List of rulers of Tuscany

These were originally counts of Lucca who extended their power over the neighbouring counties.

• Boniface I, 812–813
• Boniface II, 828–834
• Aganus, 835–845
• Adalbert I, 847–886
• Adalbert II the Rich, 886–915
• Guy, 915–929
• Lambert, 929–931

These were the (mostly illegitimate) relatives of Hugh of Arles, King of Italy, whom he appointed to their post after removing the dynasty of Boniface

• Boso, 931–936
• Humbert, 936–961
• Hugh the Great, 961–1001

• Boniface (III), 1004–1011

• Rainier, 1014–1027

These were the descendants of the Counts of Canossa.

• Boniface III, 1027–1052
• Frederick, 1052–1055
• Matilda, 1052–1115
  • Beatrice of Bar, 1052–1055 (regent as mother of Frederick and Mathilda)
  • Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1053–1069 (regent as husband of Beatrice and step-father to Frederick and Matilda)
  • Godfrey the Hunchback, Duke of Lower Lorraine, 1069–1076 (regent as husband of Matilda)
  • Welf II, 1089–1095 (co-regent as husband of Matilda)

• Rabodo, 1116–1119
• Conrad, 1119/20–1129/31
• Rampret, c. 1131
• Engelbert, 1134/5–1137
• Henry the Proud, 1137–1139
• Ulrich of Attems, 1139–1152 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1152–1160
• Welf VII, 1160–1167
  • Rainald of Dassel, Archbishop of Cologne, 1160–1163 (imperial vicar)
  • Christian of Buch, Archbishop of Mainz 1163–1173 (imperial vicar)
• Welf VI, 1167–1173
• Philip, 1195–1197

In 1197 Philip was elected King of Germany and the majority of the Tuscan nobility, cities and bishops formed the Tuscan League with Papal backing.

• Frederick of Antioch, 1246–50 (imperial vicar)

After this, Tuscany was splintered between the competing republics of Florence, Pisa, Siena, Arezzo, Pistoia and Lucca. Since the 14th century, Florence gained dominance over Pistoia (1306, officially annexed 1530), Arezzo (1384), Pisa (1406), and Siena (1559). Lucca was an independent republic until the Napoleonic period in the 19th century.

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Cardinal Giovanni de' Medici	1512	1513	Son of Lorenzo, later became Pope Leo X
	Giuliano II, Duke of Nemours	1513	1516	Son of Lorenzo
	Lorenzo II de Medici	1516	1519	Son of Piero the Unfortunate. Duke of Urbino during the same period.
	Cardinal Giulio de' Medici	1519	1523	son of Giuliano de Medici, later became Pope Clement VII
	Ippolito de' Medici	1523	1527	Son of Giuliano de Medici
	Alessandro de' Medici	1527	1530	son of Lorenzo II de Medici, ruled in exile, returned and became Duke of Florence, where he was assassinated.

After the Sack of Rome, Florence overthrew the Medicis once more and became a republic until Pope Clement VII signed a peace treaty with Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor who then invaded Florence and restored the Medicis.

Portrait	Name	From	To	Note
	Alessandro de' Medici	1531	1532	son of Lorenzo II de Medici, ruled in exile, returned and became Duke of Florence, where he was assassinated.