Organorhenium chemistry

Organorhenium chemistry describes the compounds with ReC bonds. Because rhenium is a rare element, relatively few applications exist, but the area has been a rich source of concepts and a few useful catalysts.

General features

Re exists in ten known oxidation states from −3 to +7 except −2, and all but Re(−3) are represented by organorhenium compounds. Most are prepared from salts of perrhenate and related binary oxides.[1] The halides, e.g., ReCl5 are also useful precursors as are certain oxychlorides.

A noteworthy feature of organorhenium chemistry is the coexistence of oxide and organic ligands in the same coordination sphere.[2]

Carbonyl compounds

Dirhenium decacarbonyl is a common entry point to other rhenium carbonyls. The general patterns are similar to the related manganese carbonyls. It is possible to reduce this dimer with sodium amalgam to Na[Re(CO)5] with rhenium in the formal oxidation state −1. Bromination of dirhenium decacarbonyl gives bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I),[3] then reduced with zinc and acetic acid to pentacarbonylhydridorhenium:[4]

Re2(CO)10 + Br2 → 2 Re(CO)5Br
Re(CO)5Br + Zn + HOAc → Re(CO)5H + ZnBr(OAc)

Bromopentacarbonylrhenium(I) is readily decarbonylated. In refluxing water, it forms the triaquo cation:[5]

Re(CO)5Br + 3 H2O → [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br + 2 CO

With tetraethylammonium bromide Re(CO)5Br reacts to give the anionic tribromide:[6]

Re(CO)5Br + 2 NEt4Br → [NEt4]2[Re(CO)3Br3] + 2 CO

Cyclopentadienyl complexes

One of the first transition metal hydride complexes to be reported was (C5H5)2ReH. A variety of half-sandwich compounds have been prepared from (C5H5)Re(CO)3 and (C5Me5)Re(CO)3. Notable derivatives include the electron-precise oxide (C5Me5)ReO3 and (C5H5)2Re2(CO)4.

Re-alkyl and aryl compounds

Rhenium forms a variety of alkyl and aryl derivatives, often with pi-donor coligands such as oxo groups.[7] Well known is methylrhenium trioxide ("MTO"), CH3ReO3 a volatile, colourless solid, a rare example of a stable high-oxidation state metal alkyl complex. This compound has been used as a catalyst in some laboratory experiments. It can be prepared by many routes, a typical method is the reaction of Re2O7 and tetramethyltin:

Re2O7 + (CH3)4Sn → CH3ReO3 + (CH3)3SnOReO3

Analogous alkyl and aryl derivatives are known. Although PhReO3 is unstable and decomposes at –30 °C, the corresponding sterically hindered mesityl and 2,6-xylyl derivatives (MesReO3 and 2,6-(CH3)2C6H3ReO3) are stable at room temperature. The electron poor 4-trifluoromethylphenylrhenium trioxide (4-CF3C6H4ReO3) is likewise relatively stable.[8] MTO and other organylrhenium trioxides catalyze oxidation reactions with hydrogen peroxide as well as olefin metathesis in the presence of a Lewis acid activator.[9] Terminal alkynes yield the corresponding acid or ester, internal alkynes yield diketones, and alkenes give epoxides. MTO also catalyses the conversion of aldehydes and diazoalkanes into an alkene.[10]

Rhenium is also able to make complexes with fullerene ligands such as Re2(PMe3)4H822C60).

References

  1. O. Glemser "Ammonium Perrhenate" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 1476-85.
  2. W. A. Herrmann and F. E. Kuhn (1997). "Organorhenium Oxides". Acc. Chem. Res. 30 (4): 169–180. doi:10.1021/ar9601398.
  3. Schmidt, Steven P.; Trogler, William C.; Basolo, Fred (1990). Pentacarbonylrhenium Halides. Inorganic Syntheses. 28. pp. 154–159. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch42. ISBN 978-0-470-13259-3.
  4. Michael A. Urbancic, John R. Shapley (1990). "Pentacarbonylhydridorhenium". Inorganic Syntheses. Inorganic Syntheses. 28. pp. 165–168. doi:10.1002/9780470132593.ch43. ISBN 978-0-470-13259-3.
  5. Lazarova, N.; James, S.; Babich, J.; Zubieta, J. (2004). "A convenient synthesis, chemical characterization and reactivity of [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br: the crystal and molecular structure of [Re(CO)3(CH3CN)2Br]". Inorganic Chemistry Communications. 7 (9): 1023–1026. doi:10.1016/j.inoche.2004.07.006.
  6. Alberto, R.; Egli, A.; Abram, U.; Hegetschweiler, K.; Gramlich V.; Schubiger, P. A. (1994). "Synthesis and reactivity of [NEt4]2[ReBr3(CO)3]. Formation and structural characterization of the clusters [NEt4][Re33-OH)(µ-OH)3(CO)9] and [NEt4][Re2(µ-OH)3(CO)6] by alkaline titration". J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans. (19): 2815–2820. doi:10.1039/DT9940002815.
  7. Pericles Stavropoulos, Peter G. Edwards, Geoffrey Wilkinson, Majid Motevalli, K. M. Abdul Malik and Michael B. Hursthouse "Oxoalkyls of rhenium-(V) and-(VI). X-Ray crystal structures of (Me4ReO)2Mg(thf)4,[(Me3SiCH2)4ReO]2Mg(thf)2, Re2O3Me6 and Re2O3(CH2SiMe3)6" J. Chem. Soc., Dalton Trans., 1985, pp. 2167-2175. doi:10.1039/DT9850002167
  8. Dyckhoff, Florian; Li, Su; Reich, Robert M.; Hofmann, Benjamin J.; Herdtweck, Eberhardt; Kühn, Fritz E. (2018). "Synthesis, characterization and application of organorhenium(vii) trioxides in metathesis reactions and epoxidation catalysis". Dalton Transactions. 47 (29): 9755–9764. doi:10.1039/c8dt02326c. ISSN 1477-9226. PMID 29987275.
  9. Schmidt, Boris (1997). "Methyltrioxorhenium - from oxidation and cyclopropanation to metathesis". Journal für Praktische Chemie/Chemiker-Zeitung. 339 (1): 493–496. doi:10.1002/prac.19973390190. ISSN 0941-1216.
  10. Hudson, A. "Methyltrioxorhenium" Encyclopedia of Reagents for Organic Synthesis. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2002.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.