March 1943

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The following events occurred in March 1943:

March 13, 1943: Liquidation completed of 10,000 Jews from Krakow Ghetto
March 1, 1943: First war ration point tokens issued by U.S. government [1]
March 2–4, 1943: U.S. and Australian forces sink 12 Japanese Navy ships in battle at Bismarck Sea
March 27, 1943: U.S. War Department announces the existence of the first rocket-launcher weapon, the bazooka

March 1, 1943 (Monday)
  • The U.S. Office of Price Administration implemented rationing of canned goods, which had been barred from retail sale since February 20. Under the new rules, American consumers would be allowed 48 ration points worth, per person and per month, of canned and bottled fruits, vegetables, soups, baby food and dehydrated fruit, while canned meats and fish remained unavailable. On the average, the affected canned goods would count for 12 points apiece.[2]
  • In the heaviest single air raid on the Nazi German capital, Royal Air Force and U.S. Army Air Force bombers struck Berlin in a 30-minute raid. German radio conceded that at least 89 people were killed and 213 injured. By the end of the week, the radio reported 486 dead and 377 seriously injured.[3]
  • The Koriukivka massacre took place in the Ukrainian SSR when the 6,700 residents of the city of Koriukivka, became victims of the German SS. After burning down the buildings in town, the SS troopers killed the survivors.
  • Risto Ryti was inaugurated for a second term as President of Finland, and urged citizens to keep fighting for the Axis powers.[4]
  • The Nazi collaborationist Belarusian Central Council was established.
  • Born: Richard H. Price, American physicist, in New York City

March 2, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • The Battle of the Bismarck Sea began. U.S. and Australian forces sank a convoy of Japanese ships, taking out all 8 troop transports and 4 escorting destroyers. Nearly 2,900 Japanese servicemen were killed over three days.[5] The convoy had been discovered serendipitously the day before when Lt. Walter Higgins of the U.S. Army descended to a lower altitude while flying over the Pacific in a Liberator bomber.[6]
  • In a single day, 1,500 Jewish men, women and children were deported from Berlin after the citywide roundup three days earlier, and sent to the Auschwitz concentration camp; 1,350 of them were executed upon their arrival at Auschwitz.[7]
  • The drama film The Human Comedy starring Mickey Rooney was released.
  • Born:

March 3, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • A panic during an air raid killed 62 children and 110 adults in London who were trying to enter an air-raid shelter at the underground (subway) station at Bethnal Green, and another 90 were injured. Survivors reported that the stampede was triggered when a woman tripped and fell while descending the stairs, and an elderly man fell over her body, and then 300 more people were caught in the crush.[8] The woman who tripped was rescued, but the baby she had been carrying suffocated.[9] The trigger for the fleeing of residents to the station had been the noise from the launching of British defensive weapons, a salvo of anti-aircraft rockets from Victoria Park.[10]
  • The German minelayer Doggerbank was torpedoed and sunk by the German sub U-43, whose captain mistakenly believed that he was firing at an enemy ship. Captain Hans Joachim Schwantke then ordered U-43 to depart, under orders not to rescue the survivors because of the Laconia incident. Only one of the 365 people on board, Fritz Kuert, survived. Kuert, who had been able to escape safely from three other sinkings of ships, endured for 26 days with almost no food or water, was rescued on March 29 by the Spanish ship Campamor.[11]
  • Mohandas K. Gandhi ended his fast after 21 days, drinking a glass of orange juice brought to him in prison by his wife, Kastubni.[12]
  • "Why Have I Taken Up the Struggle Against Bolshevism", an open letter by Andrey Vlasov, was published in the newspaper Zarya.[13]
  • The Josef von Báky-directed fantasy comedy film Münchhausen premiered in Germany.
  • Born: Trond Mohn, Scottish-born Norwegian billionaire, in Buckie
  • Died: Edward FitzRoy, 73, British Conservative politician and Speaker of the House from 1928 until his death

March 4, 1943 (Thursday)

March 5, 1943 (Friday)

March 6, 1943 (Saturday)
Lt. Gen. George S. Patton, Jr.

March 7, 1943 (Sunday)
  • The Polish government-in-exile reported for the first time about the executions of prisoners in a Nazi German "murder camp" at Oswiecim, known in Germany as Auschwitz.[18]
  • Mohammed Ali Jinnah was re-elected as President of the Muslim League in British India.[19]
  • Prince Franz Joseph II of Liechtenstein married Countess Gina von Wildczek. The monarch of the neutral mountain principality received congratulations from the Allied and the Axis powers.[20]

March 8, 1943 (Monday)

March 9, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • German Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was summoned back to Berlin and placed on medical leave, on orders of Adolf Hitler, following the failure of the German counterattack at Medenine.[21]
  • Şükrü Saracoğlu formed the new government of Turkey, becoming Prime Minister again.
  • The Battle of Sokolovo ended in a political and moral victory for Czechoslovak forces.
  • Born:
  • Died: Harold James Suggars, 65, "the last of the X-ray martyrs". Suggars had suffered for 41 years from "x-ray dermatitis", a slow and painful deterioration from his exposure to x-rays while developing radiological devices.[22]

March 10, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • The Soviet Union established "Laboratory No. 2", the secret atomic energy research facility, with Igor Kurchatov as the lab's "chief".[23]
  • Banco Bradesco, at one time the largest bank in Brazil, was founded by Amador Aguiar in the city of Marília.
  • Germany announced new rationing of nonessential goods, prohibiting the manufacture of suits, costumes, bath salts, and firecrackers, and restricting telephone use and photography.[24]
  • The German submarine U-633 was rammed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by the British freighter Scorton.
  • The comedy film It Ain't Hay starring Abbott and Costello was released.
  • Died: Tully Marshall (William Phillips), 78, American character actor of stage and film

March 11, 1943 (Thursday)
  • The Lend-lease program was extended by the United States for another year after President Roosevelt signed legislation into law. Earlier in the day, the U.S. Senate voted 82–0 in favor of the resolution, and the day before, the House had approved it 407–6.[25]
  • Inventor John C. Donnelly received acknowledgment for his development of dehydrated foods.[26]
  • The entire Jewish population of the Yugoslavian cities of Skopje, Štip and Bitola— all three now part of the Republic of Macedonia— was deported to German's Treblinka II death camp by the German SS with the assistance of Bulgarian soldiers, with 7,240 being shipped out. The day before, the Jewish community in Bitola had been warned by the local Communist Party about the impending raid, though only a few were able to escape.[27]
  • The British destroyer HMS Harvester was sunk by the U-432, a German submarine. U-432 was then rammed and sunk by a French ship, the corvette Aconit, which rescued the few survivors of the Harvester. The day before, the Harvester had sunk another German sub, the U-444. There were 41 men lost on U-444, 26 on U-432, and 145 on the Harvester.[28]

March 12, 1943 (Friday)
  • The Soviet 5th Army captured Vyazma.[29]
  • British destroyer HMS Lightning was sunk off Algeria by German motor torpedo boats.
  • The British submarine Turbulent was probably sunk by a naval mine off Sardinia.
  • The German submarine U-130 was sunk west of the Azores by the destroyer USS Champlin.
  • Italian occupying forces abandoned the Greek town of Karditsa to the partisans of ELAS
  • The village of Tsaritsani, in Greece, was razed by an Italian motorized column. The soldiers burned 360 of the village's 600 houses and shot and killed 40 civilians.
  • Born: Ratko Mladic, Bosnian Serb military leader and war criminal, in Božanovići, Independent State of Croatia (now Bosnia and Herzegovina)
  • Died: Leonidas Harbin, 77, designer and operator of the "incline railway" at Lookout Mountain near Chattanooga, Tennessee

March 13, 1943 (Saturday)
  • In a plot called Operation Spark, German officer Henning von Tresckow attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler by arranging for an unwitting officer to hand Hitler a parcel thinking it contained a gift of liquor when it actually contained a bomb. All went according to plan and Hitler's plane took off from Smolensk to Rastenburg with the parcel aboard, but it failed to explode due to a faulty detonator.[30]
RMS Empress of Canada
  • The Canadian Pacific Ocean liner RMS Empress of Canada, converted to war use, was torpedoed and sunk by the Italian submarine Leonardo da Vinci, 400 miles off of the coast of Africa. The ship had been carrying 1,800 people, including Italian servicemen who had been captured as prisoners of war. While 1,400 people survived, 392 were killed, half of them Italian POWs.[31]
  • Finland signed a trade agreement with Germany and its Nazi government at Helsinki, with the Nazis providing food to the Finns in what was described by the Axis press as the "traditional Finnish-German spirit of friendship and comradeship in arms".[32]
  • On Bougainville Island, Japanese troops ended their assault on American forces at Hill 700.
  • The German submarine U-163 was depth charged and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by the Canadian corvette Prescott.
  • The final liquidation of the Kraków Ghetto was completed as German forces removed the last of the 10,000 Jews remaining in the Polish city.
  • Born: André Téchiné, French film director, in Valence, Tarn-et-Garonne
  • Died:
    • J. P. Morgan Jr., 75, multimillionaire financier and president of J.P. Morgan & Co., Inc.
    • Stephen Vincent Benet, 44, American poet and writer

March 14, 1943 (Sunday)
  • The British submarine HMS Thunderbolt was sunk off Sicily by the Italian corvette Cicogna, killing all on board. On June 1, 1939, as the Thetis, the submarine had been lost during sea trials with all 99 people on board, before being salvaged and relaunched as the Thunderbolt.[33][34]

March 15, 1943 (Monday)

March 16, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • Joseph Stalin sent a letter to President Roosevelt urging that a second front be opened in Europe. Stalin wrote, "The Soviet troops have fought strenuously all winter and are continuing to do so, while Hitler is taking important measures to rehabilitate and reinforce his Army for the spring and summer operations against the USSR; it is therefore particularly essential for us that the blow from the West no longer be delayed, that it be delivered this spring or early summer."[35]
  • In the largest North Atlantic U-boat "wolfpack" attack of the war against Allied shipping, 22 merchant ships from Convoy HX 229 and Convoy SC 122 were sunk. One German U-boat was lost in the battle.

March 17, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • Bulgaria, an Axis power allied with Germany, refused to comply with a German demand that Bulgarian Jews be deported to Nazi concentration camps. The Parliament voted unanimously to revoke plans that had been made by government minister Alexander Belev to arrest Bulgaria's Jewish citizens (although deportations had taken place in the conquered territories of Macedonia and Thrace). "As a result of these protests," it was observed, "no Bulgarian Jews were deported to the gas chambers from Bulgaria itself." [36]
  • The Washington Bears, an all-black basketball team, defeated the all-white Oshkosh All-Stars, 43–31, to win the championship of the World Professional Basketball Tournament, held in Chicago. The victory completed a season in which the Bears won all 41 of their games.[37]
  • Irish Prime Minister Éamon de Valera made the speech "The Ireland That We Dreamed Of", on the radio on St. Patrick's Day.
  • After the Japanese destroyer Akikaze Maru took 39 Catholic missionaries from Kairiru Island off of New Guinea, the order was given for their execution. Over a three-hour period, the missionaries, most of whom were German, were shot to death and their bodies dumped into the ocean.[38]
  • Born: Bakili Muluzi, President of Malawi from 1994 to 2004, in Machinga.

March 18, 1943 (Thursday)
  • German forces recaptured Kharkov, the Ukrainian SSR territory that had been briefly taken by the Soviet Red Army.[39]
  • The pro-Vichy administration in French Guiana was overthrown by a pro-Allied committee.[40]
  • Deportation of Jews began from Thrace, which had been added to the Kingdom of Bulgaria after being conquered by German and Bulgarian soldiers, with the first convoy passing through Bulgaria on the way to the Treblinka extermination camp in Poland.[41]
American Nazi leader Kuhn

March 19, 1943 (Friday)
  • The Sigurimi, the secret police agency for Albania, was organized by Communist resistance leader Enver Hoxha, initially to gather intelligence in the partisan fight against the Italian occupation forces. After Albania was freed from the Axis powers, Hoxha would use the Sigurimi force to prevent any organized dissent against his regime; the secret police force would be disbanded in 1991.[43]
  • The German submarine U-5 sank west of Pillau in a diving accident. Sixteen of her 37 crew were lost.
  • The German submarine U-384 was sunk west of Malin Head by a B-17 of No. 206 Squadron RAF.
  • Born:
  • Died: Frank Nitti, 57, Italian-American gangster and enforcer for Al Capone, by suicide.[44]

March 20, 1943 (Saturday)
  • The Japanese Navy ordered its submarine forces to leave no survivors on the sinking of any merchant vessels, with the text "Do not stop at the sinking of enemy ships and cargoes. At the same time, carry out the complete destruction of the crews of the enemy's ships." [45]
  • The first of 19 transports of 46,000 Greek Jews to Nazi death camps began, as a train left Salonika for the Auschwitz extermination camp. By August 18, the removal of the Jews would be complete.[41]
  • Born: Gerard Malanga, American poet and photographer, in the Bronx
  • Died: R. Dudley Pope, American inventor who had perfected the parachute for the U.S. armed forces. Pope had been testing his design for a parachute that would open automatically at 2,000 feet, and had leaped from an altitude of 12,000 feet near Seattle. Pope's invention, and a backup parachute, both failed to open.[46]

March 21, 1943 (Sunday)
  • The second attempt on Hitler's life in the space of eight days was made, this time by Rudolf Christoph Freiherr von Gersdorff, who had been given the opportunity to escort Hitler through an exhibition of captured Soviet war equipment at the Zeughaus in Berlin. Gersdorff, who had expected Hitler to spend at least thirty minutes by his side at the Zeughaus, set a ten-minute fuse on a time bomb and made plans to kill himself and Hitler in a suicide bombing. Instead, Hitler rushed through the viewing and left after two minutes; Gersdorff bid his goodbyes, then went into a restroom and defused the explosive.[47]
  • The Soviet submarine K-3 was depth charged and sunk off Båtsfjord, Norway by German submarine chasers.
  • Born:
    • Vivian Stanshall, English comedian, writer, artist, broadcaster, and musician, as Victor Stanshall in Oxford (d. 1995)
    • István Gyulai, Hungarian athlete and General Secretary of the IAAF 1991–2006, in Budapest (d. 2006)

March 22, 1943 (Monday)
  • Deportation began of 4,000 Jews in Nazi-occupied France. The prisoners were sent by train from the Drancy internment camp, near Paris, to the Sobibor extermination camp in Poland, and 1,000 were sent two days later. All but 15 were sent to gas chambers upon their arrival, and only five of the 4,000 survived World War II.[36]
  • On the same day, deportation began of the Jews of the Yugoslavian (now Macedonian) city of Skopje, as 2,338 people were loaded onto freight cars for the one-week-long train trip to the Treblinka death camp. Two more transports left on March 29 and April 5, carrying 2,402 and 2,404 Jews respectively.[48]
  • The first executions of Gypsies by the Nazi SS were carried out at the Auschwitz concentration camp, with 1,700 being sent to gas chambers after being diagnosed with typhus.[41]
  • In the Khatyn massacre, the entire population of the Belarusan village of Khatyn was attacked by German soldiers of the 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS, commanded by Oskar Dirlewanger, in retaliation for the killing of four Nazi officers. The Dirlewanger Brigade burned down the village and killed 156 of its 160 residents. Only three children and one man survived.[49] A memorial was later placed on the site while the Byelorussian SSR was a republic of the Soviet Union.
  • The German submarines U-524 and U-665 were both sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by Allied aircraft.
  • Born:
  • Died:
    • Hans Woellke, 32, German track athlete and 1936 Olympic gold medalist, while serving as a security policeman in German occupied Poland
    • Colonel Edward Orlando Kellett, British MP, big game hunter and Royal Armoured Corps officer, in battle in Tunisia.

March 23, 1943 (Tuesday)
Approved for use
RMS Windsor Castle
  • A combination of hydrocodone and acetaminophen, known by various trade names including Vicodin and Lortab, was first approved for use in the United States by the Food and Drug Administration.[50]
  • The British troopship RMS Windsor Castle was torpedoed and sunk off Algiers by a German Heinkel He 111 aircraft. With the aid of the Royal Navy destroyers HMS Whaddon, HMS Eggesford, and HMS Douglas, all but one of the 2,700 people on board were rescued before the ship sank.
  • Parliamentary elections were allowed in Denmark by Werner Best and the Nazi occupation authorities. The Social Democratic Party won 66 of the 148 seats available, and the Danish Nazi party candidates received only 3.3% of the vote.[51]
  • The Xerces Blue butterfly (Glaucopsyche xerces) was seen for the last time, and is presumed to have become extinct, its habitat in the sand dunes near San Francisco Bay having been destroyed by the growth of the California city.[52]
  • British Commandos carried out Operation Roundabout, a raid on a bridge over a Norwegian fjord, but the mission was unsuccessful when one of the accompanying Norwegian soldiers dropped the magazine for his machine gun and alerted the German guards.

March 24, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • Ata al-Ayyubi was named as the interim President of Syria by the French military administrator, General Georges Catroux, until elections could be held in July.[53]
  • Lt. General John L. DeWitt, the U.S. Army administrator overseeing the Japanese American internment, eased restrictions of movement, but issued regulations putting an 8:00 pm to 6:00 am curfew on all people of Japanese ancestry. The curfew would be upheld by the United States Supreme Court in Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943).[54]
  • Died: U.S. Army Colonel H. Weir Cook, 50, American fighter ace, when his P-39 plane crashed during a mission in New Caledonia. The airport in Indianapolis was later renamed in his honor.

March 25, 1943 (Thursday)

March 26, 1943 (Friday)
  • The Battle of the Komandorski Islands began in the Aleutian Islands, when United States Navy forces intercepted a convoy of Japanese transports and ships attempting to bring troops to Kiska. The American force of two cruisers and four destroyers was commanded by Rear Admiral Charles H. McMorris, while the Japanese convoy of five destroyers and four cruisers was led by Admiral Boshiro Hosogaya. The two sides fired shells at each other across a distance of no more than eight miles, without the use of submarines or airplanes, in what historian Samuel Eliot Morison described as "a naval battle that has no parallel in the Pacific War".[57] Although no ships were sunk in the four-hour battle, Admiral Hosogaya ordered his fleet to turn back and "no further Japanese convoys were to reach the Aleutians".[58]
  • A committee, chaired by U.S. Undersecretary of State Sumner Welles, submitted a proposed charter for a "world security association" to be set up by the world's nations after the end of World War II. The proposal resembled the United Nations Organization that would be created in 1945, with a "General Conference" of all nations, an Executive Committee consisting of the U.S., the U.K., the U.S.S.R. and China, and a middle tier of the four Committee powers and seven other nations representing different regions of the world. The UNO would combine the two committees into one Security Council, with five permanent members given a veto power, and ten non-voting members drawn on a rotating basis from the other members.[59]
  • Born: Bob Woodward, American investigative reporter and author, in Geneva, Illinois

March 27, 1943 (Saturday)
  • The British escort carrier Dasher was destroyed by an accidental explosion in the Firth of Clyde, killing 379 of the crew of 528.[60] An investigation concluded that the cause had been "a carelessly dropped cigarette" that had ignited fuel from a leaking valve on the ship's tanks.[61]
  • The U.S. Department of War released the news of a successful new weapon for the U.S. Army, the bazooka. In a statement, the War Department said that "It is revolutionary in design. It can be carted about in a jeep or a peep, or carried by two men at a dog trot. It hurls a high explosive projectile... It will shatter cast steel and such material as bridge girders and railroad rails and perform other seeming miracles. Before long, the 'bazooka' will be heard from on all fronts." The weapon had secretly been demonstrated to news reporters in December, on condition that it could not be written about at the time.[62]
  • In the heaviest air raid on the German capital up to that time, 1,000 tons of bombs were dropped on Berlin by Britain's Royal Air Force in three waves of 100 bombers each.[63]
  • The German submarine U-169 was depth charged and sunk in the North Atlantic by a B-17 of No. 206 Squadron RAF.

March 28, 1943 (Sunday)
  • At Naples, the munitions ship Caterina Costa exploded in the harbor of the Italian city. Initial reports were that 72 people were killed and 1,179 injured,[64] while later sources set the death toll at 600 or more.[65] The fire on the ship had burned for hours, but no action was taken on fighting the blaze or towing the ship away from the harbor, because government approval could not be obtained to take action.[66]
  • The German submarine U-77 was sunk off Calp, Spain by two British Lockheed Hudson aircraft.
  • Died:

March 29, 1943 (Monday)
  • Food rationing began in the United States following the March 12 announcement of limits on beef, pork, lamb and mutton, as well as butter, cheese and canned fish. Poultry was not affected by the order.[67]
  • The New Zealand 2nd Infantry Division entered the Tunisian city of Gabès.[68]
  • Given a choice between placing Germany's new V-2 missiles for use on a mobile rocket launcher or at bunkers near Peenemünde, Adolf Hitler rejected German Army recommendations and opted for the fixed locations for the Nazi weapon.[69]
  • Born:

March 30, 1943 (Tuesday)
  • Near Camden, South Carolina, the men of the 505th Parachute Infantry regiment bailed out in "the first mass parachute jump" in American history, with 2,000 soldiers in the sky at once.[70]
  • The German submarine U-416 struck a mine and sank in the Baltic Sea. The sub would be raised, repaired and returned to service.
  • The University of Wyoming Cowboys won the NCAA basketball tournament with a 46–34 victory over the Georgetown University Hoyas.[71]
  • Died: Sister Maria Restituta, 48, Austrian Roman Catholic nun, was beheaded on orders of Martin Bormann, becoming the only nun in Nazi Germany to receive the death sentence. She would be beatified in 1998.[72]

March 31, 1943 (Wednesday)
  • Oklahoma!, the musical by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II, opened on Broadway. Ten years later, Oklahoma! would be described as "a new musical that broke all the rules: it had no big-name stars, no bare-legged chorus and, worst of all, it contained a 'high-brow' ballet.".[73] The show went on to become Broadway's longest-running musical up to that time, closing in 1948.[74]
  • In North Africa, Axis forces withdrew from Cap Serrat while 5th Corps of the 1st British Army captured El Aouana.[75]
  • Born: Christopher Walken, American actor, in Queens, New York City
  • Died: Pavel Milyukov, 84, Russian politician and journalist

References
  1. image attribution: $1LENCE D00600D
  2. "OPA Rules Put U.S. on Short Rations Today", Chicago Daily Tribune, March 1, 1943, p1
  3. "Monster RAF Attack on Berlin Hailed as 'Prologue to Invasion'", Milwaukee Journal, March 2, 1943, p1; "Berlin Ups Toll to 486", Milwaukee Journal, March 7, 1943, p1
  4. "Must Fight On, Word To Finns", Milwaukee Journal, March 1, 1943, p1
  5. "Allied Bombs Wreck 22 Ship Jap Convoy", Milwaukee Journal, March 3, 1943, p1
  6. "His 'Look-See' Found Convoy", Milwaukee Journal, March 8, 1943, p2
  7. Martin Gilbert, Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction (Harper Collins, 2007) p263
  8. "Fatal wartime Tube crush marked", BBC News, 2 March 2008
  9. "Woman Trips, 178 Die in Raid Shelter Pile-up", Milwaukee Journal, March 5, 1943, p1
  10. A. D. Harvey, Collision of Empires: Britain in Three World Wars, 1793–1945 (Continuum International, 2003) p577
  11. James E. Wise, Jr., Sole Survivors of the Sea (Naval Institute Press, Mar 1, 2008 pp19-24
  12. "Gandhi Takes Orange Juice", Milwaukee Journal, March 3, 1943, p3
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  15. Dennis E. Showalter, Patton And Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century (Penguin, 2006) p301
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  18. "250 Dying Daily in Murder Camp, Charge by Poles", Milwaukee Journal, March 8, 1943, p2
  19. "Moslems of India Re-elect Jinnah", Milwaukee Journal, March 8, 1943, p4
  20. "Prince Marries; U.S. and Hitler Send Greetings", Milwaukee Journal, March 8, 1943, p4
  21. Gordon Williamson, German Commanders of World War II (Osprey Publishing, 2012) p8
  22. "X-Ray Martyr Dies", Milwaukee Journal, March 10, 1943, p3
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  39. Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia from Nicholas II to Vladimir Putin (Harvard University Press, 2005) p267
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  57. Samuel Eliot Morison, History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 7: Aleutians, Gilberts and Marshalls, June 1942 – April 1944 (Little, Brown and Company, Inc., 1951) p22
  58. Claus M. Naske and Herman E. Slotnick, Alaska: A History of the 49th State (University of Oklahoma Press, 1994) pp128-129
  59. Patrick J. Hearden, Architects of Globalism: Building a New World Order During World War II (University of Arkansas Press, 2002) p155
  60. David Owen, Anti-Submarine Warfare: An Illustrated History (Naval Institute Press, 2007) pp105-106
  61. Ray Sturtivant, British Naval Aviation: The Fleet Air Arm, 1917–1990 (Naval Institute Press, 1990) p83
  62. "Newest Gun, 'Bazooka', Packs Mighty Wallop", Milwaukee Journal, March 27, 1943, p1
  63. "RAF Made Berlin Hell's Brew of Fire, Says American Who Dropped Block Buster", Milwaukee Journal, March 29, 1943, p1
  64. "Explosion in Naples", Winnipeg Free Press, March 31, 1943, p1
  65. "28 marzo 1943: L’incendio della Caterina Costa"
  66. Andrew Knapp and Richard Overy, Bombing, States and Peoples in Western Europe 1940–1945 (Continuum International, 2011) pp229-230
  67. "Rationing of Meats Will Begin Mar. 29", Milwaukee Journal, March 12, 1943, p1
  68. "War Diary for Monday, 29 March 1943". Stone & Stone Second World War Books. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  69. Steven Zaloga, V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52 (Osprey Publishing, 2003) pp9-10
  70. Phil Nordyke, All American, All the Way: The Combat History of the 82nd Airborne Division in World War II (Zenith Imprint, 2005) p24
  71. "Wyoming College Cage Champs", Oakland Tribune, March 31, 1943, p14
  72. "Bd Restituta Kafka, Martyr", in Butler's Lives of the Saints: March (Continuum International, 1999) p283
  73. "'Oklahoma!' has a birthday", LIFE Magazine, April 13, 1953, p48
  74. Robert Sickels, The 1940s (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004) p163
  75. "War Diary for Wednesday, 31 March 1943". Stone & Stone Second World War Books. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
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