List of cinematic firsts
This page lists chronologically the first achievements in cinema. The development of cinema is characterised by technological breakthroughs, from early experiments in the recording of day-to-day activity, experiments in colour, different formats and sound. From the 1970s, the development of computer-generated imagery has become integral to the way that films are produced.
In parallel with the developments in technology, its content and the way it reflects society and its concerns and the way society responds to it have changed too. The list attempts to address some of these events.
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19th century: 1820s • 1830s • 1860s • 1870s • 1880s • 1890s |
19th century
1820s
1824
- Peter Mark Roget's wrote the article Explanation of an optical deception in the appearance of the spokes of a wheel when seen through vertical apertures which was the first reference to persistence of vision.
1830s
1832
- Almost simultaneously around December 1832 by the Belgian physicist Joseph Plateau and the Austrian professor of practical geometry Simon Stampfer invented the Phenakistiscope, the first practical device to create a fluid illusion of motion.
1860s
1867-68
- Chronophotography is the first time that movement is captured in several frames of print.
1870s
1874
- French astronomer P.J.C. Janssen came up with the idea for a "revolver photographic". This huge camera system used a Maltese cross-type mechanism, very similar to the system that would later be of great importance in the development of movie cameras. He successfully captured both transits of Venus, 1874 in Japan, that of 1882 at Oran in Algeria. The motion picture was known as Passage de Venus[1]
1878
- Using a fast-motion series of 24 cameras Eadweard Muybridge films a horse in motion, Sallie Gardner at a Gallop.[2][3]
1880s
1880
- Eadweard Muybridge projects the moving images of Sallie Gardner at a Gallop on a screen when he gave a presentation[4] at the California School of Fine Arts, making this exhibit the earliest known motion picture exhibition.
1882
- Étienne-Jules Marey develops the Chronophotographe, which can take 12 pictures per second.
1888
- In Leeds, England Louis Le Prince films Roundhay Garden Scene, believed to be the first motion picture recorded.[5]
1890s
1889 or 1890
- Monkeyshines, by William Kennedy Dickson and William Heise. Believed to be the first film shot in the United States.[6] An experimental film made to test the original cylinder Kinetograph format.
1891
- Dickson Greeting aka Monkeyshines 2, by William Kennedy Dickson is the first public demonstration of motion pictures in the United States. The National Federation of Women’s Clubs are shown a 3 second clip of Dickson passing a hat in front of himself, and reaching for it with his other hand on May 20, 1891 at Edison's laboratory.
1892
- On 28 October 1892 Charles-Émile Reynaud gave the first public performance of a moving picture show at the Musée Grévin in Paris, the Théâtre Optique. The show, billed as Pantomimes Lumineuses, included three cartoons, Pauvre Pierrot, Un bon bock, and Le Clown et ses chiens, each consisting of 500 to 600 individually painted images and lasting about 15 minutes. The film was the first to use perforations.
1893
- Blacksmith Scene, by William Kennedy Dickson. The first Kinetoscope film shown in public exhibition on May 9, 1893 and is the earliest known example of actors performing a role in a film.[7]
- The world's first film production studio, the Black Maria, or the Kinetographic Theater, was completed on the grounds of Edison's laboratories at West Orange, New Jersey, for the purpose of making film strips for the Kinetoscope. Construction began in December 1892.[8]
1894
- On April 14, 1894, a public Kinetoscope parlor was opened by the Holland Bros. in New York City at 1155 Broadway, on the corner of 27th Street—the first commercial motion picture house. The venue had ten machines, set up in parallel rows of five, each showing a different movie. For 25 cents a viewer could see all the films in either row; half a dollar gave access to the entire bill.[9]
- Dorlita in the Passion Dance Banned in New Jersey after use in peepshows. Russell Kick quotes the work Censorship as saying it "was probably the first [film] to be banned in the United States."[10]
- la Sortie des Usines, the first film to be made in France.
- The Dickson Experimental Sound Film by William Kennedy Dickson. It is the first known film with live-recorded sound and appears to be the first motion picture made for the Kinetophone, the proto-sound-film system developed by Dickson and Thomas Edison.[11]
1895
- First hand-colored film, Annabelle Serpentine Dance by William Kennedy Dickson.[12]
- Charles Francis Jenkins displays the Phantascope, the first patented Film projector.
- Incident at Clovelly Cottage by Robert W. Paul and Birt Acres is the first film to be made in the United Kingdom.[13]
- History of the Kinetograph, Kinetoscope, and Kinetophonograph by Antonia and William Kennedy Dickson, considered the first book of history on film, is published.[14]
1896
- The first building dedicated exclusively to showing motion pictures was the Vitascope Hall, established on Canal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana June 26 — it was converted from a vacant store.[15]
- Later that year on October 19, the Edisonia Hall opened in Buffalo, New York in the Ellicott Square Building. The Edisonia was the first known dedicated, purpose-built motion picture theater in the world.[16]
- Alice Guy-Blaché, the first female film director[17] makes La Fée aux Choux (The Cabbage Fairy) acknowledged as the first narrative fiction film. This movie also introduces screenplays for the first time.
- In The Kiss, May Irwin and John Rice re-enact the kiss from the New York stage hit The Widow Jones, the first film of a couple kissing.[18]
1899
- The first example of object manipulation and stop-motion animation was the short film by Albert E. Smith and J. Stuart Blackton called The Humpty Dumpty Circus.[19]
- King John is the first film adaptation of the work of William Shakespeare. The film features Herbert Beerbohm Tree in the title role and features the death scene from King John.[20]
20th century
1900s
1901
- Histoire d'un crime, directed by Ferdinand Zecca was the first film to use flashbacks to create a non-linear narrative.[21]
- The earliest known use of intertitles was in the British film Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost.[22]
1902
- Edward Raymond Turner's children and several other very short test films, the earliest known moving pictures photographed in color.[23]
- A Trip to the Moon is the first sci-fi movie.
1904
- The Great Train Robbery, directed by Siegmund Lubin was the first film remake.[24]
1906
- Humorous Phases of Funny Faces directed by J. Stuart Blackton is the first 2D animated film.[25]
- The Story of the Kelly Gang by Charles Tait is the first feature film to be released.[26]
1907
- January 19, Variety publishes reviews of two films, An Exciting Honeymoon and The Life of a Cowboy by Edwin S. Porter. These are believed to be the first film reviews published.[27]
- L'Enfant prodigue is the first feature film produced in Europe.
1908
- A Visit to the Seaside is the first film to use Kinemacolor.[28]
- The Assassination of the Duke of Guise is the first film to have a score specifically written for it, by French composer Camille Saint-Saëns.[29]
- Fantasmagorie is considered the first animated cartoon
1909
- The first full length feature film produced in the United States was an adaptation of Victor Hugo's novel Les Misérables.
- The first film shot from an aeroplane took place in April 1909. Wilbur Wright was training military personnel and took a newsreel cameraman on a flight in Rome to record this.[30]
1910s
1910
- The German film serial, Arsène Lupin contra Sherlock Holmes directed by Viggo Larsen was the first film crossover.
- For the first time, the rights to adapt a novel are bought from a publisher, (Little, Brown & Company who published Helen Hunt Jackson's novel Ramona.) The film is made by D. W. Griffith.
- D. W. Griffith makes In Old California, the first film to be made in Hollywood.[31]
1912
- With Our King and Queen Through India, a documentary recording Indian celebrations around the coronation of George V, is the first feature film to be released in colour, using the Kinemacolour system.
1914
- Lois Weber directs The Merchant of Venice making her the first American female director of a feature length film.[32]
1915
- The Birth of a Nation, directed by D. W. Griffith was the first big budget Hollywood epic.
1916
- The Fall of a Nation, directed by Thomas Dixon Jr. was the first film sequel.[33]
1917
- The first animated feature film was El Apóstol by Quirino Cristiani from Argentina.[34]
- The Gulf Between directed by Wray Physioc is the first feature film to use Technicolor.[35]
1918
- Men Who Have Made Love to Me, directed by Arthur Berthelet was the first film to break the fourth wall.[36]
1920s
1921
- A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court (1921), directed by Emmett J. Flynn was the first film to feature time travel to the past.[37]
1922
- The first colour feature film made in Hollywood, The Toll of the Sea, starring Anna May Wong.
- First feature film in 3D. The Power of Love by Nat Deverich,[38] which premiered at the Ambassador Hotel Theater in Los Angeles on September 27.[39]
1923
- 16 mm film is introduced by Eastman Kodak in the United States.
1927
- The Jazz Singer starring Al Jolson is the first feature film with recorded dialogue, using the Vitaphone system.[40] The Jazz Singer is also the first musical film.
- Napoleon by Abel Gance is the first film to be filmed in the widescreen format.[41]
1928
- Lights of New York, directed by Bryan Foy is the first all talking feature film.[42]
- Wings, directed by William A. Wellman is the first film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture.
- The Viking is the first feature-length film in color with sound (music and sound effects only).
1929
- The First Academy Award ceremony takes place at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, Los Angeles on May 1. Sunrise: A Song of Two Humans wins the award for "Unique and Artistic Production" (denoting artistic strength) and Wings wins the award for "Outstanding Picture, Production" (denoting technical production quality). Both awards were eliminated and merged the next year into the single Best Picture category. Emil Jannings and Janet Gaynor won the awards for best actor and actress, which were awarded for work in a number of different films throughout the year. Acting categories were later narrowed to honor work on a single film.[43]
- Blackmail, directed by Alfred Hitchcock was the first British sound film.
1930s
1930
- Fiddlesticks, directed by Ub Iwerks was the first complete sound cartoon to be shot in two-strip Technicolor.[44]
- Elstree Calling directed by Alfred Hitchcock was the first film to show a television set.
- The Big Trail, directed by Raoul Walsh was the first film to use a swear word, given by John Wayne as Breck Coleman.
1931
- Peludópolis, directed by Qirino Christiani is the first animated feature with sound.[34]
1932
- The first animated film to use the full, three-color Technicolor method was Flowers and Trees made by Disney Studios. The film was also the first to win the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film.[45]
- Love Me Tonight by Rouben Mamoulian is credited as the first film to use a zoom lens.[46]
- The Venice Film Festival runs from 6–21 August, the first film festival.[47]
- White Zombie directed by Victor Halperin was the first zombie film.
1933
- The Crooked Circle was the first film to be broadcast on television, on March 10 in Los Angeles.
1935
- Becky Sharp, starring Miriam Hopkins, was the first feature-length film in three-strip Technicolor.
1937
- Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was the first full length cel animated feature film.[48]
1940s
1940
- First African American to win the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress: Hattie McDaniel (Gone with the Wind, 1939).
- Walt Disney's Fantasia is the first film with surround sound, using Disney's Fantasound system.[40]
1943
- First twins to win the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay: Julius and Philip Epstein, (Casablanca, 1942).
1946
- The first Cannes Film Festival takes place from September 20 to October 5.[49]
1947
- First feature film in 3D and partly in color: Robinson Crusoe by Alexander Andreyevsky.[38]
1948
- First African-American man to receive an Academy Award: James Baskett (Academy Honorary Award for his portrayal of "Uncle Remus" in Song of the South, 1946) (See also: Sidney Poitier, 1964)
- The first British Academy Film Awards ceremony takes place with The Best Years of Our Lives, winning the award for best film.[50]
1950s
1951
- Distant Drums is the first film to use the Wilhelm scream.
1953
- The Robe is the first film to be released in CinemaScope.
1960s
1964
- First movie with African-American interracial marriage: One Potato, Two Potato,[51] actors Bernie Hamilton and Barbara Barrie, written by Orville H. Hampton, Raphael Hayes, directed by Larry Peerce
- First African-American man to win the Academy Award for Best Actor: Sidney Poitier (Lilies of the Field, 1963) (See also: James Baskett, 1948)
1970s
1970
- Tiger Child, the first film in the IMAX format is made. Directed by Donald Brittain and produced by Roman Kroitor and Kichi Ichikawa, it premiered at Expo '70 in Osaka, Japan at the Fuji Group Pavilion.[52]
- Midnight Cowboy wins the Oscar for Best Picture, making it the first and last rated X movie to win the award.[53]
1971
- The first permanent IMAX theatre, Cinesphere is built on the grounds of Ontario Place in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[54]
1973
- First use of 2D computer animation in a significant entertainment feature film, Westworld. The point of view of Yul Brynner's gunslinger was achieved with raster graphics.[55][56]
1975
- Jaws was the first summer blockbuster film.
- Barry Lyndon was the first film with scenes shot entirely by natural candlelight.
1976
- The Young Teacher is the first film to be commercially released on VHS.[57]
- Steadicam is used for the first time in a production: Hal Ashby's Bound for Glory,[58] however, John Schlesinger's Marathon Man, released the same year is the first to be commercially released.
1977
- Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope pioneered visual effects, thanks to Industrial Light & Magic, which in turn led the studio to be founded. Star Wars is also notable for making merchandising aspects such as tie-in products and cross-promotion central to profit-making in the film industry.
1978
- Superman: The Movie is the first film with a computer-generated title sequence.
- Watership Down is the first animated film to be presented in Dolby Stereo.
1980
1981
1982
- For Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, ILM computer graphics division develops "Genesis Effect", the first use of fractal-generated landscape in a film.[61] Bill Reeves leads the Genesis Effect programming team, and creates a new graphics technique called Particle Systems.
1983
- Rock & Rule is the first animated film to use computer graphics.[62]
1984
- The Last Starfighter uses CGI for all spaceship shots, replacing traditional models. First use of 'integrated CGI' where the effects are supposed to represent real world objects.[62]
- The Sensorium is regarded the world's first 4D film.[63]
1985
- In Young Sherlock Holmes, Lucasfilm creates the first photorealistic CGI character, 'stained glass knight' with 10 seconds of screentime.[64][65]
1986
1988
- Tin Toy by John Lasseter becomes the first computer-animated short film to win an Academy Award.[66]
1990s
1990
- The Rescuers Down Under is both Disney's first theatrical sequel and Hollywood’s first feature film digitally colored and assembled entirely on computers, using the studio’s proprietary “Computer Animation Production System” (CAPS).
1991
- Beauty and the Beast is the first animated film to have an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture.
1993
- Wax or the Discovery of Television Among the Bees, originally released in 1991, is the first film to be streamed on the Internet.[67]
1995
- Toy Story by John Lasseter is the first feature film to be made entirely using CGI.[68]
- Casper, the first CGI lead character in feature-length film (preceded Toy Story by six months).
- Party Girl is the first film to premiere on the internet on June 3, 1995.[69]
1997
- Titanic by James Cameron becomes the first film to cost $200 million and to earn more than $1 billion worldwide.[70]
- Twister by Jan de Bont, the first film to be commercially available on the DVD format.
21st century
2000s
2000
- First digital cinema projection in Europe by Philippe Binant with DLP CINEMA technology for the release of Toy Story 2.[71]
- O Brother, Where Art Thou? by the Coen brothers is the first feature film to be entirely color corrected by digital means.[72]
2001
- Final Fantasy: The Spirits Within is the first feature film to use motion capture to create characters.[73]
- Spirited Away was the first anime film to win an Academy award (Best animated feature).
- Shrek was the first feature film to win an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
2002
- Russian Ark by Alexander Sokurov is the first feature film to be shot entirely in uncompressed high definition video.[74] It is also the first feature film to consist of a single unedited take.[74]
2004
- Able Edwards, the first movie with all-CGI backgrounds and live actors.[75]
- The Polar Express by Robert Zemeckis, the first CGI movie that used motion capture for all actors.[73]
2008
- U2 3D was the first live-action film to be shot, posted, and exhibited entirely in 3D,[76] the first live-action digital 3D film,[77] and the first 3D concert film.[78] Regarding its production, it was the first 3D film shot using a zoom lens,[79] an aerial camera,[80] and a multiple-camera setup.[77] Additionally, it was the first 3D film to feature composite images with more than two layers,[79] and the first to be edited specifically to prevent the viewer from experiencing motion sickness or eye strain.[81]
2010s
2010
- Avatar by James Cameron, the first 3-D film to be the highest grossing film of all time, surpassing the 2D ones.
2016
- The Amazing Spider-Man 2 by Marc Webb, one of the first films to be commercially available on the Ultra HD Blu-ray format.
2019
- The Lion King by Jon Favreau, the first fully CGI "Live action" movie.[82]
- Parasite by Bong Joon-ho, the first film not in the English language to win Academy Award for Best Picture.
- Avengers Endgame, by the Russo Brothers, the first sequel film to top all originals to become the highest grossing film of all time.
- Witch Tales, by Mike T. Lyddon, the first horror anthology feature movie filmed simultaneously in Spanish and English languages and released respectively as Witch Tales and Cuentos de la Bruja.
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