Papyrus 45

Papyrus 45
	New Testament manuscript; papyri; uncials; minuscules; lectionaries;
	Folios 13-14 with part of the Gospel of Luke
Name	P. Chester Beatty I
Sign	45
Text	Gospels, Acts
Date	c. 250
Script	Greek
Found	Egypt
Now at	Chester Beatty Library
Cite	F.G. Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri (London: E. Walker), 1933
Size	30 leaves; 10 in x 8 in
Type	eclectic text-type
Category	I

Papyrus 45 ( ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ or P. Chester Beatty I) is an early New Testament manuscript which is a part of the Chester Beatty Papyri. It has been paleographically dated to the early 3rd century CE.[1] It contains the texts of Matthew 20-21 and 25-26; Mark 4-9 and 11-12; Luke 6-7 and 9-14; John 4-5 and 10-11; and Acts 4-17. The manuscript is currently housed at the Chester Beatty Library, Dublin, Ireland, except for one leaf containing Matt. 25:41-26:39 which is at the Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna (Pap. Vindob. G. 31974).[2][3]

Condition of the manuscript

The manuscript is heavily damaged and fragmented. The papyrus was bound in a codex, which may have consisted of 220 pages, however only 30 survive (two of Matthew, six of Mark, seven of Luke, two of John, and 13 of Acts). All of the pages have lacunae, with very few lines complete. The leaves of Matthew and John are the smallest. The original pages were roughly 10 inches by 8 inches. Unlike many of the other surviving manuscripts from the 3rd century which usually contained just the Gospels, or just the Catholic letters, or just the Pauline epistles, this manuscript possibly contained more than one grouping of New Testament texts. This hypothesis is attributed to the use of gatherings of two leaves, a single-quire that most other codices had.[4]

Textual character

Because of the extent of the damage, determining the text's type has been difficult for scholars. The manuscript was obtained by Alfred Chester Beatty in the first half of the 20th century, and published in The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible by Frederic G. Kenyon in 1933. In this work, Kenyon identified the text of the Gospel of Mark in ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ as Caesarean, following the definition of Burnett Hillman Streeter.[5] Hollis Huston criticized Kenyon's transcription of various partially surviving words, and concluded that chapters 6 and 11 of Mark in ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ could not neatly fit into one text-type, especially not Caesarean, because the manuscript predates the distinctive texts for each type from the 4th and 5th centuries.[6]

${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ has a great number of singular readings.[7] On the origin of these singular readings, E. C. Colwell comments:

"As an editor the scribe of

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ wielded a sharp axe. The most striking aspect of his style is its conciseness. The dispensable word is dispensed with. He omits adverbs, adjectives, nouns, participles, verbs, personal pronouns—without any compensating habit of addition. He frequently omits phrases and clauses. He prefers the simple to the compound word. In short, he favors brevity. He shortens the text in at least fifty places in singular readings alone. But he does not drop syllables or letters. His shortened text is readable."[8]

Text-type

${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ has a relatively close statistical relationship with Codex Washingtonianus in Mark, however, and to a lesser extent Family 13. Citing Larry Hurtado's study, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text: Codex W in the Gospel of Mark,[9] Eldon Jay Epp has agreed that there is no connection to a Caesarean or pre-Caesarean text in Mark. There is also not a strong connection to the Neutral text of Codex Vaticanus, the Western text of Codex Bezae, and the Byzantine text of the textus receptus.[10] Another hypothesis is that ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ comes from the Alexandrian tradition, but has many readings intended to "improve" the text stylistically, and a number of harmonizations. While still difficult to place historically in a category of texts, most scholars today agree that the text is not Caesarean, contrary to Kenyon.

The textual character of the manuscript varies from book to book. In Mark, multivariate analysis of apparatus data from the UBS Greek New Testament (4th ed.)[11] places ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ in a group which includes W (for chapters 5-16), Θ, Family 1, 28, 205, 565; the Sinaitic Syriac, Armenian, and Georgian versions; and Origen's quotations.[12] This group corresponds to what Streeter called an "Eastern type" of the text.[13] In Luke, an eleven-way PAM partition based on Greek manuscript data associated with the INTF's Parallel Pericopes volume[14] places the manuscript in a group with C (04), L (019), Ξ (040), 33, 892, and 1241.[15] In Acts it is closest to the Alexandrian text.

It is calculated that the codex omitted the Pericope Adulterae (John 7:53-8:11).[16]

Notable readings

Matthew 25:41-46 in Papyrus 45

Mark 6:40

κατὰ ἑκατὸν καὶ κατὰ πεντήκοντα:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

Incl. : All other witnesses

Mark 6:44

τοὺς ἄρτους:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ א D W Θ f1 f13 28 565 700 2542 lat copsa

Incl. : A B L 33. 2427

{\mathfrak {M}}

(c) f sy^p.h bo

Mark 6:45

εἰς τὸ πέραν:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ W f1 118 itq syrs

Incl. : All other witnesses

Mark 8:12

λέγω ὑμῖν:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ W

Incl. (without ὑμῖν): B L 892 pc

Incl. (full): All other witnesses

Mark 8:15

των Ηρωδιανων:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ W Θ f1,13 28 565 1365 2542 iti.k copsamss arm geo

Ἡρῴδου: All other witnesses

Mark 8:35

ἐμοῦ καὶ:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ D 28 700 it^{a.b.d.i.k.n.r1} sy^rs arm Origen

Incl. : All other witnesses

Mark 9:27

καὶ ἀνέστη:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵^(vid) W it^k.l sy^s.p

Incl. : All other witnesses

Luke 6:48

διὰ τὸ καλῶς οἰκοδομῆσθαι αὐτήν:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁵vid א B L W Ξ 33 157 579 892 1241 1342 2542 sy^hmg sa bo^pt

τεθεμελίωτο γὰρ ἐπὶ τὴν πέτραν: A C D Θ Ψ f1,13 700c Byz latt syr^p.h cop bo^pt arm, geo, goth

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

^45(vid) 700* syr^s

Luke 11:33

οὐδὲ ὑπὸ τὸν μόδιον:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁵ L Γ Ξ 070 f1 22 69 700* 788 1241 2542 syr^s cop^sa arm, geo

Incl. : א A B C D W Θ Ψ f 13

{\mathfrak {M}}

latt sy^(c.p).h; (Cl)

Luke 11:44

γραμματεις και Φαρισαιοι υποκριται:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁵ א B C L f1 33 1241 2542 ita.aur.c.e.ff2.l vg syr^s,c sa cop bo^pt arm geo

Incl. : A (D) W Θ Ψ f 13

{\mathfrak {M}}

it sy^p.h bo^pt

Luke 11:54

ινα κατηγορησωσιν αυτου:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁵ א B L 579 892* 1241 2542 syr^s,c co

Incl. : A C (D) W Θ Ψ f 1.13 33

{\mathfrak {M}}

lat vg sy^(p).h

Luke 12:9

Omit. verse:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ it e syr^s bo^ms

Incl. verse: All other witnesses

Luke 12:47

μὴ ἑτοιμάσας ἢ:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

Incl. : All other witnesses

John 11:7

τοῖς μαθηταῖς:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

66^* it e l

Incl. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

^{6(vid).66c.75} א A B D K Γ Δ L W Θ Ψ 0250 f¹³ l 844 al lat sy co f¹ 33 m

John 11:25

καὶ ἡ ζωή:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ it 1 syr^s Diatessaronsyr Cyprian

Incl. : All other witnesses

John 11:51

τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ἐκείνου:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ it e l syr^s

Incl. : All other witnesses

Acts 5:37

πάντες:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ D it

Incl. : All other witnesses

Acts 8:18

το αγιον:

Omit. : א A^c B sa mae

Incl. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ A* C D E Ψ 33 1739 Byz latt syr copbo

Acts 9:17

Ἰησοῦς:

Omit. : Byz m

Incl. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ א A B C E Ψ 33 81 323 614 945 1175 1739

Acts 9:21

οἱ ἀκούοντες:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ Ψ* pc

Incl. : All other witnesses

Acts 9:38

δύο ἄνδρας:

Omit. : Byz m

Incl. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ א A B C E Ψ 36 81 323 614 945 1175 1739 latt syr co

Acts 10:10

ἐγένετο:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴vid א A B C 36 81 323 453 945 1175 1739 Origen

επεπεσεν: E Ψ 33 Byz latt syr

ηλθεν:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

Acts 10:13

Πέτρε:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ gig Clement Ambrose

Incl. : All other witnesses

Acts 10:16

εὐθὺς:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ 36 453 1175 it d syr^p sa^mss bo^ms

Incl. : P74 א A B C E 81 pc vg sy^hmg bo

παλιν : (❦ D) Ψ 33^vid. 1739

{\mathfrak {M}}

p sy^h sa^mss mae

Acts 10:33

κυρίου:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵^vid א A B C E Ψ 81* 323 614 945 1175 1739 lat syr^h bo

θεου:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ D Byz syr^p sa mae bo^ms

Acts 11:12

μηδὲν διακρίναντα:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ D itl.p* syr^h

Incl. : א(*) A B (E Ψ) 33. 81. 945. (1175). 1739 al

Acts 13:48

κυρίου:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ א A C Ψ 33 1739 Byz gig vg sa^mss mae

θεου: B D E 049 323 453 sa^ms bo

θεον: 614 syr pc

Acts 13:49

τοῦ κυρίου:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ pc

Incl. : All other witnesses

Acts 15:20

τῆς πορνείας:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

Incl. : All other witnesses

Acts 15:40

κυρίου:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ א A B D 33 81 itd vg^st sa

θεου:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ C E Ψ 1739 Byz gig itw vg^cl syr bo

Acts 16:32

κυρίου:

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ א² A C (D) E Ψ 33 1739 Byz lat syr cop

θεου: א* B pc

Acts 17:13

καὶ ταράσσοντες:

Omit. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁴⁵ E Byz

Incl. :

{\mathfrak {P}}

⁷⁴ א A B D(*) (❦ Ψ) 33. 36. 81. 323. 614. 945. 1175. 1505. 1739 al lat sy sa (bo)

Notes and references

F. G. Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible, Fasciculus I, General Introduction (Emery Walker Ltd., 1933), p. x.
Kurt and Barbara Aland, Der Text des Neuen Testaments. Einführung in die wissenschaftlichen Ausgaben sowie in Theorie und Praxis der modernen Textkritik. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1989, p. 109. ISBN 3-438-06011-6
"Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press (New York - Oxford, 2005), p. 54.
Huston 1955, p. 262
Huston 1955, pp. 265, 268, 270-271.
Barbara Aland, The Significance of the Chester Beatty in Early Church History, in: The Earliest Gospels ed. Charles Horton, London 2004, p. 110.
Ernest Cadman Colwell, “Scribal Habits in the Early Papyri: A Study in the Corruption of the Text,” in: "The Bible in Modern Scholarship" ed. J. P. Hyatt, New York: Abingdon Press 1965, p.383.
Hurtado, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text, 1981.
Epp 1974, p. 395
Aland et al. (eds), Greek New Testament, 4th rev. ed., Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 1998
Timothy J. Finney. "How To Discover Textual Groups". Retrieved 2018-11-16.
Streeter, B. H. (1924). The Four Gospels. London: Macmillan. pp. 27, 108.
Holger Strutwolf and Klaus Wachtel (eds), Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior: Parallel Pericopes: Special Volume Regarding the Synoptic Gospels (Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2011)
PAM (partitioning around medoids) is a multivariate analysis technique. For a description, see Timothy J. Finney. "Views of New Testament Textual Space". Retrieved 2013-03-16.
T. C. Skeat, A Codicological Analysis of the Chester Beatty Papyrus Codex of Gospels and Acts (P 45), in: T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott, The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat, Brill 2004, p. 147.

External links

Robert B. Waltz. 'NT Manuscripts: Papyri, Papyri ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵.' The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. Retrieved June 10, 2013
http://csntm.org/manuscript/View/GA_P45 Images of ${\mathfrak {P}}$ ⁴⁵ at the Centre for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts.

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[1] F. G. Kenyon, The Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri, Descriptions and Texts of Twelve Manuscripts on Papyrus of the Greek Bible, Fasciculus I, General Introduction (Emery Walker Ltd., 1933), p. x.

[Aland-2] Kurt and Barbara Aland, Der Text des Neuen Testaments. Einführung in die wissenschaftlichen Ausgaben sowie in Theorie und Praxis der modernen Textkritik. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft, Stuttgart 1989, p. 109. ISBN 3-438-06011-6

[INTF-3] "Liste Handschriften". Münster: Institute for New Testament Textual Research. Retrieved 26 August 2011.

[4] Bruce M. Metzger, Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press (New York - Oxford, 2005), p. 54.

[5] Huston 1955, p. 262

[6] Huston 1955, pp. 265, 268, 270-271.

[7] Barbara Aland, The Significance of the Chester Beatty in Early Church History, in: The Earliest Gospels ed. Charles Horton, London 2004, p. 110.

[8] Ernest Cadman Colwell, “Scribal Habits in the Early Papyri: A Study in the Corruption of the Text,” in: "The Bible in Modern Scholarship" ed. J. P. Hyatt, New York: Abingdon Press 1965, p.383.

[9] Hurtado, Text-Critical Methodology and the Pre-Caesarean Text, 1981.

[10] Epp 1974, p. 395

[11] Aland et al. (eds), Greek New Testament, 4th rev. ed., Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 1998

[12] Timothy J. Finney. "How To Discover Textual Groups". Retrieved 2018-11-16.

[13] Streeter, B. H. (1924). The Four Gospels. London: Macmillan. pp. 27, 108.

[14] Holger Strutwolf and Klaus Wachtel (eds), Novum Testamentum Graecum: Editio Critica Maior: Parallel Pericopes: Special Volume Regarding the Synoptic Gospels (Stuttgart: German Bible Society, 2011)

[15] PAM (partitioning around medoids) is a multivariate analysis technique. For a description, see Timothy J. Finney. "Views of New Testament Textual Space". Retrieved 2013-03-16.

[16] T. C. Skeat, A Codicological Analysis of the Chester Beatty Papyrus Codex of Gospels and Acts (P 45), in: T. C. Skeat and J. K. Elliott, The collected biblical writings of T. C. Skeat, Brill 2004, p. 147.

Papyrus 45

Condition of the manuscript

Textual character

Text-type

Notable readings

See also

Notes and references

Further reading

External links