M40 recoilless rifle

The M40 recoilless rifle[17][18][19] is a lightweight,[20] portable, crew-served 105 mm recoilless rifle made in the United States. Intended primarily as an anti-tank weapon, it could also be employed in an antipersonnel role with the use of an antipersonnel-tracer flechette round. The bore was commonly described as being 106 mm caliber but is in fact 105 mm; the 106 mm designation was intended to prevent confusion with incompatible 105 mm ammunition from the failed M27.[21] The air-cooled, breech-loaded, single-shot rifle fired fixed ammunition and was used primarily from a wheeled ground mount. It was designed for direct firing only, and sighting equipment for this purpose was furnished with each weapon, including an affixed spotting rifle.

M40 Recoilless Rifle
A deactivated M40 on display at the Philippine Army Museum.
TypeRecoilless rifle
Place of originUnited States
Service history
In service1955 – present
Used bySee Users
Wars
Production history
ManufacturerWatervliet Arsenal
Specifications
Mass209.5 kg (462 lb)
Length3.404 m (11 ft 2 in)
Height1.12 m (3 ft 8 in)
Shell105×607mmR (HEAT, HEP, HEAP, Canister)
Caliber105 mm (4.1 in)
RecoilRecoilless
CarriageTripod
Elevation−17° to +65° (between mount legs)
−17° to +27° (over mount leg)[15]
Traverse360°
Muzzle velocity503 m/s (1,650 ft/s)[15] (M344 HEAT)
Effective firing range1,350 m (1,480 yd)
Maximum firing range6,870 m (M346A1 HEP-T)[16]

Replacing the M27 recoilless rifle, the M40 primarily saw action during the Vietnam War and was widely used during various conflicts thereafter in Africa or in the Middle East. It was replaced by the BGM-71 TOW anti-tank missile system in the US armed forces.

Design history

The earlier M27 recoilless rifle was a 105-mm weapon developed in the early 1950s and fielded in the Korean War. Although a recoilless rifle of this caliber had been a concept since the Second World War, the weapon was hurriedly produced with the onset of the Korean War. The speed with which it was developed and fielded resulted in problems with reliability caused by trunnions that were mounted too far to the rear. The M27 was also considered too heavy by the U.S. Army and had a disappointing effective range due to the lack of a spotting rifle. Taking the M27 as the basis for a new design, the Army developed an improved version of the M27 that was type-designated the M40 106-mm recoilless rifle in 1955.[22] Although unsuitable for military purposes, M27 recoilless rifles were used to trigger controlled avalanches at ski resorts and mountain passes in the United States.[23]

Description

The M40 is shaped like a long tube with an M8C .50 cal spotting rifle above. The spotting rifle fires a round whose trajectory closely matches that of the 105 mm round and gives off a puff of smoke on impact with the target. On the left side, there is an elevating wheel, in the center of which is the trigger wheel used to fine adjust the elevation and at the same time firing the spotting rifle when pulled, and the gun when pushed. The mounting is a tripod, but the front leg has a castering wheel. On top of the mount is a traverse wheel. On the center of the traverse wheel is a locking wheel, when the wheel is down, the rifle is locked in traverse, and can only be moved right and left with the traverse wheel. When the wheel is raised, the rifle can be traversed by hand. Austria produced a two-wheeled mount for the M40.

The whole mounting can be placed on an M151 Jeep for mobile use.[24] It has also been mounted on M113s, UMM 4x4s,[24], Mahindra jeeps,[25] Fath Safirs,[26] Land Rover Defenders,[27] Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen,[28] Hotchkiss M201 jeeps,[1] Toyota Land Cruisers,[8], Jeep CJs, Willys M38s, HMMWVs, M274 Mechanical Mules, Tiuna 106mm weapons platforms, KADDB Al Jawad vehicles, RBY MK 1s, AIL Abirs and AIL Storms.[7] They were also used on US Navy minesweepers (MSO) during Operation Market Time in Vietnam.

A special vehicle called the Ontos carried six M40s. A version specific to the T195E5 mount, the M40A1C, was used. It was used only by the U.S. Marine Corps. Japan produced a self-propelled gun called the Type 60, which carried two side by side. Some Pakistani M113s have a dual mounting. Three Panagopoulos coastal patrol boats class of the Hellenic Coast Guard and the Hellenic Navy in service of 1976-2003 was armed with two sextuples M40.[29]

The M40 was a very successful export item and continues to be used by South Korea, Ecuador, Estonia, Greece, Honduras, Iran, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Morocco, the Philippines, Taiwan, Turkey, Colombia, Venezuela and many others, as well as anti-government forces in the Libyan Civil War and Syrian civil war.[11]

Non-US production
CountryProducerLocal nameRemarks
 AustriaLohner GmbH10.6 cm rPAK M40A1Locally produced carriage[30]
 ChinaNorincoType 75[31]Towed and SP versions[24]
 IndiaOrdnance Factory BoardMounted on tripods or on Mahindra jeeps[25]
 IranDefense Industries Organization[24][32]
 PakistanPakistan Machine Tool Factory Limited[33]
 South KoreaKia Machine Tool Company[24]
 SpainSanta Bárbara Sistemas[34]CSR-106[35]

Ammunition

Ammunition for the 105 mm rifle was issued as one-piece fixed cartridges. The term "fixed" means that the projectile and the cartridge case are crimped together. This ensures correct alignment of the projectile and the cartridge case. It also permits faster loading because the projectile and the cartridge case are loaded as one unit. The rear end of the cartridge case is perforated, to allow the propellant gas to escape through the vented breech, thus neutralizing recoil. Most projectiles (except HEAT) used are pre-engraved, that is, the rotating bands are cut to engage the rifled bore.[36] If the round was not rotated slightly when loading the M40 it could result in jamming in the breech.

Types of ammunition included HEAT, High Explosive Plastic-Tracer (HEP-T), canister, High Explosive Anti Personnel, and the M368 dummy round which could not be fired and was used for crew drill. The original U.S. HEAT round penetrated more than 400 mm of armor. Near the end of the M40's service life, both Austria and Sweden produced HEAT rounds for the weapon capable of penetrating more than 700 mm of armor.[37]

ProducerRound
name		TypeProj
Weight		Proj
Filler		Filler
weight		Armor
penetration		Effective
range
 United StatesM494APERS-TN/AN/AN/AN/A300 m
 United StatesM581APERS9.89 kgflechettes4.94 kgN/A300 m
 SpainM-DN11HEAP3.6 kgHexogen0.77 kgN/A1500 m
 West GermanyDiehl 106 mmFragmentation8 kgsteel balls3.5 kgN/AN/A[38]
 FranceNR 160HEAT-TN/AN/AN/AN/AN/A
 FranceNR 483APERSN/AflechettesN/AN/AN/A
 FranceNR 601HESH-T7.8 kgComp. A3N/AN/AN/A
 ItalyPFFHE9.89 kgComp. BN/AN/AN/A
 United StatesM346A1HEP-T7.96 kgComp. A33.5 kgN/A[39]N/A
 United StatesM344A1HEAT7.96 kgComp. B1.27 kgover 400 mm[40]1350 m
 PakistanM344A1 type roundHEAT6 kgN/AN/A500 mm2012 m[33]
 India?HEAT16.78 kg (round)N/AN/A600 mm1.372 m[25]
 Sweden106 3AHEAT-T5.5 kgOctol1.0 kgover 700 mm[41]2000 m
 AustriaRAT 700HEAT5.0 kgN/A1.1 kgover 700 mmN/A[42]
 Austria3.1 RAT 700HEAT-T5.7 kgOctastit1.1 kgover 700 mmN/A[43]

Spotting Rifle

The ammunition for the M8C spotting rifle is not .50 BMG, but a round often referred to as .50 BAT (Battalion Anti Tank), which is 12.7x77mm. .50 BAT was developed to replicate the trajectory of the 106 mm ammunition, and features a tracer element and a point-detonating incendiary filler to create a puff of smoke at the impact point.

Although the spotting rifle could conceivably be used in an antipersonnel role, historic U.S. military doctrine strongly discouraged this use, for a purely tactical reason—to conceal the vulnerable M40 and its crew from the enemy until the main rifle was ready to fire. However, this restriction is believed to be the source of a long-standing misconception that the laws of war restrict the use of .50-caliber projectiles against enemy personnel more generally.[44]

Civilian use

In the early 1990s, the United States Forest Service (USFS) introduced the M40 for avalanche control as ammunition stocks for their M27 rifles became depleted. The M40 was initially successful due to operational similarities to the familiar M27 and ready availability from the U.S. military; however, in 1995, a USFS gunner was killed by shrapnel after a low-level premature warhead detonation inside an M40 barrel. The accident was attributed to an undiscovered hairline crack in the projectile's base plate. Following this incident, most USFS M40s were quickly replaced with surplus 105 mm howitzers, but a few were kept in service with safety barriers to protect the gunners, who fired the guns remotely. In December 2002, two M40s at Mammoth Mountain were destroyed by catastrophic bore explosions 13 days apart. The gunners were uninjured, having been protected by the safety barriers, but the incidents prompted the USFS to retire all remaining M40s in July 2003.[45]

Users
  • Greek Mercedes 240G M40 carrier. Note the metal guard to protect the engine from the gun blast.
  • Firing the gun from a Mercedes 240G
  • An ex-Australian Army M40 recoilless rifle mounted on a Land Rover on display in the grounds of the Australian War Memorial
  • A rather uncommon use of the M40 on a Greek fast patrol boat, circa 1982
  • The same Greek fast patrol boat
  • An ex-Bangladesh Army(Obtained from the surrendered Pakistan Army in 1971) M40 recoilless rifle mounted on a Willys Jeep M38A1 on display in the Bangladesh Military Museum.
  • U.S. Marines manning an M40 during the Battle of Huế in the Vietnam War.

See also

References

Notes
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Bibliography
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