Monthly Review

The Monthly Review, established in 1949, is an independent socialist magazine published monthly in New York City. The publication is the longest continuously published socialist magazine in the United States, and is published by the Monthly Review Foundation.

Monthly Review
EditorJohn Bellamy Foster
CategoriesMarxism, socialism, political economy, economics, social science, philosophy
FrequencyMonthly (double issue July–August)
PublisherMonthly Review Foundation
Year founded1949
CountryUnited States
Based inNew York City
LanguageEnglish
Websitemonthlyreview.org
ISSN0027-0520
OCLC241373379

History

Establishment

Following the failure of the independent 1948 Presidential campaign of Henry A. Wallace, two former supporters of the Wallace effort met at the farm in New Hampshire where one of them was living. The two men were literary scholar and Christian socialist F.O. "Matty" Matthiessen and Marxist economist Paul Sweezy, who were former colleagues at Harvard University. Matthiessen came into an inheritance after his father died in an automobile accident in California and had no pressing need for the money. Matthiessen made the offer to Sweezy to underwrite "that magazine [Sweezy] and Leo Huberman were always talking about," committing the sum of $5,000 per year for three years. Matthiessen's funds made the launch of Monthly Review possible, although the amount of the seed money was reduced to $4,000 per year in the second and third years by the executors of Matthiessen's estate following his suicide in 1950.[1]

Although Matthiessen was the financial angel of the new publication, from the outset the editorial task was handled by Sweezy and his co-thinker, the left wing popular writer Leo Huberman. The author of an array of books and pamphlets during the 1930s and early 1940s, the New York University-educated Huberman worked full-time on Monthly Review from its establishment until his death of a heart attack in 1968.[2]

Sweezy and Huberman were complementary figures guiding the publication, with Sweezy's theoretical bent and writing ability put to use for a majority of the editorial content, while Huberman took charge of the business and administrative aspects of the enterprise. Sweezy remained at home in New Hampshire, traveling down to the New York City once a month to read manuscripts, where Huberman conducted the day-to-day operations of the magazine along with his wife, Gerty Huberman, and family friend Sybil Huntington May.[3]

Briefly joining Sweezy and Huberman as a third founding editor of Monthly Review — although not listed as such on the publication's masthead — was German émigré Otto Nathan (1893-1987). Although his time of editorial association with MR was short, Nathan was instrumental in obtaining what would become a seminal essay for the magazine, a lead piece for the debut May 1949 issue by physicist Albert Einstein entitled "Why Socialism?"[4][5]

Another key contributor during the first 15 years of MR was economist Paul Baran, frequently considered as the third member of an editorial troika including Sweezy and Huberman. A tenured professor at Stanford University, Baran was one of a very few self-identified Marxists to teach economics at American universities during the Cold War period. Baran worked closely with Sweezy on a book regarded as a landmark in Marxist theory entitled Monopoly Capital, although he died of a heart attack prior to the work's first publication in 1966.[6]

Monthly Review launched in 1949 with a circulation of just 450 copies, most of whom were personal acquaintances of either Huberman or Sweezy.[7] The magazine's ideology and readership closely paralleled that of the independent Marxist weekly newspaper The National Guardian, established in 1948.

In the first issue of the magazine in an essay entitled Where We Stand Huberman and Sweezy remarked that socialism in The United States was once widely and eagerly discussed, as evidenced by: Eugene V. Debs' electoral performance, the circulation of The Appeal to Reason, and the reach of writings by Oscar Ameringer, Bellamy, Upton Sinclair and Jack London. However, they go on to say:

"This widespread interest in socialism has declined to such an extent that today it would probably not be an exaggeration to say that for the great majority of Americans socialism is little more than a dirty word. This is an extraordinary situation because it occurs at the very moment that a large proportion of the rest of the world is moving toward socialism at an unprecedentedly rapid rate. It is a deeply disturbing situation because there are still many Americans who believe, with us, that in the long run, socialism will prove to be the only solution to the increasingly serious economic and social problems that face thc United States"[8]

Despite a conservative political climate in the United States, the magazine quickly reached a critical mass of subscribers, with its paid circulation rising to 2,500 in 1950 and to 6,000 in 1954.[9]

McCarthy period

During the era of McCarthyism in the early 1950s, editors Paul Sweezy and Leo Huberman were targeted for "subversive activities". Sweezy's case, tried by New Hampshire Attorney General, reached the Supreme Court and became a seminal case on freedom of speech when the Court ruled in his favor.[10]

In 1953, the magazine added veteran radical Scott Nearing to the magazine's ranks. From that date and for nearly 20 years Nearing authored a column descriptively entitled "World Events". During the Truman and Eisenhower years, a number of left wing intellectuals found a space for their work in MR, including a number that would gain in stature in the ensuing liberalized decade, such as pacifist activist Staughton Lynd (1952), historian William Appleman Williams (1952), and sociologist C. Wright Mills (1958).[11]

New Left era and after

From the middle years of the 1960s, radical political theory saw a resurgence in association with the emergence of a New Left in Europe and North America. Monthly Review grew in stature in tandem with this resurgence.[12] While remaining an intellectual journal not oriented towards acquiring a mass readership, circulation of the publication nonetheless grew throughout this era, approaching 9,100 in 1970 before peaking at 11,500 in 1977.[13]

While MR remained essentially a publication with roots in the so-called "Old Left", it was not unfriendly to the young radical movement which grew in conjunction with the Civil Rights Movement and the opposition to conscription and the Vietnam War. Among those associated with the 1960s New Left published by the Monthly Review were C. Wright Mills, Herbert Marcuse, Todd Gitlin, Carl Oglesby, David Horowitz, and Noam Chomsky.[13]

The Monthly Review editorial staff was joined in May 1969 by radical economist Harry Magdoff, replacing Leo Huberman, who had died in 1968. Magdoff, a reader of the publication from its first issue in 1949, bolstered the already well-developed "Third-Worldist" orientation of the publication, based upon revolutionary events in Cuba, China, and Vietnam. Certain Maoist influence made itself felt in the content of the publication in this period.[14]

Monthly Review became steadily more critical of the Soviet Union in the 1960s and 1970s, with editor Paul Sweezy objecting to the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968 and the suppression of the Polish trade union "Solidarity" through martial law in 1981.[15] In the latter case, Sweezy declared the incident had proved beyond doubt that

...the Communist regimes of the Soviet bloc have become the expression and the guardians of a new rigidified hierarchical structure which has nothing in common with the kind of socialist society Marxists have always regarded as the goal of modern working class movements."[16]

Despite an apparent decline of the American Left in the 1980s, MR's circulation hovered in the 8,000 range throughout the decade.[17]

In a 1999 interview spanning Sweezy's life as an intellectual, Sweezy expressed relief at the fact that he was independent. According to Sweezy because his father was a well paid banker, he was able to inherit a small sum of money that gave him the financial independence to remain intellectually independent. Sweezy contrasts his situation with that of contemporaries Robert Solow and Paul Samuelson, who he believes gradually diluted their politics as that would make them more palatable to employers and the mainstream.[18]

Between 1997 and 2000, Monthly Review was co-edited by Ellen Meiksins Wood, Magdoff and Sweezy.

Publication today

Since 2006 John Bellamy Foster has been the sole editor. Brett Clark is the associate editor, and the magazine also has one assistant editor and an editorial committee.[19]

Notable contributors

Many of its articles have been written by academics, journalists, and freelance public intellectuals, including Albert Einstein, Tariq Ali, Isabel Allende, Samir Amin, Julian Bond, Marilyn Buck, G. D. H. Cole, Bernardine Dohrn, W. E. B. Du Bois, Barbara Ehrenreich, Andre Gunder Frank, Eduardo Galeano, Che Guevara, Lorraine Hansberry, Edward S. Herman, Eric Hobsbawm, Michael Klare, Saul Landau, Michael Parenti, Robert W. McChesney, Ralph Miliband, Marge Piercy, Frances Fox Piven, Adrienne Rich, Jean-Paul Sartre, Daniel Singer, E. P. Thompson, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Raymond Williams.[5]

Ideology

From its first issue, Monthly Review attacked the premise that capitalism was capable of infinite growth through Keynesian macroeconomic fine-tuning. Instead, the magazine's editors and leading writers have remained true to the traditional Marxist perspective that capitalist economies contain internal contradictions which will ultimately lead to their collapse and reconstitution on a new socialist basis. Topics of editorial concern have included poverty, unequal distribution of incomes and wealth, racism, imperialism in relations between economically developed and less developed nations, and inefficiencies in production and distribution seen as endemic to the capitalist system.[6]

Although not averse to discussion of esoteric matters of socialist theory, MR was generally characterized by an aversion to doctrinaire citations of Marxist canon in favor of the analysis of real-world economic and historical trends. Readability was emphasized and the use of academic jargon discouraged.[17]

Editors Huberman and Sweezy argued as early as 1952 that massive and expanding military spending was an integral part of the process of capitalist stabilization, driving corporate profits, bolstering levels of employment, and absorbing surplus production. They argued the illusion of an external military threat was required to sustain this system of priorities in government spending; consequently, effort was made by the editors to challenge the dominant Cold War paradigm of "Democracy versus Communism" in the material published in the magazine.[20]

Monopoly capitalism

In 1966, Monthly Review published Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order by Sweezy and Baran. The book elaborated evidence for and implications of Sweezy's stagnation theory, also called secular stagnation.[21] The main dilemma modern capitalism would face, they argued, would be how to find profitable investment outlets for the economic surpluses created by capital accumulation. Because of the increase in oligopoly this took the form of stagnation as monopolistic firms reduced output rather than prices in response to overcapacity.

Oligopoly meant there was a tendency for the rate of surplus to rise, but this surplus did not necessarily register in statistical records as profits. It also takes the form of waste and excess production capacity.

Increases in marketing, defense spending and various forms of debt could alleviate the problem of overaccumulation. However, they believed that these remedies to capital's difficulties were inherently limited and tend to decrease in effectiveness over time so that monopoly capital would tend toward economic stagnation.[22]

Imperialism

Monthly Review published many intellectuals who made contributions to the economic analysis of imperialism. Authors like Paul Baran, Andre Gunder Frank and Samir Amin the latter two who would go on to build on the concept on monopoly capitalism to advance dependency theory, world system theory, and global historical materialism.

In Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America Frank reinterprets Latin American history as an aspect of the world-wide spread of capitalism in its commercial and industrial phases. Frank lays to rest the myth of Latin American feudalism, demonstrating in the process the impossibility of a bourgeois revolution in a part of the world which is already part and parcel of the capitalist system. Frank’s analysis centers on the metropolis-satellite structure of the world capitalist system, which consigns subordinate parts of that system to continual underdevelopment.[23]

According to Amin, capitalism and its evolution can only be understood as a single integrated global system, composed of ‘developed countries’, which constitute the Center, and of ‘underdeveloped countries’, which are the Peripheries of the system. Development and underdevelopment consequently constitute both facets of the unique expansion of global capitalism. Underdeveloped countries should not be considered as ‘lagging behind’ because of the specific - social, cultural, or even geographic - characteristics of these so-called ‘poor’ countries. Underdevelopment is actually only the result of the forced permanent structural adjustment of these countries to the needs of the accumulation benefiting the system’s Center countries.[24]

Amins theory of a global law of value describes a system of unequal exchange, in which the difference in the wages between labor forces in different nations is greater than the difference between their productivities. Amin talks of “imperial rents” accruing to the global corporations in the Center - elsewhere referred to as “global labor arbitrage”. The global law of value thus creates the “super-exploitation” of the periphery. Further, the core countries keep monopolies on technology, control of financial flows, military power, ideological and media production, and access to natural resources.[25]

The system of worldwide value as described above means, that there is one imperial world system, encompassing both the global North and the global South. Amin further believed that capitalism and imperialism were linked at all stages of their development (as opposed to Lenin, who argued that imperialism was a specific stage in the development of capitalism). Amin defined Imperialism as: “precisely the amalgamation of the requirements and laws for the reproduction of capital; the social, national and international alliances that underlie them; and the political strategies employed by these alliances”.[26]

Eco-socialism

Monthly Review contributors like John Bellamy Foster and Paul Burkett,[27] point to Marx's discussion of a "metabolic rift" between man and nature, his statement that "private ownership of the globe by single individuals will appear quite absurd as private ownership of one man by another" and his observation that a society must "hand it [the planet] down to succeeding generations in an improved condition".[28][29]

Delving into Karl Marx’s central works, as well as his natural scientific notebooks Kohei Saito built on the writing of Foster and Burkett with his book Karl Marx's Ecosocialism, to argue that Karl Marx actually saw the environmental crisis embedded in capitalism. “It is not possible to comprehend the full scope of [Marx’s] critique of political economy,” Saito writes, “if one ignores its ecological dimension.”[30]

Editorial line

In its editorial line Monthly Review offered critical support of the Soviet Union during its early years although over time the magazine became increasingly critical of Soviet dedication to Socialism in One Country and peaceful coexistence, seeing that country as playing a more or less conservative role in a world marked by national revolutionary movements. After the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s, Sweezy and Huberman soon came to see the People's Republic of China as the actual center of the world revolutionary movement.[31]

Monthly Review remained true to an independent orientation throughout its history and never aligned with any specific revolutionary movement or political organization. In 2004, Monthly Review editor John Bellamy Foster told The New York Times

"The Monthly Review... was and is Marxist, but did not hew to the party line or get into sectarian struggles."[10]

Organization

Monthly Review is currently headquartered at 132 W.29th Street, Suite 706, New York, NY.[32] The magazine has a staff of six comprising both editorial and operations. The magazine's foreign language editions are headquartered in their respective countries: Greece, Turkey, Spain, South Korea and India.[33]

Operations

Monthly Review publishes a monthly print edition, with July and August published together as a special double issue focused on one topic.[34]

Monthly Review Press

Monthly Review Press, an allied endeavor, was launched in 1951 in response to the inability of the maverick left-wing journalist I. F. Stone to otherwise find a publisher for his book The Hidden History of the Korean War. Stone's work, which argued that the still ongoing Korean War was not a case of simple Communist military aggression but was rather the product of political isolation, South Korean military buildup, and border provocations, became the first title offered by the MR Press in 1952.[35]

Titles published by the press in its formative years include: The Empire of Oil by Harvey O'Connor (1955), The Political Economy of Growth[36] by Paul Baran (1957), The United States, Cuba, and Castro by historian William Appleman Williams (1963), Fanshen: A Documentary of Revolution in a Chinese Village[37] by William Hinton (1966), Monopoly Capital[38] by Paul A. Baran and Paul M. Sweezy (1966), the English translation of Open Veins of Latin America[39] by Eduardo Galeano (1973), and Unequal Development[40] (1976) and Eurocentrism[41] (1989) by Samir Amin.[35]

Harry Braverman (author of Labor and Monopoly Capital[42]) became director of Monthly Review Press in 1967. The present director of the Press is Michael D. Yates (author of Naming the System[43]).

In later years Monthly Review Press has published such titles as: Marx's Ecology[44] by John Bellamy Foster; Discourse on Colonialism[45] by Aimé Césaire; The Great Financial Crisis[46] by Fred Magdoff and John Bellamy Foster; and Biology under the Influence[47] by Richard Lewontin and Richard Levins. MR Press is also the U.S. publisher of The Socialist Register,[48] an annual British publication since 1964, which contains topical essays written by radical academics and activists.

MROnline

From 2005 to 2016, Monthly Review published an associated website, MRzine. At its closure, Monthly Review announced that it would maintain an online archive of the site.[49]

Following this Monthly Review launched an portal called MROnline. MROnline publishes occasional original essays under the banner of Monthly Review Essays. However most of the works published on the website are republished from other media outlets including: TriContinental Institute, The Grayzone, MintPress News, Oronico Tribune, Venezuelanalysis and Brasil Wire among others.[50]

Foreign editions

In addition to the English language American based magazine, Monthly Review publishes seven other additions for foreign language audiences. In India the magazine has English, Hindi and Bengali / Bangla editions, the latter of which is also published in Bangladesh. The magazine's other foreign language editions are published in: Spanish, Turkish, Korean and Greek.[51]

Editors

Monthly Review has had six editors listed on its masthead:[5]

Footnotes

  1. C. Phelps (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1.
  2. Phelps, C. (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1. p. 3-4
  3. Savran, S.; Tonak, E. A.; Sweezy, P. M. (1987). "Interview with Paul M. Sweezy". Monthly Review. 38 (11): 1. doi:10.14452/MR-038-11-1987-04_1. p. 32-33
  4. Einstein, A. (2009). "Why Socialism?". Monthly Review. 61 (1): 55–61. doi:10.14452/MR-061-01-2009-05_7. HTML version available at the Monthly Review website: "Why Socialism?". May 1949. Retrieved 18 January 2014.
  5. "About Monthly Review".
  6. Phelps, C. (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1. p. 4-5.
  7. Savran, S.; Tonak, E. A.; Sweezy, P. M. (1987). "Interview with Paul M. Sweezy". Monthly Review. 38 (11): 1. doi:10.14452/MR-038-11-1987-04_1. p. 43-44
  8. Huberman, Leo; Sweezy, Paul M. (1949-05-01). "Where We Stand: Introductory Editorial". Monthly Review: 1–2. doi:10.14452/MR-001-01-1949-05_1. ISSN 0027-0520.
  9. Phelps, C. (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1. p. 7-9.
  10. Paul Sweezy, 93, Marxist Publisher and Economist, Dies, The New York Times, March 2, 2004.
  11. Phelps, C. (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1. p. 18-19.
  12. John Bellamy Foster, "Monthly Review," in Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas (eds.) Encyclopedia of the American Left New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1990; p. 485.
  13. Phelps, C. (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1. p. 20-21.
  14. Phelps, C.; Magdoff, H. (1999). "Interview with Harry Magdoff". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 54–73. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_3. p. 54, pp. 61-64
  15. Phelps, C. (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1. p. 24-25.
  16. Sweezy, P. M. (1983). "The Suppression of the Polish Workers Movement". Monthly Review. 34 (8): 27–30. doi:10.14452/MR-034-08-1983-01_3. p. 30
  17. John Bellamy Foster, "Monthly Review," in Mari Jo Buhle, Paul Buhle, and Dan Georgakas (eds.)Encyclopedia of the American Left. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 1990; p. 484.
  18. Phelps, Christopher; Sweezy, Paul M. (1999-05-02). "Interview with Paul Sweezy". Monthly Review: 31–53. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_2. ISSN 0027-0520.
  19. Monthly Review Archives, "Editorial Team."
  20. Peter Clecak, "Monthly Review (1949—)," in Joseph R. Conlin (ed.), The American Radical Press, 1880-1960: Volume 2. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974; pg. 667.
  21. Sweezy, Paul M. (1968). Theory of Capital Development. NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-85345-079-5.
  22. History, John Bellamy FosterTopics: (2004-02-27). "Monthly Review | Memorial Service for Paul Marlor Sweezy (1910-2004)". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  23. Andre Gunder Frank. "Monthly Review | Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  24. Amin, Samir (2014). "Samir Amin". SpringerBriefs on Pioneers in Science and Practice. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-01116-5. ISSN 2194-3125.
  25. Theory, John Bellamy FosterTopics: Economic; History; Imperialism; Economy, Political; Stagnation (2011-10-01). "Monthly Review | Samir Amin at 80: An Introduction and Tribute". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  26. Theory, John Bellamy FosterTopics: Economic; History; Imperialism; Economy, Political; Stagnation (2011-10-01). "Monthly Review | Samir Amin at 80: An Introduction and Tribute". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  27. Burkett, P. (1999). Marx and Nature: A Red and Green Perspective. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 978-1-349-41490-1.
  28. "Economic Manuscripts: Capital, Vol.3, Chapter 46". www.marxists.org. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  29. Foster, John Bellamy. "Monthly Review | Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  30. Saito, Kohei. "Monthly Review | Karl Marx's Ecosocialism: Capital, Nature, and the Unfinished Critique of Political Economy". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  31. Clecak, "Monthly Review (1949—)," p. 671.
  32. Admin, M. R. "Monthly Review | Donate to the Monthly Review Foundation". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  33. "Foreign Editions of Monthly Review | Monthly Review". web.archive.org. 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  34. "Monthly Review | An Independent Socialist Magazine". Monthly Review. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  35. Phelps, C. (1999). "Introduction: A Socialist Magazine in the American Century". Monthly Review. 51 (1): 1–21. doi:10.14452/MR-051-01-1999-05_1. p. 15-16.
  36. Baran, Paul A. (2000). The political economy of growth. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 0853450765.
  37. Hinton, William (2008) [1966]. Fanshen. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 978-1583671757.
  38. Baran, Paul A.; Sweezy, Paul M. (1966). Monopoly Capital: An Essay on the American Economic and Social Order. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 0853450730.
  39. Galeano, Eduardo (1997) [1973]. Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9780853459910.
  40. Amin, Samir (1973). Unequal development. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9780853453802. OCLC 477201729.
  41. Amin, Samir (2010) [1989]. Eurocentrism (2nd ed.). New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9781583672075.
  42. Braverman, Harry (1998) [1974]. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 0853459401.
  43. Yates, Michael D. (2003). Naming the System. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 1583670793. OCLC 477201729.
  44. Foster, John Bellamy (2000). Marx's Ecology: Materialism and Nature. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 1583670122.
  45. Césaire, Aimé (2000) [1955]. Discourse on Colonialism. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 1583670254.
  46. Magdoff, Fred; Foster, John Bellamy (2009). The Great Financial Crisis: Causes and Consequences. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9781583671849.
  47. Lewontin, Richard; Levins, Richard (2007). Biology Under the Influence: Dialectical Essays on Ecology, Agriculture, and Health. New York: Monthly Review Press. ISBN 9781583671573.
  48. Panitch, Leo; Albo, Greg; Chibber, Vivek, eds. (2013). Registering class: socialist register 2014. New York: Monthly Review Press. pp. 335. ISBN 978-1583674314. OCLC 844308930. Also see the full listing Socialist Register books.
  49. "MR's Upgrade". Monthly Review. December 31, 2016. Retrieved January 8, 2017.
  50. "MR Online | Articles, reviews and daily news". MR Online. Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  51. "Foreign Editions of Monthly Review | Monthly Review". web.archive.org. 2017-08-18. Retrieved 2020-06-23.

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