Gliese 436

Gliese 436 is a red dwarf approximately 31.8 light-years (9.7 parsecs) away in the zodiac constellation of Leo. It has an apparent visual magnitude of 10.67,[3] which is much too faint to be seen with the naked eye. However, it can be viewed with even a modest telescope of 2.4 in (6 cm) aperture.[14] In 2004, the existence of an extrasolar planet, Gliese 436b, was verified as orbiting the star. This planet was later discovered to transit its host star.

Gliese 436
Observation data
Epoch J2000      Equinox J2000
Constellation Leo[1]
Right ascension  11h 42m 11.0932s[2]
Declination +26° 42′ 23.653″[2]
Apparent magnitude (V) 10.67[3]
Characteristics
Spectral type M2.5 V[3]
Apparent magnitude (B) ~12.20[4]
Apparent magnitude (V) ~10.68[4]
Apparent magnitude (J) 6.900 ± 0.024[5]
Apparent magnitude (H) 6.319 ± 0.023[5]
Apparent magnitude (K) 6.073 ± 0.016[5]
U−B color index +1.23[6]
B−V color index +1.52[3]
Astrometry
Radial velocity (Rv)+10.0[7] km/s
Proper motion (μ) RA: 895.196±0.200[2] mas/yr
Dec.: −813.717±0.124[2] mas/yr
Parallax (π)102.58 ± 0.31[2] mas
Distance31.80 ± 0.10 ly
(9.75 ± 0.03 pc)
Absolute magnitude (MV)10.63[3]
Details
Mass0.41 ± 0.05[3] M☉
Radius0.42[8] R☉
Luminosity0.025[3] L☉
Surface gravity (log g)5.0[9] cgs
Temperature3,318[8] K
Metallicity [Fe/H]–0.32 ± 0.12[10] dex
Rotation39.9±0.8 d[11]
Rotational velocity (v sin i)1.0[12] km/s
Age7.41–11.05[13] Gyr
Other designations
2MASS J11421096+2642251, GJ 436, HIP 57087, LTT 13213, LHS 310, Ross 905.[6]
Database references
SIMBADdata
Extrasolar Planets
Encyclopaedia		data

Properties

Gliese 436 is a M2.5V star,[3] which means it is a red dwarf. Stellar models give an estimated size of about 42% of the Sun's radius. The same model predicts that the outer atmosphere has an effective temperature of 3,318 K,[8] giving it the orange-red hue of an M-type star.[15] Small stars such as this generate energy at a low rate, giving it only 2.5% of the Sun's luminosity.[3]

Gliese 436 is older than the Sun by several billion years and it has an abundance of heavy elements (with masses greater than helium-4) equal to 48%[10] that of the Sun. The projected rotation velocity is 1.0 km/s, and the chromosphere has a low level of magnetic activity.[3] Gliese 436 is a member of the "old-disk population" with velocity components in the galactic coordinate system of U=+44, V=−20 and W=+20 km/s.[3]

Planetary system
The Gliese 436 planetary system[16]
Companion
(in order from star)		 Mass Semimajor axis
(AU)		 Orbital period
(days)		 Eccentricity Inclination Radius
b 21.36+0.20
−0.21 M⊕		 0.028±0.01 2.64388±0.00006 0.152+0.009
−0.008		 85.80+0.25
−0.21°		 4.33 ± 0.18 R⊕

The star is orbited by one known planet, designated Gliese 436 b. The planet has an orbital period of 2.6 Earth days and transits the star as viewed from Earth. It has a mass of 22.2 Earth masses and is roughly 55,000 km in diameter, giving it a mass and radius similar to the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune in the Solar System. In general, Doppler spectroscopy measurements do not measure the true mass of the planet, but instead measure the product m sin i, where m is the true mass and i is the inclination of the orbit (the angle between the line-of-sight and the normal to the planet's orbital plane), a quantity that is generally unknown. However, for Gliese 436 b, the transits enable the determination of the inclination, as they show that the planet's orbital plane is very nearly in the line of sight (i.e. that the inclination is close to 90 degrees). Hence the mass quoted is the actual mass. The planet is thought to be largely composed of hot ices with an outer envelope of hydrogen and helium, and is termed a "hot Neptune".[17]

GJ 436 b's orbit is likely misaligned with its star's rotation.[18] In addition the planet's orbit is eccentric. Because tidal forces would tend to circularise the orbit of the planet on short timescales, this suggested that Gliese 436 b is being perturbed by an additional planet orbiting the star.[19]

Possible second planet

In 2008, a second planet, designated "Gliese 436 c" was claimed to have been discovered, with an orbital period of 5.2 days and an orbital semimajor axis of 0.045 AU.[20] The planet was thought to have a mass of roughly 5 Earth masses and have a radius about 1.5 times larger than the Earth's.[21] Due to its size, the planet was thought to be a rocky, terrestrial planet.[22] It was announced by Spanish scientists in April 2008 by analyzing its influence on the orbit of Gliese 436 b.[21] Further analysis showed that the transit length of the inner planet is not changing, a situation which rules out most possible configurations for this system. Also, if it did orbit at these parameters, the system would be the only "unstable" orbit on UA's Extrasolar Planet Interactions chart. The existence of this "Gliese 436 c" was thus regarded as unlikely,[23] and the discovery was eventually retracted at the Transiting Planets conference in Boston, 2008.[24]

Despite the retraction, studies concluded that the possibility that there is an additional planet orbiting Gliese 436 remained plausible.[25] With the aid of an unnoticed transit automatically recorded at NMSU on January 11, 2005, and observations by amateur astronomers, it has been suggested that there is a trend of increasing inclination of the orbit of Gliese 436 b, though this trend remains unconfirmed. This trend is compatible with a perturbation by a planet of less than 12 Earth masses on an orbit within about 0.08 AU of the star.[26]

Two sub-Earth candidates

In July 2012, NASA announced that astronomers at the University of Central Florida, using the Spitzer Space Telescope, strongly believed they had observed a second planet.[27] This candidate planet was given the preliminary designation UCF-1.01, after the University of Central Florida.[28] It was measured to have a radius of around two thirds that of Earth and, assuming an Earth-like density of 5.5 g/cm3, was estimated to have a mass of 0.3 times that of Earth and a surface gravity of around two thirds that of Earth. It orbits at 0.0185 AU from the star, every 1.3659 days. The astronomers also believe they have found some evidence for an additional planet candidate, UCF-1.02, which is of a similar size, though with only one detected transit its orbital period is unknown.[29] Follow up observations with the Hubble Space Telescope as well as a reanalysis of the spitzer data were unable to confirm these planets.[30][31]

References
  1. Roman, Nancy G. (1987). "Identification of a Constellation From a Position". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 99 (617): 695–699. Bibcode:1987PASP...99..695R. doi:10.1086/132034. Vizier query form
  2. Brown, A. G. A.; et al. (2016). "Gaia Data Release 1. Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 595. A2. arXiv:1609.04172. Bibcode:2016A&A...595A...2G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629512.Gaia Data Release 1 catalog entry
  3. Butler, R. Paul; et al. (2004). "A Neptune-Mass Planet Orbiting the Nearby M Dwarf GJ 436". The Astrophysical Journal. 617 (1): 580–588. arXiv:astro-ph/0408587. Bibcode:2004ApJ...617..580B. doi:10.1086/425173.
  4. Reid, I. Neill; et al. (July 2004), "Meeting the Cool Neighbors. VIII. A Preliminary 20 Parsec Census from the NLTT Catalogue", The Astronomical Journal, 128 (1): 463–483, arXiv:astro-ph/0404061, Bibcode:2004AJ....128..463R, doi:10.1086/421374
  5. Cutri, R. M.; et al. (June 2003), 2MASS All Sky Catalog of point sources, NASA/IPAC, Bibcode:2003tmc..book.....C
  6. "Gliese 436". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
  7. Wilson, Ralph Elmer (1953), "General Catalogue of Stellar Radial Velocities", Carnegie Institute Washington D.C. Publication, Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Bibcode:1953GCRV..C......0W
  8. Johnson, H. M.; Wright, C. D. (1983). "Predicted infrared brightness of stars within 25 parsecs of the sun". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 53: 643–711. Bibcode:1983ApJS...53..643J. doi:10.1086/190905.—see page 673.
  9. Maness, H. L.; et al. (January 2007), "The M Dwarf GJ 436 and its Neptune-Mass Planet", The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 119 (851): 90–101, arXiv:astro-ph/0608260, Bibcode:2007PASP..119...90M, doi:10.1086/510689
  10. Bean, Jacob L.; Benedict, G. Fritz; Endl, Michael (2006). "Metallicities of M Dwarf Planet Hosts from Spectral Synthesis". The Astrophysical Journal (abstract). 653 (1): L65–L68. arXiv:astro-ph/0611060. Bibcode:2006ApJ...653L..65B. doi:10.1086/510527.—for the metallicity, note that or 48%
  11. Suárez Mascareño, A.; et al. (September 2015), "Rotation periods of late-type dwarf stars from time series high-resolution spectroscopy of chromospheric indicators", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 452 (3): 2745–2756, arXiv:1506.08039, Bibcode:2015MNRAS.452.2745S, doi:10.1093/mnras/stv1441.
  12. Jenkins, J. S.; et al. (October 2009), "Rotational Velocities for M Dwarfs", The Astrophysical Journal, 704 (2): 975–988, arXiv:0908.4092, Bibcode:2009ApJ...704..975J, doi:10.1088/0004-637X/704/2/975
  13. Saffe, C.; Gómez, M.; Chavero, C. (2006). "On the Ages of Exoplanet Host Stars". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 443 (2): 609–626. arXiv:astro-ph/0510092. Bibcode:2005A&A...443..609S. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053452.
  14. Sherrod, P. Clay; Koed, Thomas L. (2003), A Complete Manual of Amateur Astronomy: Tools and Techniques for Astronomical Observations, Astronomy Series, Courier Dover Publications, p. 9, ISBN 0486428206
  15. "The Colour of Stars", Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, December 21, 2004, archived from the original on 2012-03-10, retrieved 2012-01-16
  16. Trifonov, T.; et al. (2018). "The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 609. A117. arXiv:1710.01595. Bibcode:2018A&A...609A.117T. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731442.
  17. Gillon, M.; et al. (2007). "Detection of transits of the nearby hot Neptune GJ 436 b". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 472 (2): L13–L16. arXiv:0705.2219. Bibcode:2007A&A...472L..13G. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077799.
  18. Knutson, Heather A. (2011). "A Spitzer Transmission Spectrum for the Exoplanet GJ 436b". Astrophysical Journal. 735, 27 (1): 27. arXiv:1104.2901. Bibcode:2011ApJ...735...27K. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/735/1/27.
  19. Deming, D.; et al. (2007). "Spitzer Transit and Secondary Eclipse Photometry of GJ 436b". The Astrophysical Journal. 667 (2): L199–L202. arXiv:0707.2778. Bibcode:2007ApJ...667L.199D. doi:10.1086/522496.
  20. Ribas, I.; Font-Ribera, S. & Beaulieu, J. P. (2008). "A ~5 M⊙ Super-Earth Orbiting GJ 436?: The Power of Near-Grazing Transits". The Astrophysical Journal. 677 (1): L59–L62. arXiv:0801.3230. Bibcode:2008ApJ...677L..59R. doi:10.1086/587961.
  21. Reuters
  22. "New Super-Earth is Smallest Yet". Space.com. Retrieved 2008-04-10.
  23. Alonso, R.; et al. (2008). "Limits to the planet candidate GJ 436c". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 487 (1): L5–L8. arXiv:0804.3030. Bibcode:2008A&A...487L...5A. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810007.
  24. Schneider, J. "Planet GJ 436 b". The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia. Archived from the original on 2014-12-23. Retrieved 2013-02-23.
  25. Bean, J. L. & Seifahrt, A. (2008). "Observational Consequences of the Recently Proposed Super-Earth Orbiting GJ436". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 487 (2): L25–L28. arXiv:0806.3270. Bibcode:2008A&A...487L..25B. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810278.
  26. Coughlin, J. L.; et al. (2008). "New Observations and a Possible Detection of Parameter Variations in the Transits of Gliese 436b". The Astrophysical Journal. 689 (2): L149–L152. arXiv:0809.1664. Bibcode:2008ApJ...689L.149C. doi:10.1086/595822.
  27. "Alien exoplanet smaller than Earth discovered". Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. July 2012. Retrieved 2012-07-19.
  28. Powers, Scott (July 18, 2012). "Planet UCF 1.01 is introduced to the world of astronomy". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 20, 2012.
  29. Stevenson, Kevin B.; et al. (2012). "Two nearby sub-Earth-sized exoplanet candidates in the GJ 436 system". The Astrophysical Journal. 755 (1). 9. arXiv:1207.4245. Bibcode:2012ApJ...755....9S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/755/1/9.
  30. Stevenson, Kevin B.; et al. (2014). "A Hubble Space Telescope Search for a Sub-Earth-sized Exoplanet in the GJ 436 System". The Astrophysical Journal. 796 (1). 32. arXiv:1410.0002. Bibcode:2014ApJ...796...32S. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/32.
  31. Lanotte, A. A.; et al. (2014). "A global analysis of Spitzer and new HARPS data confirms the loneliness and metal-richness of GJ 436 b". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 572. A73. arXiv:1409.4038. Bibcode:2014A&A...572A..73L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424373.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.