List of foreign nationals detained in Iran

This is a list of foreign nationals who have been detained in Iran. Excluded are people abducted in other countries and brought into Iran.

Background

Since the Iran hostage crisis, the Islamic Republic of Iran has engaged in a pattern of detaining foreign nationals for extended periods.[1] Dual nationals are particularly vulnerable to arbitrary detention because Iran does not recognize dual nationality, and if one of the nationalities is Iranian, does not recognise other claims of nationality or allow foreign diplomats to intervene on that person's behalf, in accord with the Master Nationality Rule.[2] According to the Center for Human Rights in Iran, the Iranian government has used imprisoned foreign nationals "as bargaining chips in its dealings with other nations."[3]

In November 2017, Reuters reported that Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) had arrested "at least 30 dual nationals during the past two years, mostly on spying charges."[4] According to Human Rights Watch, "Iranian authorities have violated detainees' due process rights and carried out a pattern of politically motivated arrests."[5]

In September 2019, on the sidelines of the Seventy-fourth session of the United Nations General Assembly, families of dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran as well former dual and foreign nationals imprisoned in Iran launched the "Alliance of Families Against State Hostage Taking."[6][7][8]

U.S. citizens
Further information: Iran–United States relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Michael White July 2018 19 March 2020 ~705 [9]
Morad Tahbaz January 2018 In detention ~886 [10]
Xiyue Wang 8 August 2016 7 December 2019 1216 [11]
Gholamreza (Reza) "Robin" Shahini 11 July 2016 21 March 2017 253 [12]
Karan Vafadari 20 July 2016 21 July 2018 731 Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran. [13][14]
Baquer Namazi 22 February 2016 In detention 1565 [15]
Siamak Namazi 13 October 2015 In detention 1695 [16]
Nosratollah Khosravi-Roodsari May 2015 16 January 2016 ~260 [17]
Matthew Trevithick 7 December 2015 16 January 2016 39 [18]
Jason Rezaian 22 July 2014 16 January 2016 543 [19][20]
Saeed Abedini 28 July 2012 16 January 2016 1277 [20][21]
Afsaneh Azadeh 13 May 2012 September 2012 ~111 Azadeh was released from detention to house arrest from September 2012 – November 2012. She was not permitted to leave the country until May 2013. [22]
Amir Hekmati 29 August 2011 16 January 2016 1601 [20][23]
Joshua Fattal 31 July 2009 21 September 2011 782
Shane Bauer 31 July 2009 21 September 2011 782
Sarah Shourd 31 July 2009 14 September 2010 410
Roxana Saberi 31 January 2009 11 May 2009 100 [24]
Esha Momeni 15 October 2008 10 November 2008 26 Momeni was released on bail in November 2008 but she was not permitted to leave Iran until August 2009. [25]
Reza Taghavi May 2008 16 October 2010 ~898 [26]
Nik Moradi 31 October 2007 15 April 2008 167 [27]
Kian Tajbakhsh 11 May 2007 19 September 2007 140
Ali Shakeri 8 May 2007 25 September 2007 140
Haleh Esfandiari 8 May 2007 21 August 2007 105 [28][29]
Dariush Zahedi 10 July 2003 9 November 2003 122 [30]
Daniel Baumann 10 January 1997 16 March 1997 65 Dual U.S.-Swiss citizen. Arrested with South African Stuart Timm. [31]
Gerald Seib 31 January 1987 4 February 1987 4 Wall Street Journal reporter who had been visiting Iran with a group of journalists. [32]
Jon Pattis 16 June 1986 October 1991 ~1933 Sentenced to 10 years in prison in 1987 for espionage. [33][34]
David Rabhan 1980 6 August 1990 ~3714 [35]

U.S. permanent residents
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Afarin Neyssari 20 July 2016 21 July 2018 731 Released on bail but reportedly has not been permitted to leave Iran. [13][14]

Iran hostage crisis detainees
Further information: Iran hostage crisis
Name Detained Released Days in detention Notes
Cynthia Dwyer 5 May 1980 10 February 1981 281 Civilian. Freelance writer convicted on trumped-up charges of espionage and other crimes[36]
Mohi Sobhani 6 September 1980 4 February 1981 151 Civilian[37]
Thomas L. Ahern, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Clair Cortland Barnes 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William E. Belk 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Robert O. Blucker 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Donald J. Cooke 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William J. Daugherty 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Robert Englemann 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William Gallegos 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Bruce W. German 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Duane L. Gillette 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Alan B. Golacinski 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
John E. Graves 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Joseph M. Hall 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Kevin J. Hermening 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Donald R. Hohman 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Leland J. Holland 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Michael Howland 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Charles A. Jones, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Malcolm K. Kalp 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Moorhead C. Kennedy, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William F. Keough, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Steven W. Kirtley 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Kathryn L. Koob 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Frederick Lee Kupke 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Bruce Laingen 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Steven Lauterbach 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Gary E. Lee 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Paul Edward Lewis 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
John Limbert 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
John D. McKeel, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Michael J. Metrinko 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Jerry J. Miele 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Michael E. Moeller 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Bert C. Moore 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Richard Morefield 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Paul M. Needham, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Robert C. Ode 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Gregory A. Persinger 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Jerry Plotkin 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444 Civilian
Regis Ragan 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
David M. Roeder 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Barry M. Rosen 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
William B. Royer, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Thomas E. Schaefer 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Charles W. Scott 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Donald A. Sharer 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Rodney V. Sickmann 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Joseph Subic, Jr. 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Elizabeth Ann Swift 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Victor L. Tomseth 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Phillip R. Ward 4 November 1979 20 January 1981 444
Richard Queen 4 November 1979 11 July 1980 250
Wesley Williams 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Joan Walsh 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
David Walker 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Joseph Vincent 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Terri Tedford 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Neal Robinson 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Lloyd Rollins 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Elizabeth Montagne 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Lillian Johnson 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
James Hughes 4 November 1979 20 November 1979 16
Kathy Gross 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15
Ladell Maples 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15
William Quarles 4 November 1979 19 November 1979 15

British citizens
Further information: Iran–United Kingdom relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Kameel Ahmady 11 August 2019 17 November 2019 299 Currently released on bail. [9][38]
Abbas Edalat 15 April 2018 December 2018 ~230 [3]
Anoush Ashoori August 2017 In detention ~1039 Convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad and sentenced to 12 years in prison. [9]
Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe 3 April 2016 In detention 1524 [39]
Kamal Foroughi 5 May 2011 1 April 2020 3284 [40]
Ghoncheh Ghavami 20 June 2014 23 November 2014 156 [41]
Roya Saberi Negad Nobakht October 2013 25 August 2017 ~1424 Subject to travel ban after release. Unclear if she has been permitted to depart Iran. [9][42]
Andrew Barber 21 June 2010 18 August 2010 58 [43]
Iason Athanasiadis 17 June 2009 5 July 2009 18 Also holds Greek citizenship. [44][45]
Roger Cooper 7 December 1985 1 April 1991 1941 [46]
Frank Skinner 27 April 1981 13 April 1982 351 Flight engineer for Iran Air held without charge. [47][48]
Andrew Pyke 27 August 1980 28 January 1982 519 British businessman who worked for Dutch-Iranian helicopter accused of spying but was never charged. [47]

List of British permanent residents
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Aras Amiri 14 March 2018 In detention 814 Sentenced to 10 years in prison for spying. [49]

Canadian citizens
Further information: Canada–Iran relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Kavous Seyed-Emami 24 January 2018 8 February 2018 15 Died in custody under suspicious circumstances. Authorities say he committed suicide. [10][50]
Abdolrasoul Dorri-Esfahani August 2016 In detention ~1404 In May 2017, convicted on espionage charges, including "collaborating with the British secret service," and sentenced to five years in prison. [51]
Homa Hoodfar 6 June 2016 26 September 2016 112 Undisclosed "security" charges Before arrest, had been prevented from leaving country from March 2016. [52]
Maziar Bahari 21 June 2009 17 October 2009 118 [53]
Hossein Derakhshan 1 November 2008 19 November 2014 2209 Sentenced to 19.5 years on "several national security, obscenity and religious insult charges in connection with his online activism." [54]
Hamid Ghassemi-Shall 24 May 2008 23 September 2013 1948 [55]
Zahra Kazemi 23 June 2003 10 July 2003 17 Died in custody as a result of torture. [56]
Ramin Jahanbegloo 27 April 2006 30 August 2006 125 Plotting a "velvet revolution" [57]
Philip Engs 2 December 1986 8 February 1987 68 [58]

Canadian permanent residents
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Saeed Malekpour 4 October 2008 ~August 2019 ~3953 Escaped Iran while on furlough from prison. [59][60]

Australian citizens
Further information: Australia–Iran relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Jolie King ~1 July 2019 ~5 October 2019 ~96 Also holds British citizenship. [9][61]
Mark Firkin ~1 July 2019 ~5 October 2019 ~96 [9][61]
Meimanat Hosseini-Chavoshi December 2018 ~27 January 2019 ~57 Iranian authorities have reportedly prevented her from leaving the country. [62][63]
Kylie Moore-Gilbert September 2018 In detention ~643 Also holds British citizenship. [64]

Lebanese citizens
Further information: Iran–Lebanon relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Nizar Zakka 15 September 2015 11 July 2019 1395 Permanent resident of the U.S. at time of arrest. [9]

French citizens
Further information: France–Iran relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Roland Marchal ~June 2019 20 March 2020 ~370 [65]
Fariba Adelkhah ~5 June 2019 In detention ~366 [66]
Nelly Erin-Cambervelle 21 October 2018 ~21 February 2019 ~123 "signing an illegal mining contract and carrying out an unauthorized trip" Erin-Cambervelle is a businesswoman from the French Caribbean island of Martinique. [67]
Nazak Afshar 12 March 2016 In detention 1546 [9]
Clotilde Reiss 1 July 2009 16 May 2010 319
Stéphane Lherbier 29 November 2005 25 February 2007 453 Detained with German Donald Klein. [68]

French permanent residents
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Ruhollah Zam ~11 October 2019 In detention ~238 [69]

German citizens
Further information: Germany–Iran relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Marcus Hellwig 10 October 2010 19 February 2011 132 [70]
Jens Koch 10 October 2010 19 February 2011 132 [70]
Donald Klein 29 November 2005 12 March 2007 468 [68][71]
Helmut Hofer September 1997 January 2000 852 Initially sentenced to death for having illicit sexual relations with an Iranian woman. [72][73]
Helmut Szimkus 1989 14 June 1994 ~1835 [74][75]

Austrian citizens
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Massud Mossaheb January 2019 In detention ~521 [76]
Kamran Ghaderi 2 January 2016 In detention 1616 [9]

Russian citizens
Further information: Iran–Russia relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Yulia Yuzik 2 October 2019 10 October 2019 8 [77]

Dutch citizens
Further information: Iran–Netherlands relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Sabri Hassanpour 19 April 2016 May 2018 [78][79]
Zahra Bahrami 27 December 2009 - 398 Arrested while participating in the 2009 Ashura protests. Charged with the capital crime of drug trafficking. Executed by hanging on 29 January 2011. [80]

Swedish citizens
Further information: Iran–Sweden relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Ahmad Reza Jalali 24 April 2016 In detention 1503 [81][82]
Stefan Johansson 26 February 2006 16 April 2007 414 Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison. [83]
Jari Hjortmar 26 February 2006 16 April 2007 414 Convicted for espionage and sentenced to 3 years in prison. [83]

Finnish citizens
Further information: Finland–Iran relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Ana Diamond 10 January 2016 August 2016 ~204 Arbitrary detention, later falsely accused of espionage for "MI6, CIA, Mossad, and others." Subjected to travel ban shortly after her arrival in Iran in August 2014, ~500-days before her arrest in January 2016. Travel ban imposed again following her release from Evin prison on bail in August 2016. Acquitted of all charges in 2017 and travel ban lifted in May 2018. [84][85]

Belgian citizens
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Diego Mathieu 16 September 2009 8 December 2009 83 [86]
Vincent Boon Falleur 5 September 2009 8 December 2009 94 [87]
Idesbald van den Bosch 5 September 2009 8 December 2009 94 [87]

Armenian citizens
Further information: Armenia–Iran relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Silva Harotonian 26 June 2008 10 March 2009 257 Convicted of promoting a "soft" revolution in Iran on January 19, 2009, and sentenced to 3 years in prison. At the time of her arrest, Harotonian was an administrative officer for a maternal and child health project in Tehran for International Research & Exchanges Board (IREX), a U.S. government-funded organization. [88]

South African citizens
Further information: Iran–South Africa relations
Name Detained Released Days in detention Reason for detention Notes Ref.
Stuart Timm 10 January 1997 17 February 1997 38 [31]

See also

References
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