List of nearest exoplanets

There are 4,268 known exoplanets, or planets outside our solar system that orbit a star, as of June 1, 2020; only a small fraction of these are located in the vicinity of the Solar System.[2] Within 10 parsecs (32.6 light-years), there are 97 exoplanets listed as confirmed by the NASA Exoplanet Archive.^[a][3] Among the over 400 known stars within 10 parsecs,^[b][4] around 60 have been confirmed to have planetary systems; 51 stars in this range are visible to the naked eye,^[c][5] nine of which have planetary systems.

Exoplanet Fomalhaut b (Dagon), 25 light-years away, with its parent star Fomalhaut blacked out, as pictured by Hubble in 2012.[1]

Distribution of nearest exoplanets

The first report of an exoplanet within this range was in 1998 for a planet orbiting around Gliese 876 (15.3 light-years (ly) away), and the latest as of 2017 is one around Ross 128 (11 ly). The closest exoplanet found is Proxima Centauri b, which was confirmed in 2016 to orbit Proxima Centauri, the closest star to our Solar System (4.25 ly). HD 219134 (21.6 ly) has six exoplanets, the highest number discovered for any star within this range. A planet around Fomalhaut (25 ly) was, in 2008, the first planet to be directly imaged.[6]

Most known nearby exoplanets orbit close to their star and have highly eccentric orbits. A majority are significantly larger than Earth, but a few have similar masses, including two planets (around YZ Ceti, 12 ly) which may be less massive than Earth. Several confirmed exoplanets are hypothesized to be potentially habitable, with Proxima Centauri b and three around Gliese 667 C (23.6 ly) considered the most likely candidates.[7] The International Astronomical Union took a public survey in 2015 about renaming some known extrasolar bodies, including the planets around Epsilon Eridani (10.5 ly) and Fomalhaut.^[d][8]

Exoplanets within 10 parsecs

Key to colors
^°	Mercury, Earth and Jupiter (for comparison purposes)
^#	Confirmed multiplanetary systems
^↑	Exoplanets believed to be potentially habitable[7]

Confirmed exoplanets[3]
Host star system				Companion exoplanet (in order from star)								Notes and additional planetary observations
Name	Distance (ly)	Apparent magnitude (V)	Mass (`M`_☉)	Label ^[e]	Mass (`M`_⊕)^[f]	Radius (`R`_⊕)	Semi-major axis (AU)	Orbital period (days)	Eccentricity	Inclination (°)	Discovery year	Notes and additional planetary observations
Sun^°	0	−26.7	1	Mercury	0.055	0.3829	0.387	88.0	0.205	—	—	—
				Earth	1	1	1	365.3	0.0167	—	—
				Jupiter	317.8	10.973	5.20	4,333	0.0488	—	—
Proxima Centauri	4.2441	11.13	0.123	b^↑	>0.9	~1.1?	0.047	11.2	0.02	~152?	2016	[7][9] 1 strong candidate[10][11]
Barnard's Star	5.958	9.511	0.144	b	>4.2	—	0.430	232	0.04	—	2018	[12][9]
Wolf 359^#	7.895	13.54	0.09	c	>3.8	—	0.018	2.69	0.15	—	2019	[9]
Wolf 359^#	7.895	13.54	0.09	b	>43.9	—	1.845	2,940	0.04	—	2019	[9]
Lalande 21185	8.307	7.52	0.46	b	>2.9	—	0.068	9.87	0.04	—	2017	[9]
Epsilon Eridani	10.446	3.73	0.83	AEgir	>490	—	3.39	2,500	0.50	~25?	2000	1 inferred planet and a disc[13][14]
Lacaille 9352^#	10.721	7.34	0.503	b	>4.1	—	0.067	9.26	0.03	—	2019	[9]
				c	>9.0	—	0.119	21.8	0.03	—	2019
				d	>6.5	—	0.175	38.8	0.04	—	2019
Ross 128	11.007	11.1	0.168	b^↑	>1.4	~1.2?	0.0496	9.87	0.12	—	2017	[15]
Struve 2398 B^#	11.490	9.7	0.248	Bb	>15.7	—	0.261	91.3	0.06	—	2019	[9]
Struve 2398 B^#	11.490	9.7	0.248	Bc	>13.1	—	0.428	192	0.03	—	2019	[9]
Groombridge 34 A	11.618	8.1	0.38	Ab	>3.6	—	0.0710	11.4	0.071	~61?	2014	1 dubious candidate[9]
Tau Ceti^#	11.753	3.50	0.78	g	>1.7	—	0.133	20.0	0.06	—	2017	2 retracted and 1 candidate [16][17][7][18][19][20]
				h	>1.8	—	0.243	49.4	0.23	—	2017
				e^↑	>3.9	~1.6?	0.538	163	0.18	—	2017
				f	>3.9	—	1.33	640	0.16	—	2017
Epsilon Indi A	11.869	4.83	0.762	Ab	1030	—	11.55	16,500	0.26	64.25	2002	Not confirmed until 2018[21] [22][23]
Gliese 1061^#	11.980	7.52	0.113	b	>1.4	—	0.021	3.20	<0.31	—	2019	two solutions for d's orbit[24]
				c	>1.7	—	0.035	6.69	<0.29	—	2019
				d	>1.6	—	0.052	12.4	<0.54	—	2019
YZ Ceti^#	12.108	12.1	0.130	b	>0.75	—	0.0156	1.97	0.0	—	2017	1 candidate [25][26][9]
				c	>1.2	—	0.0209	3.06	0.04	—	2017
				d	>1.1	—	0.0276	4.66	0.03	—	2017
Luyten's Star^#	12.199	11.94	0.29	c	>1.2	—	0.0365	4.72	0.12	—	2017	[7][27][9]
				b^↑	>2.2	~1.4?	0.090	18.6	0.03	—	2017
				d	>10.8	—	0.712	414	0.17	—	2019
				e	>9.3	—	0.849	542	0.03	—	2019
Teegarden's Star^#	12.496	15.40	0.08	b	>1.1	—	0.0252	4.91	0	—	2019	[28]
Teegarden's Star^#	12.496	15.40	0.08	c	>1.1	—	0.0443	11.4	0	—	2019	[28]
Kapteyn's Star^#	12.829	8.8	0.28	b	>4.0	—	0.169	48.6	0.04	—	2014	[29][30][9]
Kapteyn's Star^#	12.829	8.8	0.28	c	>6.9	—	0.311	121	0.07	—	2014	[29][30][9]
Wolf 1061^#	14.046	10.1	0.25	b	>1.9	—	0.0375	4.89	0.03	—	2015	[7][31][9]
				c^↑	>3.6	~1.5?	0.0890	17.9	0.03	—	2015
				d	>6.5	—	0.421	184	0.02	—	2015
L 1159-16^#	14.584	12.30	0.14	c	>4.0	—	0.016	1.93	0.09	—	2019	[9]
				d	>26.0	—	0.406	243	0.15	—	2019
				b	>81.5	—	0.881	773	0.22	—	2019
Gliese 674	14.839	9.38	0.35	b	>11.2	—	0.039	4.69	0.23	—	2007	[32][33][9]
Gliese 687^#	14.840	9.15	0.41	b	>17.3	—	0.163	38.1	0.03	—	2014	[34][9]
Gliese 687^#	14.840	9.15	0.41	c	>14.5	—	1.193	758	0.03	—	2019	[34][9]
Gliese 876^#	15.250	10.2	0.33	d	6.8	—	0.0208	1.94	0.12	59.5	2005	[35][9]
				c	230	—	0.133	30.2	0.001	59.5	2000
				b	720	—	0.213	61.0	0.001	59.5	1998
				e	15	—	0.342	125	0.18	59.5	2010
Gliese 832^#	16.194	8.67	0.45	c^↑	>5.4	~1.7?	0.164	35.7	0.06	—	2014	[7][36][9]
Gliese 832^#	16.194	8.67	0.45	b	>206	—	3.67	3,830	0.06	—	2008	[7][36][9]
AD Leonis	16.197	9.52	0.41	b	>23.1	—	0.025	2.23	0.03	—	2019	[9]
40 Eridani A	16.386	4.4	0.84	Ab	>8.5	—	0.224	42.4	0.04	~72?	2018	[37]
LHS 1723^#	17.533	12.2	0.164	b^↑	>2.0	~1.3?	0.0328	5.36	0.2	—	2017	[38]
LHS 1723^#	17.533	12.2	0.164	c	>2.3	—	0.126	40.5	0.2	—	2017	[38]
Gliese 251^#	18.204	9.65	0.372	b	>3.3	—	0.0204	1.74	~0.03	—	2017	[39][9]
Gliese 251^#	18.204	9.65	0.372	c	>22.2	—	0.974	607	0.03	—	2019	[39][9]
LP 816-60	18.311	11.46	0.23	b	2?	—	—	93.9	—	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 205^#	18.592	7.97	0.63	b	>10.3	—	0.109	16.9	0.11	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 205^#	18.592	7.97	0.63	c	>13.8	—	0.689	271	0.04	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 229 A^#	18.777	8.14	0.58	Ac	>7.3	—	0.339	122	0.19	—	2020	Ab not confirmed until 2020.[40]
Gliese 229 A^#	18.777	8.14	0.58	Ab	>8.5	—	0.898	526	0.10	—	2014	Ab not confirmed until 2020.[40]
Gliese 752 A	19.286	9.13	0.46	Ab	>13.6	—	0.338	106	0.03	—	2018	[41][9]
Gliese 754	19.289	12.23	0.18	b	>9.8	—	0.277	78.4	0.03	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 588^#	19.298	9.31	0.46	b	>2.4	—	0.049	5.81	0.04	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 588^#	19.298	9.31	0.46	c	>10.3	—	0.530	206	0.06	—	2019	[9]
82 G. Eridani^#	19.582	4.26	0.85	b	>2.7	—	0.121	18.3	~0	—	2011	2 candidates [42][43][44]
				c	>2.4	—	0.204	40.1	~0	—	2011
				d	>4.8	—	0.350	90	~0	—	2011
				e	>4.8	—	0.509	147	0.29	—	2017
Gliese 784	20.083	7.97	0.5	b	>9.4	—	0.059	6.66	0.05	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 555	20.370	11.32	0.29	b	>30.1	—	0.727	450	0.04	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 581^#	20.545	10.5	0.31	e	>1.7	—	0.0282	3.15	0.0	~45?	2009	2 disputed candidates and a disc [45][46][47][48]
				b	>16	—	0.0406	5.37	0.0	~45?	2005
				c	>5.5	—	0.072	12.9	0.0	~45?	2007
ADS 7251 B	20.658	7.0	0.64	b	>10.3	—	0.141	24.5	0.11	—	2020	[49]
Gliese 625	21.114	10.2	0.30	b	>2.8	—	0.0784	14.6	~0.1	—	2017	[50]
HD 219134^#	21.306	5.57	0.78	b	4.7	1.60	0.0388	3.09	~0	85.06	2015	1 candidate, 2 dubious planets [51][52]
				c	4.4	1.51	0.065	6.77	0.062	87.28	2015
				d	>16	>1.61	0.235	46.9	0.138	~87?	2015
				h	>110	—	3.11	2,200	0.06	~87?	2015
Gliese 880	22.399	8.64	0.59	b	>8.5	—	0.187	39.4	0.13	—	2019	[9]
BD-17 588 A	22.409	10.53	0.26	Ab	~2.2	1.35	0.0381	5.36	0.16	89.47	2019	[53]
Gliese 393	22.938	8.65	0.41	b	>1.9	—	0.055	7.03	0.03	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 667 C^#	23.632	10.2	0.33	Cb	>5.4	—	0.049	7.20	0.13	~52?	2009	5 dubious candidates [54][7][55][56][9]
Gliese 667 C^#	23.632	10.2	0.33	Cc^↑	>3.9	~1.5?	0.1251	28.2	0.03	~52?	2011	5 dubious candidates [54][7][55][56][9]
Gliese 514	24.851	9.03	0.53	b	>4.3	—	0.097	15.0	0.05	—	2019	[9]
Fomalhaut A	25.126	1.16	1.92	Dagon	~800	13.5	160	560,000	~0.9	55	2008	multiple discs[57][58]
Gliese 300	26.469	12.13	0.26	b	>6.8	—	0.050	8.33	0.29	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 686	26.612	9.58	0.42	b	>7.1	—	0.097	15.5	0.04	—	2019	[59][9]
61 Virginis^#	27.741	4.74	0.95	b	>5.1	—	0.0502	4.22	~0.1	~77?	2009	a debris disc [60]
				c	>18	—	0.218	38.0	0.14	~77?	2009
				d	>23	—	0.476	123	0.35	~77?	2009
CD Ceti	28.080	14.001	0.161	b	>4.0	—	0.0185	2.29	0	—	2020	[61]
HD 192310^#	28.699	6.13	0.78	b	>17	—	0.32	75	0.13	—	2010	[62]
HD 192310^#	28.699	6.13	0.78	c	>24	—	1.18	530	~0.3	—	2011	[62]
Gliese 849^#	28.711	10.4	0.49	b	>270	—	2.26	1,910	0.05	—	2006	[63][9]
Gliese 849^#	28.711	10.4	0.49	c	>300	—	4.82	5,520	0.087	—	2006	[63][9]
Gliese 433^#	29.572	9.79	0.48	b	>6.0	—	0.062	7.37	0.04	—	2009	[64][9][40]
				d	>5.2	—	0.178	36.1	0.07	—	2020
				c	>32	—	4.82	5,090	0.12	—	2012
Gliese 3325	30.109	11.73	0.27	b	>11.8	—	0.071	12.9	0.03	—	2019	[9]
HD 102365	30.374	4.89	0.85	b	>16	—	0.46	122	0.34	—	2010	[65]
Gliese 357^#	30.803	10.9	0.34	b	1.6	1.17	0.035	3.93	0.02	88.92	2019	[66][9]
				c	>3.6	—	0.061	9.13	0.04	~89?	2019
				d	>7.7	—	0.204	55.7	0.03	~89?	2019
Gliese 176^#	30.879	10.1	0.45	b	>8.0	—	0.066	8.77	0.08	—	2007	1 dubious planet[67][68][9]
Gliese 176^#	30.879	10.1	0.45	c	>7.4	—	0.146	28.6	0.02	—	2019	1 dubious planet[67][68][9]
Gliese 479	30.912	10.66	0.43	b	>5.1	—	0.074	11.3	0.03	—	2019	[9]
Gliese 3512#	30.949	13.11	0.123	b	>147	—	0.338	204	0.44	—	2019	[69]
Gliese 3512#	30.949	13.11	0.123	c	>54	—	>1.2	>1390	—	—	2019	[69]
Gliese 436	31.820	10.67	0.41	b	21.4	4.33	0.0280	2.64	0.15	85.8	2004	1 candidate[9]
Gliese 49	32.145	8.9	0.57	b	>16.4	—	0.106	17.3	0.03	—	2019	[9]

Excluded objects

Unlike for bodies within our Solar System, there is no clearly established method for officially recognizing an exoplanet. According to the International Astronomical Union, an exoplanet should be considered confirmed if it has not been disputed for five years after its discovery.[70] There have been examples where the existence of exoplanets has been proposed, but even after follow-up studies their existence is still considered doubtful by some astronomers. Such cases include: Alpha Centauri (4.36 ly, two in 2012[71] and 2013[72]), Lalande 21185 (8.31 ly, in 2017[73]), Groombridge 34 (11.7 ly, two in 2014[74] and 2017[75]), LHS 288 (15.6 ly, in 2007[76]), 40 Eridani (16.3 ly, in 2018[77]), and Gliese 682 (16.6 ly, two in 2014[7][78][79]). There are also some instances where proposed exoplanets were later disproved by subsequent studies, such as candidates around Teegarden's star (12.6 ly),[80] Van Maanen 2 (13.9 ly),[81] Groombridge 1618 (15.9 ly),[82] and VB 10 (18.7 ly).[83]

The Working Group on Extrasolar Planets of the International Astronomical Union adopted in 2003 a working definition on the upper limit for what constitutes a planet: not being massive enough to sustain thermonuclear fusion of deuterium. Some studies have calculated this to be somewhere around 13 times the mass of Jupiter, and therefore objects more massive than this are usually classified as brown dwarfs.[84] Some proposed candidate exoplanets were later shown to be massive enough to fall above the threshold, and are likely brown dwarfs, as was the case for: SCR 1845-6357 B (12.6 ly),[85] SDSS J1416+1348 B (29.7 ly),[86] and WISE 1217+1626 B (30 ly).[87]

Excluded from the current list are known examples of potential free-floating sub-brown dwarfs, or "rogue planets", which are bodies that are too small to undergo fusion yet they do not revolve around a star. Known such examples include: WISE 0855–0714 (7.3 ly),[88] UGPS 0722-05, (13 ly)[89] WISE 1541−2250 (18.6 ly),[90] and SIMP J01365663+0933473 (20 ly).[91]

Statistics

Planetary systems

Systems by planet count
Exoplanets	№ of systems	Systems
4	5	Tau Ceti, Luyten's Star, Gliese 876, 82 G. Eridani, HD 219134
3	9	Lacaille 9352, Gliese 1061, YZ Ceti, Wolf 1061, L 1159-16, Gliese 581, 61 Virginis, Gliese 433, Gliese 357
2	16	—
1	30	—
Total	60

Distribution of nearby planet-hosting systems
Distance (light-years)	№ of known star systems	№ of known stars	№ of stars hosting known exoplanets	Percentage of stars hosting exoplanets
< 5	1	3	1	33.3%
5–10	8	11	3	27.3%
10–15	31	43	16	37.2%
15–20	57	77	13	16.9%
20–25	55	78	11	14.1%
25–32.6	?	~200	16	~8%
Total		>413[92]	60	<14.5%

Systems visible with
the naked eye?^[c][93]
Visible host star?	Systems
Yes (V < 6.5)	10
No (V > 6.5)	50

Exoplanets

Exoplanets by minimum estimated mass
Type	Mass range[94]	№
Terran	0.5–5 `M`_⊕	45
Superterran	5–10 `M`_⊕	24
Neptunian	10–50 `M`_⊕	28
Jovian	50–600 `M`_⊕	9
Superjovian	>600 `M`_⊕	3
Total		109

Exoplanets by orbital radius
Orbital radius	№	Notes
< 0.4 AU	80	Mercury orbits at 0.39 AU
0.4–1.0 AU	16	Earth orbits at 1.0 AU
1.0–5 AU	11	Earth orbits at 1.0 AU
> 5 AU	2	Jupiter orbits at 5.2 AU

Exoplanets by orbital period
Orbital period	№	Notes
< 90 days	73	Mercury takes 88 days
90–365 days	17	Mercury takes 88 days
1–10 years	14	Jupiter takes 11.9 years
> 10 years	5	Jupiter takes 11.9 years

Exoplanets by orbital eccentricity
Orbital eccentricity	№	Notes
< 0.02	15	Earth's is 0.0167
0.02–0.20	78	Earth's is 0.0167
0.02–0.20	78	Mercury's is 0.205
> 0.20	14	Mercury's is 0.205

Exoplanets by discovery year
Year	№
1998	1
2000	2
2002	1
2004	1
2005	2
2006	2
2007	3
2008	2
2009	6
2010	3
2011	5
2012	1
2014	6
2015	7
2016	1
2017	16
2018	3
2019	43
2020	4

Notes

^{^} Listed values are primarily taken from NASA Exoplanet Archive,[3] but other databases include a few additional exoplanet entries tagged as "Confirmed" that are have yet to be compiled into the NASA archive. Such databases include:
"Exoplanet Catalog". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Full table.

"Exoplanets Data Explorer". Exoplanet Orbit Database. California Planet Survey. Click the "+" button to visualize additional parameters.

"Open Exoplanet Catalogue". Click the "Show options" to visualize additional parameters. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2015-02-14.
^{^} For reference, the 104th closest known star system in November 2016 was 82 Eridani (19.7 ly).[95]
^{^} According to the Bortle scale, an astronomical object is visible to the naked eye under "typical" dark-sky conditions in a rural area if it has an apparent magnitude smaller than +6.5. To the unaided eye, the limiting magnitude is +7.6 to +8.0 under "excellent" dark-sky conditions (with effort).[93]
^{^} The star Epsilon Eridani was named Ran (after Rán, the Norse goddess of the sea), and the planet Epsilon Eridani b was named AEgir (after Ægir, Rán's husband),[96] while the planet Fomalhaut b was named Dagon (after Dagon, an ancient Syrian “fish god”[97]).[8]
^{^} Exoplanet naming convention assigns uncapitalized letters starting from b to each planet based on chronological order of their initial report, and in increasing order of distance from the parent star for planets reported at the same time. Omitted letters signify planets that have yet to be confirmed, or planets that have been retracted altogether.
^{^} Most reported exoplanet masses have very large error margins (typically, between 10% and 30%). The mass of an exoplanet has generally been inferred from measurements on changes in the radial velocity of the host star, but this kind of measurement only allows for an estimate on the exoplanet's orbital parameters, but not on their orbital inclination (i). As such, most exoplanets only have an estimated minimum mass (M_real*sin(i)), where their true masses are statistically expected to come close to this minimum, with only about 13% chance for the mass of an exoplanet to be more than double its minimum mass.[98]

References

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"NASA Exoplanet Archive—Confirmed Planets". NASA Exoplanet Science Institute. California Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
"Stars within 10 parsecs". Solstation.com. 2014-04-25. Archived from the original on 2017-10-26. Retrieved 2018-03-22.
Powell, Richard (2006). "Stars within 50 light years". An Atlas of the Universe. Archived from the original on 2014-06-27. Retrieved 2014-05-17.
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External links

"Extrasolar Planets". The Planetary Society. Planetary.org.
"Extrasolar Planets News". Science Daily.
"Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System". Exoplanet Exploration Program and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA. 2015-12-16.
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"PHL's Exoplanets Catalog". Planetary Habitability Laboratory. UPR Arecibo. 2018-03-02.
Onsi Fakhouri. "Exoplanet Orbit Database". Exoplanet Data Explorer. Exoplanets.org.
"NASA Exoplanet Archive". Caltech.
"Stars Within 20 Light Years". Atlas of the Universe.

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