List of kings of Babylon

Also called the Amorite dynasty. The dates used follow the "middle chronology" (reign of Hammurabi 1792–1750 BC), the chronology most commonly encountered in literature, including many current textbooks on the archaeology and history of the ancient Near East.[5][6][7]

No.	Image	King	Reign[8]	Succession	Notes	Ref
1		Sumu-abum Šumu-abum	c. 1894–1881 BC (13 years)	Liberated Babylon from the control of Kazallu	The first king of Babylon, Sumu-abum freed a small region centered on Babylon, previously under the control of the city state Kazallu. He did not title himself as King of Babylon (and neither did his first three successors), suggesting that the city wasn't very important at the time.	[8][9]
2		Sumu-la-El Šumu-la-El	c. 1881–1845 BC (36 years)	Unknown	Sumu-la-El's year names reference the construction of a great city wall in Babylon.	[8][10]
3		Sabium Sabūm	c. 1845–1831 BC (14 years)	Unknown	Sabium's year names reference wars with Larsa and building projects in various cities in the region surrounding Babylon.	[8][11]
4		Apil-Sin Apil-Sîn	c. 1831–1813 BC (18 years)	Unknown	Apil-Sin's year names reference several building projects in Babylon, including temples and a new city wall.	[8][12]
5		Sin-Muballit Sîn-Muballit	c. 1813–1792 BC (21 years)	Son of Apil-Sin	The first ruler to actually title himself King of Babylon, began expanding the territory of his previously minor empire.	[8][13]
6		Hammurabi Ḫammu-rāpi	c. 1792–1750 BC (42 years)	Son of Sin-Muballit	Hammurabi massively expanded Babylon's territory, founding the Old Babylonian Empire and bringing most of Mesopotamia under his control. He is also famous for the Code of Hammurabi, one of the oldest deciphered writings of significant length in the world.	[8][14]
7		Samsu-iluna Šamšu-iluna	c. 1750–1712 BC (38 years)	Son of Hammurabi	Samsu-iluna campaigned victoriously against several of Babylon's rebellious vassals in the wake of Hammurabi's death and though he was unable to keep the entirety of his father's empire together, he successfully retained control of the empire's heartlands in southern Mesopotamia.	[8]
8		Abi-Eshuh Abī-Ešuḫ	c. 1712–1684 BC (28 years)	Son of Samsu-iluna	Babylonia experienced severe Elamite raids during Abu-Eshuh's reign.	[8]
9		Ammi-Ditana Ammi-ditāna	c. 1684–1647 BC (47 years)	Son of Abi-Eshuh	Largely peaceful reign; Ammi-Ditana was primarily engaged in building projects such as enriching and enlarging the temples.	[8]
10		Ammi-Saduqa Ammi-Saduqa	c. 1647–1626 BC (21 years)	Unknown	Largely peaceful reign; Ammi-Saduqa was primarily engaged in building projects such as enriching and enlarging the temples.	[8]
11		Samsu-Ditana Šamšu-ditāna	c. 1626–1595 BC (31 years)	Great-great-grandson of Hammurabi	The Old Babylonian Empire came to a sudden end during Samsu-Ditana's reign as the Hittites, for reasons unknown, sacked and destroyed the city.	[8]

Babylon was sacked and destroyed by the Hittites in c. 1595 BC. The city and its kingdom was not firmly re-established until c. 1530 BC, by the Kassite king Agum II.[15]

Also called the Sealand dynasty. These rulers might only have ruled Babylonia itself for the briefest of periods, being based in formerly Sumerian regions south of it. Nevertheless, it is often traditionally numbered the Second Dynasty of Babylon, and so it is listed here. Little is known of these rulers. They were counted as kings of Babylon in later king lists, succeeding the Amorite dynasty despite overlapping reigns.[16]

These kings also did not actually rule Babylon, but their numbering scheme was continued for later Kassite Kings of Babylon, and so they are listed here. Little is known of these rulers. They were counted as kings of Babylon in later king lists, succeeding the Sealand dynasty despite overlapping reigns.[16]

Also called the Kassite dynasty.

No.	Image	King	Reign[17]	Succession	Notes	Ref
32		Agum II Kakrime Agum-Kakrime	c. 1530 BC	Re-established Babylon	Established the long-lived Kassite dynasty as the rulers of Babylon. Portrays himself as the legitimate ruler and caring “shepherd” of both the Kassites and the Akkadians.
33		Burnaburiash I Burna-Buriaš	c. 1515 BC	Son of Agum II	It is possible that Burnaburiash I, and not Agum II, was the actual first Kassite ruler to hold Babylon. Engaged in diplomacy with the Assyrian king Puzur-Ashur III.
34		Kashtiliash III Kaštiliašu	c. 1500 BC	Son of Burnaburiash I	Only known from the Assyrian Synchronistic King List.
35		Ulamburiash Ulam-Buriaš	c. 1480 BC	Son of Burnaburiash I	Conquered the Sealand Dynasty, establishing the Kassites as rulers of all of southern Mesopotamia.
36		Agum III Agum	c. 1470 BC	Son of Kashtiliash III	The only Babylonian reference to Agum III is from an expedition he led against "the Sealand".
37		Karaindash Karaindaš	c. 1410 BC	Unknown	One of the Kassite dynasty's more prominent rulers, Karaindash, Karaindash refurbished a temple at Uruk and engaged in diplomacy with Assyria and Egypt.
38		Kadashman-harbe I Kadašman-Ḫarbe	c. 1400 BC	Unknown	Campaigned against the against the Sutû and possibly against Elam.
39		Kurigalzu I Kuri-Galzu	c. 1375 BC	Son of Kadashman-harbe I	Kurigalzu I was responsible for one of the most extensive and widespread building programs for which evidence has survived in Babylonia.
40		Kadashman-Enlil I Kadašman-Enlil	c. 1374–1360 BC (14 years)	Son of Kurigalzu I	Contemporary of Amenhotep III in Egypt, who he corresponded with.	[17]
41		Burnaburiash II Burna-Buriaš	c. 1359–1333 BC (26 years)	Son of Kadashman-Enlil I	Contemporary of Akhenaten in Egypt, who he famously corresponded with in the Amarna letters.	[17]
42		Kara-hardash Kara-ḫardaš	c. 1333 BC	Son of Burnaburiash	Next to nothing is known of Kara-hardash's brief reign.	[17]
43		Nazi-Bugash Nazi-Bugaš or Šuzigaš	c. 1333 BC	Overthrew Kara-hardash, unrelated to previous kings	Next to nothing is known of Nazi-Bugash's brief reign.	[17]
44		Kurigalzu II the Younger Kuri-Galzu	c. 1332–1308 BC (24 years)	Son of Burnaburiash II, appointed king by the Assyrian king Ashur-uballit I	Because he shares his name with a predecessor who reigned just forty years prior, it is difficult to distinguish documents from their reigns since the Babylonians themselves did not use regnal numbers.	[17]
45		Nazi-Maruttash Nazi-Maruttaš	c. 1307–1282 BC (25 years)	Son of Kurigalzu II	Warred against the Assyrians and the Elamites.	[17]
46		Kadashman-Turgu Kadašman-Turgu	c. 1281–1264 BC (17 years)	Son of Nazi-Maruttash	Contemporary of the Hittite king Ḫattušili III, with whom he concluded a formal treaty of friendship and mutual assistance, and also Ramesses II with whom he consequently severed diplomatic relations.	[17]
47		Kadashman-Enlil II Kadašman-Enlil	c. 1263–1255 BC (8 years)	Son of Kadashman-Turgu	Succeeded his father as a child and political power was exercised at first by an influential vizier, Itti-Marduk-balatu. In contrast to Kadashman-Turgu, Itti-Marduk-balatu was sharply anti-Hittite and severed relations with them, instead opting to engage diplomatically with Assyria.	[17]
48		Kudur-Enlil Kudur-Enlil	c. 1254–1246 BC (8 years)	Unknown, claimed by the king list to be the son of Kadashman-Enlil II	The first Kassite king to have a wholly Babylonian name. Recorded as the son of Kadashman-Enlil II in king lists, which would be impossible with the dates provided.	[17]
49		Shagarakti-Shuriash Šagarakti-Šuriaš	c. 1245–1233 BC (12 years)	Unknown, claimed by the king list to be the son of Kudur-Enlil	Recorded as the son of Kurud-Enlil in king lists, probably impossible with the dates provided. Babylon probably faced economic problems during Shagarakti-Shuriash's reign.	[17]
50		Kashtiliash IV Kaštiliašu	c. 1232–1225 BC (8 years)	Unknown, possibly son of Shagarakti-Shuriash	Warred against Assyria, which resulted in a catastrophic Assyrian invasion by Tukulti-Ninurta I and his own deposition and death.	[17]
51		Enlil-nadin-shumi Enlil-nādin-šumi	c. 1224 BC (6 months)	Unknown, possibly installed as vassal king by the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I	Little contemporary evidence survives from Enlil-nadin-shumi's brief reign. Possibly deposed by invading Elamites.	[17]
52		Kadashman-harbe II Kadašman-Ḫarbe	c. 1223 BC (1 year, 6 months)	Unknown, possibly installed as vassal king by the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I	Little contemporary evidence survives from Kadashman-harbe II's brief reign.	[17]
53		Adad-shuma-iddina Adad-šuma-iddina	c. 1222–1217 BC (6 years)	Unknown, possibly installed as vassal king by the Assyrian king Tukulti-Ninurta I	Usually identified as a vassal king to Assyria, though there is no contemporary evidence to support this.	[17]
54		Adad-shuma-usur Adad-šuma-uṣur	c. 1216–1187 BC (30 years)	Descendant of Kashtiliash IV	Had a wholly Babylonian name. Known for a rude letter sent to the Assyrian king Ashur-nirari III.	[17]
55		Meli-Shipak Meli-Šipak or Melišiḫu	c. 1186–1172 BC (14 years)	Son of Adad-shuma-usur	Commonly numbered "Meli-Shipak II", an error based on over-reliance of a single inscription which mentions a son of Kurigalzu II called Meli-Shipak. His reign marks the critical synchronization point in the chronology of the Ancient Near East.	[17][18]
56		Marduk-apla-iddina I Marduk-apla-iddina	c. 1171–1159 BC (14 years)	Son of Meli-Shipak	Most documents date to Marduk-apla-iddina I's reign are economic documents or texts relating to gifts distributed during the New Year's festival. Possibly overthrown by the Elamites.	[17]
57		Zababa-shuma-iddin Zababa-šuma-iddina	c. 1158 BC (1 year)	Unknown, probably unrelated to previous kings	Without obvious ties to the royal family, his means of becoming king are unknown. His reign saw invasions by the Assyrians and the Elamites. Overthrown by the Elamites.	[17]
58		Enlil-nadin-ahi Enlil-nādin-aḫe or Enlil-šuma-uṣur	c. 1157–1155 BC (3 years)	Unknown	The final king of the long-lived Kassite dynasty, probably deposed by the Elamites like his two predecessors.	[17]

The contemporary name of this dynasty, BALA PA.ŠE, is a paronomasia on the term išinnu, “stalk”, written as PA.ŠE and is the only apparent reference to the actual city of Isin.[19] It is therefore also called the Second Dynasty of Isin (after the Dynasty of Isin, which ruled Mesopotamia c. 1953–1717 BC) or Isin II.

No.	Image	King	Reign[20]	Succession	Notes	Ref
59		Marduk-kabit-ahheshu Marduk-kabit-aḫḫēšu	c. 1157–1140 BC (17 years)	Unknown	Appears to have driven out the Elamite hordes from Babylonia in a series of campaigns. Also successfully campaigned against Assyria in the north. Might not have actually ruled from Babylon.	[20]
60		Itti-Marduk-balatu Itti-Marduk-balāṭu	c. 1139–1132 BC (8 years)	Son of Marduk-kabit-ahheshu	Ruled from Babylon. Known chiefly from building inscriptions and economic documents.	[20]
61		Ninurta-nadin-shumi Ninurta-nādin-šumi	c. 1131–1126 BC (7 years)	Unknown	Known for a condescending letter he sent to the Assyrian king Ashur-resh-ishi I, in which he scolds the king for missing a meeting in the border town Zaqqa.	[20]
62		Nebuchadnezzar I Nabû-kudurri-uṣur	c. 1125–1104 BC (20 years)	Son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi	Celebrated for centuries after his death, Nebuchadnezzar I is most famous for his victorious campaign against Elam, which saw him return the sacred statue of Marduk to Babylon after it had been stolen by the Elamites c. 1150 BC.	[20]
63		Enlil-nadin-apli Enlil-nādin-apli	c. 1103–1100 BC (3 years)	Son of Nebuchadnezzar I	Enlil-nadin-apli is known to have campaigned against Assyria during his brief reign. He was deposed by his uncle, Marduk-nadin-ahhe.	[20]
64		Marduk-nadin-ahhe Marduk-nādin-aḫḫē	c. 1099–1082 BC (18 years)	Usurper, son of Ninurta-nadin-shumi	Best known for his restoration of the Eganunmaḫ in Ur and the famines and droughts that accompanied his reign, Marduk-nadin-ahhe frequently warred against his rival, Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria.	[20]
65		Marduk-shapik-zeri Marduk-šāpik-zēri	c. 1081–1069 BC (13 years)	Unknown, possibly son or brother of Marduk-nadin-ahhe	Contemporary of the Assyrian kings Tiglath-Pileser I and Ashur-bel-kala. Allied with the Assyrians to defeat the Arameans, whose constant raids posed a threat to both kingdoms.	[20]
66		Adad-apla-iddina Adad-apla-iddina	c. 1068–1046 BC (23 years)	Unrelated to previous kings, appointed by Assyrian king Ashur-bel-kala	A vassal of the Assyrians, Adad-apla-iddina's reign was a golden age of scholarship, as attested in numerous inscriptions from the decades and centuries after his reign.	[20]
67		Marduk-ahhe-eriba Marduk-aḫḫē-erība	c. 1046 BC (6 months)	Unknown	The only contemporary document from Marduk-ahhe-eriba's brief reign is a land grant in a region north of Babylon.
68		Marduk-zer-X Marduk-zer-X	c. 1045–1034 BC (13 years)	Unknown	Only appears in king lists, no contemporary documents are known.	[20]
69		Nabu-shum-libur Nabû-šumu-libūr	c. 1033–1025 BC (8 years)	Unknown	Little contemporary evidence survives from Nabu-shum-libur's reign, but it was a time of political turmoil, possibly due to the Aramean raiders present throughout Mesopotamia.	[20]

Also called the Second Sealand dynasty, the evidence that this was a Kassite Dynasty is rather tenuous.[21]

No.	Image	King	Reign	Succession	Notes	Ref
70		Simbar-shipak Simbar-Šipak	c. 1025–1008 BC (17 years)	Overthrew Nabu-shum-libur	Reigning during the turbulent times that had caused the fall of the Isin dynasty preceding him, Simbar-shipak was originally a soldier from southern Mesopotamia and seems to have stabilized the situation somewhat.	[16]
71		Ea-mukin-zeri Ea-mukin-zēri	c. 1008 BC (3 months)	Overthrew Simbar-shipak	Killing Simbar-shipak, Ea-mukin-zeri ruled for only three months before being deposed and killed.	[16]
72		Kashshu-nadin-ahi Kaššu-nādin-aḫi	c. 1007–1005 BC (3 years)	Overthrew Ea-mukin-zeri	Kashshu-nadin-shumi's reign saw extreme famine but not much else is known.	[16]

Also called the Bīt-Bazi dynasty after the region from which this minor Kassite clan originated.[22] This dynasty ruled from the city Kar-Marduk, an otherwise unknown location which might have been better protected against raids from nomadic groups than Babylon itself.[23]

Also called the Elamite dynasty.

Also called the Dynasty of E.

No.	Image	King	Reign	Succession	Notes	Ref
78		Ninurta-kudurri-usur II Ninurta-kudurrῑ-uṣur	c. 943 BC (8 months and 12 days)	Son of Nabu-mukin-apli	No contemporary documents survive from the reign of Ninurta-kudurri-usur II.	[16]
79		Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina Mār-bῑti-aḫḫē-idinna	c. 943–920 BC (23 years)	Son of Nabu-mukin-apli	Known only from king lists, a brief mention in a chronicle and as a witness on a kudurru from the reign of his father.	[16]
80		Shamash-mudammiq Šamaš-mudammiq	c. 920–900 BC (20 years)	Unknown	Contemporary of the Assyrian king Adad-nirari II.	[16]
81		Nabu-shuma-ukin I Nabû-šuma-ukin	c. 900–888 BC (22 years)	Unknown	Warred with the Assyrian king Adad-nirari II but enjoyed good diplomatic relations with his successor, Tukulti-Ninurta II.	[16]
82		Nabu-apla-iddina Nabû-apla-iddina	c. 888–855 BC (33 years)	Son of Nabu-shuma-ukin I	Avoided conflict with the resurging Assyrian Empire under its king Ashurnasirpal II and engaged in diplomacy with his successor, Shalmaneser III. He worked on reconstructing temples and his reign saw a literary revival with the copying of many older works.	[16]
83		Marduk-zakir-shumi I Marduk-zâkir-šumi	c. 855–819 BC (36 years)	Son of Nabu-apla-iddina	Defeated the revolt of his brother Marduk-bēl-ušati with the aid of his ally, Shalmaneser III of Assyria. Marduk-zakir-shumi I returned the favour by helping defeat the revolt of Assur-danin-pal, who aspired to depose Shalmaneser III.	[16]
84		Marduk-balassu-iqbi Marduk-balāssu-iqbi	c. 819–813 BC (6 years)	Son of Marduk-zakir-shumi I	Warred with Shamshi-Adad V of Assyria, who was married to Marduk-balassu-iqbi's sister Shammuramat. Deposed by the Assyrians after reigning 6 years.
85		Baba-aha-iddina Bāba-aḫa-iddina	c. 813–811 BC (2 years)	Unknown	Was deposed by Shamshi-Adad V of Assyria, after which Babylonia was left kingless for a few years.
811–800 BC: after an interregnum lasting several years, a sequence of five kings, whose names are not recorded, rule Babylon before the beginning of Ninurta-apla-X's reign
91		Ninurta-apla-X Ninurta-apla-X	c. 800–790 BC (10 years)	Unknown	No documents survive from the reign of Ninurta-apla-X.
92		Marduk-bel-zeri Marduk-bēl-zēri	c. 790–780 BC (10 years)	Unknown	Known from a single economic text from the southern city of Udāni.	[25]
93		Marduk-apla-usur Marduk-apla-uṣur	c. 780–769 BC (11 years)	Unknown	A Chaldean tribal leader who successfully ascended to the Babylonian throne. Unrelated to previous and later kings.	[26]
94		Eriba-Marduk Erība-Marduk	c. 769–761 BC (8 years)	Unknown	Also a Chaldean, Eriba-Marduk was latergiven the title “re-establisher of the foundations of the land" and was credited with restoring stability to the country after years of turmoil.	[27]
95		Nabu-shuma-ishkun Nabû-šuma-iškun	c. 761–748 BC (12 years)	Unknown	Apparently a weak ruler whose reign saw many regional officials gain increasing autonomy.	[28]
96		Nabonassar Nabû-nāṣir	748–734 BC (14 years)	Overthrew Nabu-shuma-ishkun	Brought native Babylonian rule back after a series of Chaldean monarchs. Both the Babylonian Chronicle and the Ptolemaic Canon begin with his accession to the throne.
97		Nabu-nadin-zeri Nabû-nādin-zēri	734–732 BC (2 years)	Son of Nabonassar	Deposed and killed by Nabu-shuma-ukin II (who had originally been one of his regional officials) after just two years as king.
98		Nabu-shuma-ukin II Nabû-šuma-ukin	732 BC (1 month and 2 days)	Overthrew Nabu-nadin-	Deposed and killed by the Chaldean chief Nabu-mukin-zeri after just little over a month as king.
99		Nabu-mukin-zeri Nabû-mukin-zēri	732–729 BC (3 years)	Overthrew Nabu-shuma-ukin II	The political instability of Babylonia was taken advantage of by the Assyrian king Tiglath-Pileser III who invaded the region in 731 BC. After two years of conflict, Nabu-mukin-zeri was deposed and Tiglath-Pileser took the throne of Babylon.

The Tenth dynasty refers to the period of Assyrian rule over Babylon. The kings Sargon, Sennacherib, Ashur-nadin-shumi, Esarhaddon, Ashurbanipal, Shamash-shum-ukin and Sinsharishkun were part of the contemporary Assyrian royal family (many of them also being the kings of Assyria), the Sargonid dynasty.

No.	Image	King	Reign	Succession	Notes	Ref
100		Tiglath-Pileser Tukultī-apil-Ešarra	729–722 BC (7 years)	King of Assyria, conquered Babylon	Neo-Assyrian King who conquered Babylon and was proclaimed as Babylonian king. Enumerated as Tiglath-Pileser III as King of Assyria.	[29][30]
101		Shalmaneser Šulmanu-ašaridu	727–722 BC (5 years)	Son of Tiglath-Pileser III	Continued the policies of Tiglath-Pileser III but was not as effective militarily, appears to have been a poor administrator who overtaxed the citizens of the empire. Probably assassinated in a coup d'état by his younger brother Sargon II, who took the throne. Enumerated as Shalmaneser V as King of Assyria.	[31]
102		Marduk-apla-iddina II Marduk-apla-iddina	722–710 BC (12 years)	Babylonian rebel	Rebelling against the Assyrians, Marduk-apla-iddina successfully maintained Babylonian independence for more than a decade before being defeated by the Neo-Assyrian king Sargon II in 710 BC. He briefly regained power in 703 BC.
103		Sargon Šarru-kīn	710–705 BC (5 years)	Son of Tiglath-Pileser III, reconquered Babylon	Sargon was a brilliant administrator and military leader who expanded the empire to its greatest extent yet. Sargon's successful campaigns saw the treasury of Assyria grow and he eventually founded a new capital, Dur-Sharrukin ("fortress of Sargon"). He was killed in battle by the Tabal people in Anatolia. Enumerated as Sargon II as King of Assyria.	[31]
104		Sennacherib Sîn-ahhe-erība	705–703 BC (2 years)	Son of Sargon	Sennacherib is most famous for conquering Israel, Judah and many Greek-speaking parts of Anatolia. Sennacherib moved the Assyrian capital to Nineveh, which he expanded with great gardens and architecture. Sennacherib plundered and desecrated Babylon, seen as great sacrilege, and was assassinated in a conspiracy by two of his sons.	[31]
105		Marduk-zakir-shumi II Marduk-zâkir-šumi	703 BC (a few months)	Babylonian rebel	Rebelling against Sennacherib, Marduk-zakir-shumi II's reign was brief and he was soon replaced by Marduk-apla-iddina II, who returned to the throne.
Marduk-apla-iddina II briefly regained power in 703 BC, ruling for nine months before fleeing and later dying in exile.
106		Bel-ibni Bel-ibni	703–700 BC (3 years)	Appointed as vassal king by Sennacherib	Appointed by Sennacherib after the Babylonian revolt was defeated in the belief that direct control of Babylon was infeasible, Bel-ibni soon conspired with Assyria's enemies to overthrow Sennacherib, after which he was deposed.
107		Ashur-nadin-shumi Aššur-nādin-šumi	700–694 BC (6 years)	Son of Sennacherib, appointed vassal king	Bel-ibni was replaced as king by Ashur-nadin-shumi, Sennacherib's son and heir. A few years thereafter, the Elamites attacked Babylon, capturing and executing Ashur-nadin-shumi.	[16]
108		Nergal-ushezib Nergal-ushezib	694–693 BC (1 year)	Babylonian rebel	Appointed by the Elamites, Nergal-ushezib was soon defeated in battle near Nippur by Sennacherib, who wished to avenge the death of his son.	[16]
109		Mushezib-Marduk Mushezib-Marduk	693–689 BC (4 years)	Babylonian rebel	Babylonian resistance against Sennacherib continued under Mushezib-Marduk, who was defeated after a brief war and a nine-month siege of Babylon.	[16]
Sennacherib destroyed Babylon in 689 BC, hoping to destroy Babylonia as a political entity. The city's reconstruction was announced by his son and successor Esarhaddon in 680 BC.
110		Esarhaddon Aššur-aḫa-iddina	680–669 BC (11 years)	Son of Sennacherib	Esarhaddon defeated his brother in a civil war and rebuilt Babylon, declaring that the previous destruction of the city was the will of the gods. Esarhaddon invaded Africa, conquering both Egypt and Kush. His reign saw advancement in medicine, literacy, mathematics, architecture and astronomy.	[31]
112		Shamash-shum-ukin Šamaš-šuma-ukin	668–648 BC (20 years)	Son of Esarhaddon, vassal king under Ashurbanipal	Named heir to the Babylonian throne by Esarhaddon, Shamash-shum-ukin resented the overbearing control of his younger brother Ashurbanipal, who was king of Assyria and took care of most of Shamash-shum-ukin's traditional duties as Babylonian king. He revolted against Ashurbanipal in 652 BC and was defeated after a two-year siege of Babylon.	[16][32]
113		Kandalanu Kandalānu	648–627 BC (21 years)	Appointed as vassal king by Ashurbanipal	One of Ashurbanipal's vassals, Kandalanu was placed on the Babylonian throne as his vassal after Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt was defeated.	[16][32]
After Kandalanu's death in 627 BC, Babylonia experienced a brief interregnum. The Neo-Assyrian king Sinsharishkun briefly controlled the city, as did the usurper Sin-shumu-lishir, but both only officially claimed the title "King of Assyria", not "King of Babylon".

Also called the Neo-Babylonian dynasty, the Dynasty of Nebuchadnezzar or the Chaldean dynasty, liberated Babylon from Assyrian rule.

No.	Image	King	Reign	Succession	Notes	Ref
114		Nabopolassar Nabû-apla-uṣur	626–605 BC (21 years)	Rebel, liberated Babylon from Assyrian rule	Leader of the Chaldean tribe and an accomplished general, Nabopolassar revolted against Sinsharishkun of the Neo-Assyrian Empire and successfully restored Babylonian independence. Through a series of wars Nabopolassar and his allies, the Medes, destroyed the Neo-Assyrian Empire and in its place he founded the Neo-Babylonian Empire.	[33]
115		Nebuchadnezzar II Nabû-kudurri-uṣur	605–562 BC (43 years)	Son of Nabopolassar	Waged numerous wars in the Levant, many of them against Egypt. Famous for the biblical portrayals of his sieges of Jerusalem and for his impressive building projects in Babylon (for instance, the Ishtar Gate).	[33]
116		Amel-Marduk Amēl-Marduk	562–560 BC (2 years)	Son of Nebuchadnezzar II	Unpopular with the priests of Marduk at Babylon, Amel-Marduk's reign was very brief.	[33]
117		Neriglissar Nergal-šar-uṣur	560–556 BC (4 years)	Usurper, son-in-law of Amel-Marduk	A prominent general, recorded as having campaigned in Cilicia in 557 BC, possibly against the Medes.	[33]
118		Labashi-Marduk Labaši-Marduk	556 BC (9 months)	Son of Neriglissar	A minor when he became king, Labashi-Marduk was deposed and killed after just nine months on the throne.	[33]
119		Nabonidus Nabû-naʾid	556–539 BC (17 years)	Usurper, unrelated to previous kings	A prominent official of Assyrian background (hailing from Harran), Nabonidus was the last native king to rule Babylon. He alienated the priesthood in Babylon and left the city to reside in Tayma in 552 BC, leaving rule in Babylon itself to his son and designated heir, Belshazzar. Defeated by Cyrus of the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BC, ending the Neo-Babylonian Empire.	[33]

No.	Image	King	Reign	Succession	Notes	Ref
139		Seleucus I Nicator Silukku	311–281 BC (31 years)	Macedonian general	Seleucus only proclaimed himself king in 305 BC, but the Babylonians dated his reign from 311 BC. After becoming king, Seleucus moved the capital of his empire to the newly built city Seleucia. Most of the Greek citizens in Babylon, having settled there after Alexander's conquests, moved to the new city.	[34][42]
140		Antiochus I Soter Anti'ukusu	281–261 BC (22 years)	Son of Seleucus I	The last ruler to be attributed the ancient Mesopotamian title of King of the Universe, Antiochus I was the last monarch from which a full Akkadian royal titulary is known, presented in the Antiochus Cylinder.	[34][43]
141		Antiochus II Theos Anti'ukusu	261–246 BC (15 years)	Son of Antiochus I	No activities recorded from Babylon. Antiochus II's reign saw war against Egypt and revolts from vassals in the eastern parts of his empire.	[34]
142		Seleucus II Callinicus Silukku	246–225 BC (21 years)	Son of Antiochus II	No activities recorded from Babylon. Seleucus II's reign saw continued political turmoil and fragmentation. Ptolemy III of Egypt invaded his kingdom and almost reached Babylon.	[34]
143		Seleucus III Ceraunus Silukku	225–223 BC (2 years)	Son of Seleucus II	No activities recorded from Babylon. Seleucus III's reign was brief and marred with unsuccessful wars against Pergamon.	[35]
144		Antiochus III the Great Anti'ukusu	222–187 BC (35 years)	Son of Seleucus II	Present at Babylon at the time he was proclaimed king, Antiochus III was one of the Seleucid Empire's greatest kings. He is recorded as having resettled two thousand Jewish families from Babylonia into the Hellenistic regions of Lydia and Phrygia.	[35]
145		Seleucus IV Philopator Silukku	187–175 BC (8 years)	Son of Antiochus III	No activities recorded from Babylon. Seleucus IV was plagued by financial difficulties owing to war reparations to be paid to the Romans.	[35]
146		Antiochus IV Epiphanes Anti'ukusu	175–164 BC (11 years)	Son of Antiochus III	Antiochus IV introduced a new colony of Greek citizens in Babylon. These Greeks were recognized by the Babylonians themselves as a separate community in the city (called pulitē, a rendering of the Greek word politai, "citizen").	[35][42]
147		Antiochus V Eupator Anti'ukusu	164–161 BC (3 years)	Son of Antiochus IV	No activities recorded from Babylon. Antiochys V, a minor, was crowned despite the fact that Demetrius I (his successor) was generally recognized as the rightful king because Demetrius was in Roman captivity at the time. Once Demetrius escaped he was proclaimed king and Antiochus V was executed.
148		Demetrius I Soter [Full name in Akkadian not preserved]	161–150 BC (11 years)	Son of Seleucus IV	Demetrius I was given his nickname Soter (meaning "saviour") by the population of Babylonia because he had defeated the usurper Timarchus who had attempted to seize control of the region.	[35][44]
149		Alexander III Balas Aliksāndar	150–145 BC (5 years)	Usurper, allegedly the son of Antiochus IV	No activities recorded from Babylon. A usurper of uncertain relation, Alexander Balas seized the Seleucid throne from Demetrius I, but would only rule for five years before in turn being defeated by Demetrius II.
150		Demetrius II Nicator [Full name in Akkadian not preserved]	145–141 BC (4 years)	Son of Demetrius I	Lost control of Babylonia to the Parthians, Demetrius II is the final ruler to be listed in King List 6.	[35]

King List 6 ends, after Demetrius II, with a passage referencing "Arsaces the king"[n 1], indicating that the list was created in the early years of Parthian rule in Mesopotamia. Because the list is so fragmentary, it isn't clear if this Arsaces was formally considered a King of Babylon (as the Persian and Hellenic rulers had been) by the list's author.[45]

Under the rule of the Parthian Empire, Babylon was gradually abandoned as a major urban center and the old Akkadian culture diminished. In the first century or so of Parthian rule, Babylonian culture was still alive, and there are records of individuals in the city with traditional Babylonian names, such as Bel-aḫḫe-uṣur and Nabu-mušetiq-uddi (mentioned as the receivers of silver in a 127 BC legal document).[46] At this time, there were two major recognized groups living in Babylon: the Babylonians themselves and the Greeks, having settled there during the centuries of Argead and Seleucid rule. These groups were governed by separate local (e.g. pertaining to just the city) administrative councils; the Babylonian citizens were governed by the šatammu and the kiništu and the Greeks by the epistates. Although no king lists younger than King List 6 are known, documents from the early years of Parthian rule suggest a continued recognition of at least the early Parthian kings as Babylonian monarchs.[47]

No.	Image	King	Reign	Succession	Notes	Ref
151		Mithridates I the Great Aršáka	141–132 BC (9 years)	King of Parthia, conquered Babylon	Babylonian records from Mithridates I's reign mention that within two months of the Parthian conquest, Babylonian authorities were summoned to Hyrcania, Parthia's heartland, and new functionaries were appointed in the city.	[48]
152		Phraates Aršáka	132–130 BC (2 years)	Son of Mithridates I	Lost control of Babylon to the Seleucids in 130 BC after a series of battles and died in 127 BC. Enumerated as Phraates II as King of Parthia.	[49]
From 130 to 127 BC, the Seleucids once more controlled Babylon but there are no references to them as Babylonian kings in Babylonian documents from this time.
153		Hyspaosines Aspa-asinē	127 BC (a few months)	Seleucid satrap	A former Seleucid satrap, Hyspaosines proclaimed himself king, becoming the first king of Characene in 141 BC, a Parthian vassal kingdom. He was recognized as "King of Babylon" by the Babylonians for a few months in 127 BC after he captured the city. He is recorded as having gifted a "throne" to the god Bel in the temple Esagila, indicating the continued presence of old Mesopotamian religious institutions.	[50]
154		Artabanus Aršáka and Ártabana	127–124 BC (3 years)	Brother of Mithridates I	Artabanus's reign was a period of turmoil in the Parthian Empire, which saw a weakening of central control. Most of his brief reign was spent fighting nomads in the east. Enumerated as Artabanus I as King of Parthia.	[51]
155		Mithridates II the Great Aršáka	124–91 BC (3 years)	Son of Artabanus	Babylonian records from Mithridates II's reign tell that the Babylonians were called upon to aid in building projects in Seleucia. The kiništu is mentioned, indicating that it was still functioning.	[52]
156		Gotarzes Aršáka and Gutárza	91–87 or 80 BC (4 or 11 years)	Son of Mithridates II	Proclaimed as King at Babylon during a period of turmoil in the Parthian Empire. Gotarzes is the last known ruler to be mentioned as Babylonian king in Akkadian-language documents. Enumerated as Gotarzes I as King of Parthia.	[53][54]

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