parvalbumin
PARVALBUMIN [1]
Identifiers
SymbolPVALB
NCBI gene5816
HGNC9704
OMIM168890
RefSeqNM_002854
UniProtP20472
Other data
LocusChr. 22 q12-q13.1

It has three EF hand motifs and is structurally related to calmodulin and troponin C. Parvalbumin is found in fast-contracting muscles, where its levels are highest, as well as in the brain and some endocrine tissues.

Parvalbumin is a small, stable protein containing EF-hand type calcium binding sites. It is involved in calcium signaling. Typically, this protein is broken into three domains, domains AB, CD and EF, each individually containing a helix-loop-helix motif.[3] The AB domain houses a two amino-acid deletion in the loop region, whereas domains CD and EF contain the N-terminal and C-terminal, respectively.[3]

Calcium binding proteins like parvalbumin play a role in many physiological processes, namely cell-cycle regulation, second messenger production, muscle contraction, organization of microtubules and phototransduction.[1] Therefore, calcium-binding proteins must distinguish calcium in the presence of high concentrations of other metal ions. The mechanism for the calcium selectivity has been extensively studied.[1][4] Alterations in the function of parvalbumin-expressing neurons have been implicated in various areas of clinical interest such as Alzheimer's disease,[5] autism, schizophrenia, age-related cognitive defects and some forms of cancer.[3]

Location and function
Pvalb is expressed in the reticular nucleus of the thalamus in the postnatal day 56 mouse. Allen Brain Atlases
In the cerebellum of adult mice Pvalb is expressed in Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons. Allen Brain Atlases

Parvalbumin in neural tissue

Parvalbumin (PV) is present in some GABAergic interneurons in the nervous system, especially the reticular thalamus,[6] and expressed predominantly by chandelier and basket cells in the cortex. In the cerebellum, PV is expressed in Purkinje cells and molecular layer interneurons.[7] In the hippocampus, PV+ interneurons are subdivided into basket, axo-axonic, and bistratified cells, each subtype targeting distinct compartments of pyramidal cells.[8]

PV interneurons' connections are mostly perisomatic (around the cell body of neurons). Most of the PV interneurons are fast-spiking. They are also thought to give rise to gamma waves recorded in EEG.

PV-expressing interneurons represent approximately 25% of GABAergic cells in the primate DLPFC.[9][10] Other calcium-binding protein markers are calretinin (most abundant subtype in DLPFC, about 50%) and calbindin. Interneurons are also divided into subgroups by the expression of neuropeptides such as somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, cholecystokinin.

Parvalbumin in muscular tissue

PV is known to be involved in relaxation of fast-twitch muscle fibers.[11][12] This function is associated with PV role in calcium sequestration.

During muscle contraction, the action potential stimulate voltage-sensitive proteins in T-tubules membrane. These proteins stimulate the opening of Ca2+ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, leading to release of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm. The Ca2+ ions bind to troponin, what causes the displacement of tropomyosin, a protein that prevents myosin walking along actin. The displacement of tropomyosin exposes the myosin-binding sites on actin, permitting muscle contraction.[13]

This way, while muscle contraction is driven by Ca2+ release, muscle relaxation is driven by Ca2+ removal from sarcoplasm. Along with Ca2+ pumps, PV contributes to Ca2+ removal from cytoplasm: PV binds to Ca2+ ions in the sarcoplasm, and then shuttles it to the sarcoplasmic reticulum.[14]

Role in pathology

Decreased PV and GAD67 expression was found in PV+ GABAergic interneurons in schizophrenia.[15][16] PV has been identified as an allergen causing fish allergy.[17]

References
  1. Cates MS, Berry MB, Ho EL, Li Q, Potter JD, Phillips GN (October 1999). "Metal-ion affinity and specificity in EF-hand proteins: coordination geometry and domain plasticity in parvalbumin". Structure. 7 (10): 1269–78. doi:10.1016/S0969-2126(00)80060-X. PMID 10545326.
  2. Smargiassi M, Daghfous G, Leroy B, Legreneur P, Toubeau G, Bels V, Wattiez R (2012). Permyakov EA (ed.). "Chemical basis of prey recognition in thamnophiine snakes: the unexpected new roles of parvalbumins". PLOS ONE. 7 (6): e39560. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039560. PMC 3384659. PMID 22761824.
  3. Cates MS, Teodoro ML, Phillips GN (March 2002). "Molecular mechanisms of calcium and magnesium binding to parvalbumin". Biophysical Journal. 82 (3): 1133–46. doi:10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75472-6. PMC 1301919. PMID 11867433.
  4. Dudev T, Lim C (January 2014). "Competition among metal ions for protein binding sites: determinants of metal ion selectivity in proteins". Chemical Reviews. 114 (1): 538–56. doi:10.1021/cr4004665. PMID 24040963.
  5. Verret L, Mann EO, Hang GB, Barth AM, Cobos I, Ho K, Devidze N, Masliah E, Kreitzer AC, Mody I, Mucke L, Palop JJ (April 2012). "Inhibitory interneuron deficit links altered network activity and cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer model". Cell. 149 (3): 708–21. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.02.046. PMC 3375906. PMID 22541439.
  6. Cowan RL, Wilson CJ, Emson PC, Heizmann CW (December 1990). "Parvalbumin-containing GABAergic interneurons in the rat neostriatum". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 302 (2): 197–205. doi:10.1002/cne.903020202. PMID 2289971.
  7. Schwaller B, Meyer M, Schiffmann S (December 2002). "'New' functions for 'old' proteins: the role of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k, calretinin and parvalbumin, in cerebellar physiology. Studies with knockout mice". Cerebellum. 1 (4): 241–58. doi:10.1080/147342202320883551. PMID 12879963.
  8. Klausberger T, Marton LF, O'Neill J, Huck JH, Dalezios Y, Fuentealba P, Suen WY, Papp E, Kaneko T, Watanabe M, Csicsvari J, Somogyi P (October 2005). "Complementary roles of cholecystokinin- and parvalbumin-expressing GABAergic neurons in hippocampal network oscillations". The Journal of Neuroscience. 25 (42): 9782–93. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3269-05.2005. PMC 6725722. PMID 16237182.free full text
  9. Condé F, Lund JS, Jacobowitz DM, Baimbridge KG, Lewis DA (March 1994). "Local circuit neurons immunoreactive for calretinin, calbindin D-28k or parvalbumin in monkey prefrontal cortex: distribution and morphology". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 341 (1): 95–116. doi:10.1002/cne.903410109. PMID 8006226.
  10. Gabbott PL, Bacon SJ (January 1996). "Local circuit neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (areas 24a,b,c, 25 and 32) in the monkey: II. Quantitative areal and laminar distributions". The Journal of Comparative Neurology. 364 (4): 609–36. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19960122)364:4<609::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-7. PMID 8821450.
  11. Celio MR, Heizmann CW (June 1982). "Calcium-binding protein parvalbumin is associated with fast contracting muscle fibres". Nature. 297 (5866): 504–6. doi:10.1038/297504a0. PMID 6211622.
  12. Heizmann CW, Berchtold MW, Rowlerson AM (December 1982). "Correlation of parvalbumin concentration with relaxation speed in mammalian muscles". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 79 (23): 7243–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.79.23.7243. PMC 347315. PMID 6961404.
  13. Alberts B, Johnson, Lewis, Raff, Roberts, Walter (2002). "Molecular Motors". Molecular Biology of the Cell (4th ed.). New York: Garland Science. ISBN 0-8153-3218-1.
  14. Arif SH (April 2009). "A Ca(2+)-binding protein with numerous roles and uses: parvalbumin in molecular biology and physiology". BioEssays. 31 (4): 410–21. doi:10.1002/bies.200800170. PMID 19274659.
  15. Hashimoto T, Volk DW, Eggan SM, Mirnics K, Pierri JN, Sun Z, Sampson AR, Lewis DA (July 2003). "Gene expression deficits in a subclass of GABA neurons in the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia". The Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (15): 6315–26. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-15-06315.2003. PMC 6740534. PMID 12867516.
  16. Nakazawa K, Zsiros V, Jiang Z, Nakao K, Kolata S, Zhang S, Belforte JE (March 2012). "GABAergic interneuron origin of schizophrenia pathophysiology". Neuropharmacology. 62 (3): 1574–83. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.022. PMC 3090452. PMID 21277876.
  17. Swoboda I, Bugajska-Schretter A, Verdino P, Keller W, Sperr WR, Valent P, Valenta R, Spitzauer S (May 2002). "Recombinant carp parvalbumin, the major cross-reactive fish allergen: a tool for diagnosis and therapy of fish allergy". Journal of Immunology. 168 (9): 4576–84. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4576. PMID 11971005.
  • Parvalbumins at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
  • Baig I, Bertini I, Del Bianco C, Gupta YK, Lee YM, Luchinat C, Quattrone A (May 2004). "Paramagnetism-based refinement strategy for the solution structure of human alpha-parvalbumin". Biochemistry. 43 (18): 5562–73. doi:10.1021/bi035879k. PMID 15122922.
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