Matra

During 1945, Matra (Mécanique Aviation TRAction) was established, immediately beginning development of an ambition twin-engine aircraft intended to be the fastest propeller-driven plane in the world.[1] In 1951, the sound barrier was broken in horizontal flight for the first time in Europe by an aircraft using a Matra-built engine. During 1961, Matra became involved in the early European space programme, having been appointed as the first prime contractor for satellites.[1]

During 1963, French businessman Jean-Luc Lagardere was appointed CEO of Matra; he would be a key figure at the company for the following three decades. At the time of Lagardere's appointment, the firm had a workforce of 1,450.[1] During 1964, Matra became the owner of car manufacturer Automobiles René Bonnet.[2] For a time, Matra was largely centered around its vehicle division, Matra Automobiles. However, within a decade, Matra had been sold its road car division to American-owned car manufacturer Chrysler Europe, having shifted focus onto its other growing business activities.[2]

During the 1970s, Lagardère pursued an overall strategy of merging Matra with various other companies, or acquiring them outright, to build up a sizable group around the Matra brand. Throughout the 1970s, the company strengthened and grew its position within the aerospace sector, which has been viewed as a core business of Matra.[2] one such company was the electrical equipment manufacturer Electronique Moderne de l’Oise, which became Matra Électronique following its acquisition during 1975.[3] That same year, National Centre for Space Studies (CNES) and the European Space Agency (ESA) awarded a contract to Mantra for the loading bay of the new Ariane expendable launch system.[1]

Over several decades, Matra eventually diversified into media, weaponry, aeronautics, automobiles, music distribution, and various other state of the art technologies. During 1981, Matra diversified into media activities via the purchase of the Hachette publishing company.[2] Matra invested in several fields of transportation during the 1980s and 1990s. It produced a fiberglass 14 ft sailing dinghy with an innovative double bottom, self-bailing hull, called Capricorne. Though several hundred were sold and a class association briefly existed, it was unable to gain much market share against the better established International 420. During 1983, Matra launched an automatic (driverless) light rubber-tyred metro, the Véhicule Automatique Léger.[1] It later attempted to produce a personal rapid transit system, which it named Aramis. Matra also manufactured a range of electric bicycles and electric scooters.[4] Matra i-step Runner, Tourer and Force as well as Matra i-flow in Romorantin. Matra developed and released a personal computer, the Alice.

During 1988, Matra was privatised, at which point Lagardère acquired 6 per cent of the company's stock; by 1992, his stake in Mantra had risen to 25 per cent. That same year, the Lagardère Group was radically restructured; acquiring more shares in Matra from Floirat, Daimler Benz and GEC, and Hachette from Floirat, Crédit Lyonnais and Aberly. Lagardère merged Matra and Hachette to form Matra Hachette, of which Lagardère Group held 37.6 per cent.[5] Following a share swap in 1994, Lagardère held 93.3 perc cent of Matra Hachette's stock. During 1996, Matra Hachette was formally merged into Lagardère Group.

During February 1999, the firm's defense wing, Matra Hautes Technologies, was merged with French aerospace conglomerate Aérospatiale to form Aérospatiale-Matra.[6] During 2003, following poor financial performance within the sector, Matra Automobiles became bankrupt and its assets were sold off once more by Matra.[2] Instead, Matra decided to concentrate its resources on its remaining interests within the media and aerospace sectors.[2]

Matra 530

Matra Bagheera

Matra had been involved in car manufacturing since the acquisition of Automobiles René Bonnet in 1963.[2] The first road car to be sold under the Matra marque was the Renault-powered Matra Djet (pronounced "jet"), which was an update of the Bonnet Jet; the Djet was subsequently replaced with the Matra 530, Bagheera, the Murena and the Rancho, an early type of sport utility vehicle (SUV). At its peak, Matra Automobiles was manufacturing 60,000 vehicles per year at its automobile plant in Romorantin-Lanthenay.[7]

Lagardere, recognising the promotion value of the motorsport sector for garnering sales, decided that the company ought to be involved, leading to the creation of Equipe Matra Sports, which entered the French Formula 3 during 1965.[2] Throughout the mid-1960s, Matra enjoyed considerable success in Formula 3 and Formula 2 racing with its MS5 monocoque-based car, winning both the French and European championships. Matra competed as a constructor in Formula One from 1967 to 1972 and as an engine supplier between 1975 to 1982, winning the drivers' and constructors' championships in 1969. Matra also competed in sports car racing from 1966 to 1974 winning the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1972, 1973 and 1974 and the World Championship for Makes in 1973 and 1974.. However, at the end of the 1974 season, Matra announced that it had decided to withdraw from all motorsport involvement.[2]

During the early 1970s, Matra sold its car division to American-owned car manufacturer Chrysler Europe.[2] Matra Automobiles was subsequently sold by Chrysler Europe to French car company Peugeot; during 1983, Lagardere arranged to buy the division back. Shortly thereafter, a strategic partnership was formed between Matra and French vehicle company Renault, leading to the development of the Espace minivan.[2]

During 1984, the Matra-built Espace was launched onto the market, this car proved to be a commercial success over multiple decades.[7] Due to this success, this single vehicle type became extremely impactful to the fortunes of Matra Automobiles. Following on from the first generation of the Espace, Matra Automobiles went on to manufacture the next two generations as well; however, the fourth iteration was manufactured inhouse by Renault instead. The loss of the Espace business quickly proved detrimental to the firm's finances.[7][2]

During 2001, production of the Renault Avantime, which was co-designed and built by Matra Automobiles, commenced; unfortunately, this vehicle only ever achieved low sales volumes and was widely regarded as a failure.[7] By the early 2000s, Matra was reportedly keen to end its involvement with the automotive industry. Following the discontinuation of the Avantime, on 27 February 2003, Matra Automobiles announced its intention to close its Romorantin vehicle factory just one month later.[7] The dismantling of the division was necessitated by Matra Automobiles having been declared bankrupt.[7]

During September 2003, Pininfarina SpA acquired Matra Automobile's engineering, testing and prototype businesses; the company was subsequently named Matra Automobile Engineering.[7] On 13 January 2009, Pininfarina sold its share in Matra Automobile Engineering to Segula Technologies.

Matra Hautes Technologies (MHT) was the defence arm of the firm. The division was involved in aerospace, defence and telecommunications.

During 1990, Matra Espace and the aerospace division of British electronics specialist GEC Marconi merged together, creating Matra Marconi Space; the company had claimed this entity to have been the leading aerospace company in the European market at the time.[8] Six years later, Matra Défense and British missile manufacturer BAe Dynamics merged to form Matra BAe Dynamics, a leading weapons manufacturer in Europe as well as the third largest in the world at the time.[5] During February 1999, MHT merged with French aerospace conglomerate Aérospatiale to form Aérospatiale-Matra. On 10 July 2000, Aérospatiale-Matra merged with Spanish aircraft company CASA and German aerospace firm DASA to become part of EADS, which subsequently became the Airbus Group.[6]

Matra sponsored Racing Club de France in 1987~1989.

• Official website
• matraclub.com
• matra-automobile.com
• History of Renault Espace includes opinions about demise of Matra