List of mammals of Singapore

There are currently about 65 species of mammals in Singapore.[1] Since the founding of modern Singapore in 1819, over 90 species have been recorded, including large species such as tigers, leopards and sambar deer. Most of these have since become extirpated from Singapore largely due to rapid urban development, with occasional large mammals such as Asian elephants swimming across the Straits of Johor from Johor, Malaysia.[2]

Plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus)
Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis)
Raffles' banded langur (Presbytis femoralis) was almost extirpated in Singapore

Many surviving species have critically low population numbers, the most seriously endangered being the cream-coloured giant squirrel, last sighted in 1995[3] and now possibly extirpated. The banded leaf monkey is also down to around 50 individuals. However, some species may be rediscovered in more remote parts of the country, such as the Malaysian porcupine which was found on Pulau Tekong in 2005,[4] and the greater mousedeer on Pulau Ubin in 2009.[5]

The most commonly seen native mammals are the long-tailed macaque and plantain squirrel. The largest terrestrial mammal that can still be found is the wild boar, which is common on the offshore islands of Pulau Ubin and Pulau Tekong, but also found on the mainland. The largest mammals in Singapore, however, are marine creatures such as dugongs and dolphins. The colugo is also doing well, but these are rarely seen due to their elusiveness and camouflage.

List of mammals

Order Eulipotyphla (insectivores)

Family Soricidae (shrews)

  • House shrew (Suncus murinus) – urban
  • Malayan shrew (Crocidura malayana) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment

Family Erinaceidae (hedgehogs and gymnures)

  • Moonrat (Echinosorex gymnurus) (doubtful)

Order Pholidota (pangolins)

Family Manidae (pangolins)

  • Sunda pangolin (Manis javanica) – Bukit Timah, Bukit Batok, Bukit Panjang, Central Catchment, Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong,[6] Western Catchment, Labrador

Order Carnivora (carnivores)

Family Herpestidae (mongooses)

  • Short-tailed mongoose (Herpestes brachyurus) (extirpated)

Family Viverridae (civets)

  • Three-striped palm civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment
  • Otter civet (Cynogale bennettii) (doubtful)[7]
  • Masked palm civet (Paguma larvata) – Central Catchment,[8] Pulau Tekong[9] (unconfirmed)
  • Sumatran palm civet (Paradoxurus musangus) – uncommon but widespread in forests, as well as parks and suburban areas with tall trees
  • Large-spotted civet (Viverra megaspila) (doubtful)[7]
  • Malay civet (Viverra tangalunga) – Central Catchment,[10] possibly Pulau Tekong[9]
  • Large Indian civet (Viverra zibetha) – Jalan Bahar,[11] unconfirmed sightings in Central Catchment, Lornie Road, Old Holland Road, Pulau Tekong, may be confused with Malay civet
  • Small Indian civet (Viverricula indica) (doubtful)[7]

Family Mustelidae (weasels, otters and relatives)

  • Small-clawed otter (Aonyx cinereus) – Pulau Ubin,[12] Pulau Tekong,[13] Western Catchment
  • Smooth otter (Lutrogale perspicillata) – mangroves and coasts, rivers, canals, reservoirs, lakes, and ponds in many locations on mainland Singapore, also often seen travelling overland, Pulau Ubin, Sentosa, St. John's Island, Pulau Semakau[14]
  • Hairy-nosed otter (Lutra sumatrana) (extirpated, but former native status is unclear)

Family Felidae (cats)

  • Domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus) – widespread stray populations in urban areas
  • Leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) – Pulau Ubin,[15] Pulau Tekong,[16] Western Catchment,[17] Central Catchment,[18] Sungei Buloh
  • Flat-headed cat (Prionailurus planiceps) (doubtful)
  • Clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) – doubtful, as the sole record is an individual collected in Changi that has been identified as Sunda clouded leopard (Neofelis diardii)
  • Tiger (Panthera tigris) (extirpated)
  • Leopard (Panthera pardus) (extirpated)

Family Canidae (dogs)

  • Domestic/feral dog (Canis lupus familiaris) – widespread feral and stray populations

Order Sirenia (sea cows)

Family Dugongidae (dugong)

  • Dugong (Dugong dugon) – Straits of Johor, Singapore Strait

Order Proboscidea (elephants)

Family Elephantidae (elephants)

  • Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) – Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong (visitor)

Order Perissodactyla (odd-toed ungulates)

Family Tapiridae (tapirs)

  • Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus) – Pulau Ubin, Changi[19] (visitor)

Order Cetacea (cetaceans)

Family Delphinidae (marine dolphins)

  • Irrawaddy dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) – Singapore Strait
  • False killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) – Tuas[20] (vagrant)
  • Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) – Straits of Johor, Singapore Strait
  • Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops aduncus) – Singapore Strait

Family Phocoenidae (porpoises)

  • Finless porpoise (Neophocaena phocaenoides) – Singapore Strait

Family Physeteridae (sperm whale)

  • Sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) – Singapore Strait (lone carcass in 2015)[21]

Order Artiodactyla (even-toed ungulates)

Family Suidae (pigs)

  • Wild boar (Sus scrofa) – Western Catchment, Lim Chu Kang, Kranji, Choa Chu Kang, Bukit Panjang, Bukit Batok, Bukit Timah, Central Catchment, Kent Ridge, Seletar, Sengkang, Punggol, Coney Island, Lorong Halus, Pasir Ris, Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong[22]

Family Cervidae (deer)

  • Sambar (Rusa unicolor) – Bukit Brown, Central Catchment (possibly extirpated, then re-established through escapees from captivity)
  • Indian muntjac (Muntiacus muntjak) – Central Catchment

Family Tragulidae (mousedeer)

  • Lesser mousedeer (Tragulus kanchil) – Central Catchment
  • Greater mousedeer (Tragulus napu) – Pulau Ubin,[23] Western Catchment[24]

Family Bovidae (bovids)

  • Domestic cattle (Bos taurus) – Pulau Ubin (lone free-ranging individual)

Order Rodentia (rodents)

Family Muridae (mice and rats)

  • Asian house mouse (Mus castaneus) – urban
  • Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus) (introduced) – urban
  • Asian house rat (Rattus tanezumi) – urban
  • Polynesian rat (Rattus exulans)
  • Malaysian wood rat (Rattus tiomanicus)
  • Annandale's rat (Rattus annandalei) – forests
  • Brown spiny rat (Maxomys rajah) – Central Catchment
  • Red spiny rat (Maxomys surifer) (possibly extirpated) – Bukit Timah

Family Spalacidae (mole-rats)

  • Large bamboo rat (Rhizomys sumatrensis) (doubtful, historical records are likely escapees)

Family Sciuridae (squirrels)

  • Finlayson's or variable squirrel (Callosciurus finlaysonii) (introduced) – Bidadari, Woodleigh
  • Plantain squirrel (Callosciurus notatus) – common, widespread
  • Prevost's squirrel (Callosciurus prevostii) (doubtful)
  • Three-striped ground squirrel (Lariscus insignis) (extirpated)
  • Slender squirrel (Sundasciurus tenuis) – Bukit Timah, Bukit Batok, Central Catchment, Singapore Botanic Gardens
  • Cream-coloured giant squirrel (Ratufa affinis) (extirpated) – formerly recorded in Bukit Timah, Central Catchment
  • Shrew-faced ground squirrel (Rhinosciurus laticaudatus) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment[25]
  • Red-cheeked flying squirrel (Hylopetes spadiceus) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment[26]
  • Horsfield's flying squirrel (Iomys horsfieldii) – Bukit Batok, Bukit Timah, Central Catchment[26]
  • Red giant flying squirrel (Petaurista petaurista) (extirpated)

Family Hystricidae

  • Malayan porcupine (Hystrix brachyura) – Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong, Bukit Timah, Central Catchment, Western Catchment[27]

Order Chiroptera (bats)

Family Pteropodidae (Old World fruit bats)

  • Lesser dog-faced fruit bat (Cynopterus brachyotis) – widespread in both urban and forest habitats
  • Horsfield's fruit bat (Cynopterus horsfieldii) (indeterminate)
  • Cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea)
  • Common long-tongued fruit bat (Macroglossus minimus)
  • Dusky fruit bat (Penthetor lucasi) – Bukit Timah[28]
  • Malayan flying fox (Pteropus vampyrus) (visitor, former resident)
  • Geoffroy's rousette (Rousettus amplexicaudatus) (indeterminate, possibly extirpated)

Family Emballonuridae (sheath-tailed bats)

  • Lesser sheath-tailed bat (Emballonura monticola) – Bukit Timah, Pulau Ubin[29]
  • Pouched tomb bat (Saccolaimus saccolaimus)
  • Long-winged tomb bat (Taphozous longimanus) – Pulau Ubin[30]
  • Black-bearded tomb bat (Taphozous melanopogon)

Family Nycteridae (hollow-faced bats)

  • Southeast Asian hollow-faced bat (Nycteris tragata) – Central Catchment

Family Megadermatidae (false vampires)

  • Lesser false vampire (Megaderma spasma) – Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin

Family Rhinolophidae (horseshoe bats)

  • Glossy horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus lepidus) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment
  • Woolly horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus luctus)
  • Lesser woolly horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus sedulus) (indeterminate, possibly extirpated)
  • Lesser brown horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus stheno) (indeterminate, possibly extirpated)
  • Trefoil horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus trifoliatus) – Central Catchment, Pulau Tekong

Family Hipposideridae (Old World leaf-nosed bats)

  • Bicolored roundleaf bat (Hipposideros bicolor) – Bukit Timah[31]
  • Ashy roundleaf bat (Hipposideros cineraceus) – Pulau Ubin
  • Fawn roundleaf bat (Hipposideros cervinus) (indeterminate, possibly extirpated)
  • Ridley's roundleaf bat (Hipposideros ridleyi) (indeterminate, possibly extirpated)

Family Vespertilionidae (evening bats)

  • Big-eared pipistrelle (Hypsugo macrotis) – Pulau Ubin[32]
  • Hardwicke's woolly bat (Kerivoula hardwickii) – Central Catchment,[31] Pulau Tekong[9]
  • Brown tube-nosed bat (Murina suilla) – Pulau Tekong[9]
  • Lesser large-footed myotis (Myotis hasseltii)
  • Horsfield's large-footed myotis (Myotis horsfieldii) – Central Catchment[33]
  • Whiskered myotis (Myotis muricola)
  • Singapore whiskered bat (Myotis oreias) – endemic to Singapore, possibly globally extinct,[34] but might not actually exist[35]
  • Javan pipistrelle (Pipistrellus javanicus) – Ayer Rajah,[36] Paya Lebar,[37] Punggol,[38] Upper Thomson,[39] Kent Ridge[40]
  • Narrow-winged pipistrelle (Pipistrellus stenopterus) – Singapore Botanic Gardens, Holland Village, Rochester Park, Bukit Timah[41]
  • Asiatic lesser yellow bat (Scotophilus kuhlii)
  • Lesser bamboo bat (Tylonycteris pachypus) – Bukit Timah[42]
  • Greater bamboo bat (Tylonycteris robustula)

Family Molossidae (free-tailed bats)

  • Naked bulldog bat (Cheiromeles torquatus) – Bukit Timah,[43] Central Catchment, Sembawang[44]
  • Wrinkle-lipped free-tailed bat (Chaerephon plicatus) (indeterminate, possibly extirpated)

Order Scandentia (treeshrews)

Family Tupaiidae (treeshrews)

  • Common treeshrew (Tupaia glis) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment, Singapore Botanic Gardens, Portsdown, Bidadari, Bedok, Bukit Batok, Jurong Hill, Sungei Buloh, Western Catchment

Order Dermoptera (colugo)

Family Cynocephalidae (colugo)

Order Primates (primates)

Family Lorisidae (lorises)

  • Sunda slow loris (Nycticebus coucang) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment,[48] Pulau Tekong[9]

Family Cercopithecidae (Old World monkeys)

  • Long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) – Bukit Timah, Central Catchment, Sungei Buloh, Western Catchment, Bukit Batok, Woodlands Waterfront, Admiralty Park, Punggol, Coney Island, Pulau Ubin, Pulau Tekong, Sentosa, Sisters Islands, lone individuals occasionally seen in parks and urban areas elsewhere in Singapore[49]
  • Southern pig-tailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina) – Pasir Ris, Central Catchment (escapees, former native status is questionable)
  • Raffles' banded langur (Presbytis femoralis) – around 60 left in Central Catchment[50]

Family Hominidae (great apes)

Note: "extirpated" means locally extinct in Singapore.

See also

References
  1. "List of mammal species present in Singapore". Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  2. "Singapore is more wild than you think". The Straits Times. Retrieved 12 May 2017.
  3. "Endangered squirrels". Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  4. "The Tekong porcupine". Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  5. "Rediscovery of greater mousedeer on Pulau Ubin" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  6. "Home range, activity cycle and natal den usage of a female Sunda pangolin Manis javanica (Mammalia: Pholidota) in Singapore" (PDF).
  7. "The diversity and status of the civets (Viverridae) of Singapore".
  8. "The Pangolin 8(1–4): 2" (PDF).
  9. "Freshwater fishes, terrestrial herpetofauna and mammals of Pulau Tekong, Singapore" (PDF).
  10. "Occurrence of the Malay Civet, Viverra tangalunga (Mammalia: Carnivora: Viverridae) in Singapore" (PDF).
  11. "The Pangolin 3(1–4): 6" (PDF).
  12. "Oriental small-clawed otters on Pulau Ubin" (PDF).
  13. "The Pangolin 7(1–4): 23–31" (PDF).
  14. "Khoo, M de Yuan and Sivasothi, N (2018)b. Population Structure, Distribution, and Habitat Use of Smooth-Coated Otters Lutrogale perspicillata in Singapore . IUCN Otter Spec. Group Bull. 35 (3): 171 – 182". www.iucnosgbull.org.
  15. "Mainland leopard cat on Pulau Ubin" (PDF).
  16. Chua, Marcus A. H.; Sivasothi, N.; Meier, Rudolf (1 April 2016). "Population density, spatiotemporal use and diet of the leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis) in a human-modified succession forest landscape of Singapore". Mammal Research. 61 (2): 99–108. doi:10.1007/s13364-015-0259-4.
  17. "Leopard cat in Western Catchment Area" (PDF).
  18. "Leopard cat in Central Catchment Nature Reserve" (PDF).
  19. "Malayan tapir at Changi North" (PDF).
  20. "The Pangolin 7(1–4): 33–34" (PDF).
  21. Tan, Audrey (12 April 2019). "Dead whale Jubi Lee found in Singapore tells tale of scientific discovery". The Straight Times. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  22. "The status on Singapore island of the Eurasian wild pig" (PDF).
  23. "Rediscovery of greater mouse deer, Tragulus napu (Mammalia: Artiodactyla: Tragulidae) in Pulau Ubin, Singapore" (PDF).
  24. "Greater mousedeer in Western Catchment Area" (PDF).
  25. "Records of the shrew-faced squirrel, Rhinosciurus laticaudatus (Mammalia: Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Singapore" (PDF).
  26. "New locality records for two species of flying squirrels in Singapore" (PDF).
  27. "Records of the Malayan porcupine, Hystrix brachyura (Mammalia: Rodentia: Hystricidae) in Singapore" (PDF).
  28. "Updated Inventory of Amphibians, Reptiles and Mammals of the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore" (PDF).
  29. "Rediscovery of the lesser sheath-tailed bat on Pulau Ubin" (PDF).
  30. "First record of the long-winged tomb bat in Singapore" (PDF).
  31. "Noteworthy microchiropteran records from the Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves, Singapore" (PDF).
  32. "First record of the big-eared pipistrelle in Singapore" (PDF).
  33. "New record of the Horsfield's large-footed myotis in Singapore" (PDF).
  34. "Myotis oreias". Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  35. Csorba, Gábor; Smeenk, Chris; Lee, Benjamin P. Y.-H. (12 December 2016). "The identity of Vespertilio oreias Temminck, 1840—solving a taxonomic puzzle". Zootaxa. 4205 (6): 564. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4205.6.4. ISSN 1175-5334. PMID 27988549. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  36. "The Javan pipistrelle, Pipistrellus javanicus (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in Singapore" (PDF).
  37. "Javan pipistrelle at Paya Lebar" (PDF).
  38. "Javan pipistrelle at Punggol" (PDF).
  39. "Javan pipistrelles at Upper Thomson" (PDF).
  40. "Javan pipistrelle at Kent Ridge" (PDF).
  41. "The narrow-winged pipistrelle, Pipistrellus stenopterus (Dobson) in Singapore (Mammalia: Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)" (PDF).
  42. "Mammals, reptiles and amphibians in the Nature Reserves of Singapore – Diversity, abundance and distribution" (PDF).
  43. "The naked bulldog bat, Cheiromeles torquatus in Singapore – past and present records, with highlights on its unique morphology (Microchiroptera: Molossidae)" (PDF).
  44. "Naked bulldog bat from Sembawang" (PDF).
  45. "Sighting of a Sunda colugo at Gallop Road" (PDF).
  46. "Sighting of Sunda colugos at Wessex Estate" (PDF).
  47. "Colugo Encounter near Changi Village" (PDF).
  48. "The conservation status of slow lorises Nycticebus spp. in Singapore" (PDF).
  49. "Results of a nationwide census of the long-tailed macaque (Macaca fascicularis) population of Singapore" (PDF).
  50. "Reproduction and infant pelage coloration of the banded leaf monkey, Presbytis femoralis (Mammalia: Primates: Cercopithecidae) in Singapore" (PDF).
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