List of Nazi concentration camps
This article presents a partial list of the most prominent Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps set up across Europe before and during the course of World War II and the Holocaust. A more complete list drawn up in 1967 by the West German Ministry of Justice names about 1,200 camps and subcamps in countries occupied by Germany.[1] Some of the data presented in this table originates from the monograph titled The War Against the Jews by Lucy Dawidowicz among similar others.[2]
Nazi concentration camps | |
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SS men and barracks at Hinzert | |
Jewish women selected for work at Auschwitz II-Birkenau | |
View of Flossenbürg after liberation |
In 1933–1939, before the onset of war, most prisoners consisted of German Communists, Socialists, Roma (Gypsies), Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, and persons accused of 'asocial' or socially 'deviant' behavior by the Nazis.[3] They were not utilized to sustain the German war effort.
Although the term 'concentration camp' is often used as a general term for all German camps during World War II, there were in fact several types of concentration camps in the German camp system. Holocaust scholars make a clear distinction between death camps and concentration camps which served a number of war related purposes including prison facilities, labor camps, prisoner of war camps, and transit camps among others.[4]
Concentration camps served primarily as detention and slave labor exploitation centers. An estimated 15 to 20 million people were imprisoned in 42,500 camps and ghettos, and often pressed into slavery during the subsequent years,[5] according to research by the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum conducted more recently.[5] The system of about 20,000 concentration camps in Germany and German-occupied Europe played a pivotal role in economically sustaining the German reign of terror.[3] Most of them were destroyed by the Germans in an attempt to hide the evidence of war crimes and crimes against humanity; nevertheless tens of thousands of prisoners sent on death marches were liberated by the Allies afterward.[6]
Extermination camps were designed and built exclusively to kill prisoners on a massive scale, often immediately upon arrival.[7] The extermination camps of Operation Reinhard such as Bełżec, Sobibór and Treblinka served as "death factories" in which German SS and police murdered nearly 2,700,000 Jews by asphyxiation with poison gas, shooting, and extreme work under starvation conditions.[7][8][9]
The concentration camps held large groups of prisoners without trial or judicial process. In modern historiography, the term refers to a place of systemic mistreatment, starvation, forced labour and murder.
Selected examples
Statistical and numerical data presented in the table below originates from a wide variety of publications and therefore does not constitute a representative sample of the total.
The Ghettos in German-occupied Europe are generally not included in this list. Relevant information can be found at the separate List of Nazi-era ghettos.
# | Camp name | Country (today) | Camp type | Dates of use (YYYY/MM/DD) | Est. prisoners | Est. deaths | Sub-camps | Webpage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Alderney | Guernsey | Labour camps | 1942/01 – 1944/06 | 6,000 | 700 | Lager Borkum, Lager Helgoland, Lager Norderney, Lager Sylt | |
2 | Amersfoort | Netherlands | Transit camp and prison | 1941/08/18 - 1945/04/19 | 37,000 | 650 | ||
3 | Arbeitsdorf | Germany | Labour camp | 1942/04/08 - 1942/10/11 | 600 min. | none | ||
4 | Auschwitz-Birkenau | Poland | Extermination and labour camp | 1940/05/20 - 1945/01/27 | 1,300,000 | 1,100,000 min.[10] with 400,000 recorded arrivals [11] | list of 48 sub-camps with description at the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum [12] | [13] in August 1944 [10] [12] [11] |
5 | Banjica | Serbia | Concentration camp | 1941/06 - 1944/09 | 23,637 | 3,849[14] | ||
6 | Bardufoss | Norway | Concentration camp | 1944/03 - ???? | 800 | 250 | [15] | |
7 | Bełżec | Poland | Extermination camp | 1941/10 - 1943/06 | 434,508 min. | |||
8 | Bergen-Belsen | Germany | Concentration camp | 1943/04 - 1945/04 | 120,000 | 52,000 | 2 | |
9 | Berlin-Marzahn | Germany | Early a "rest place" then labour camp for Roma | 1936/07/16 – 1943/03/01 | 1,200 | none | ||
10 | Bernburg | Germany | Collection point | 1942/04 – 1945/04 | 14,385 | 2 | ||
11 | Bogdanovka | Ukraine | Concentration camp | 1941 | 54,000 | 40,000 | ||
12 | Bolzano | Italy | Transit camp | 1944/07 – 1945/05/03 | 11,116 | |||
13 | Bor | Serbia | Labour camp | 1943/07 - 1944/09 | 6,000 | 1,800–2,800 | ||
14 | Bredtvet | Norway | Concentration camp | 1941 (Fall) – 1944/05 | 1,000 min. | none | ||
15 | Breendonk | Belgium | Prison and labour camp | 1940/09/20 – 1944/09 | 3532 min. | 391 min. | none | |
16 | Breitenau | Germany | "Early wild camp", then labour camp | 1933/06 – 1934/03, 1940–1945 |
470 – 8,500 | |||
17 | Buchenwald | Germany | Concentration camp | 1937/07/15 – 1945/04/11 | 280,000 | 56,545 | list | |
18 | Chełmno (Kulmhof) |
Poland | Extermination camp | 1941/12 – 1943/04, 1944/04 – 1945/01 |
152,000 min. | |||
19 | Crveni Krst | Serbia | Concentration camp | 1941 – 1944 | 30,000 | 10,000 | ||
20 | Dachau | Germany | Concentration camp | 1933/03/22 – 1945/04/29 | 200,000 | 41,500 | list | |
21 | Drancy | France | Internment camp, transit | 1941/08/20 – 1944/08/17 | 70,000 | Three of five Paris annexes: Austerlitz, Lévitan and Bassano camps | ||
22 | Falstad | Norway | Prison camp | 1941/12 – 1945/05 | 200 min. | none | ||
23 | Flossenbürg | Germany | Concentration camp | 1938/05/03 – 1945/04/23 | 89,964 | 30,000 | list of subcamps | |
24 | Fort de Romainville | France | Prison and transit camp | 1940 – 1944/08 | 8,100 min. | 200 min. | none | |
25 | Fort VII (Posen) | Poland | Concentration, detention, transit | 1939/10 – 1944/04 | 18,000 min. | 4,500 min. | ||
26 | Fossoli | Italy | Prison and transit camp | 1943/12/05 – 1944/11 | 2,800 | |||
27 | Grini | Norway | Prison camp | 1941/05/02 – 1945/05 | 19,788 | 8 | Fannrem Bardufoss Kvænangen |
|
28 | Gross-Rosen | Poland | Labour camp; Nacht und Nebel camp | 1940/08 – 1945/02 | 125,000 | 40,000 | list | |
29 | Herzogenbusch (Vught) |
Netherlands | Concentration camp | 1943/01/05 – 1944/10/26 | 31,000 | 750 | list | |
30 | Hinzert | Germany | Collection point and subcamp | 1940/07 – 1945/03 | 14,000 | 302 min. | ||
31 | Jägala | Estonia | Labour camp | 1942/08 – 1943/08 | 200 | 3,000 | none | |
32 | Janowska (Lwów) |
Ukraine | Ghetto; transit, labour, & extermination camp | 1941/09 – 1943/11 | 100,000 | 35,000 min. | none | (see "A-Z") |
33 | Kaiserwald (Mežaparks) |
Latvia | Concentration camp | 1942 – 1944/08/06 | 20,000? | 16, incl. Eleja-Meitenes |
||
34 | Kaufering/Landsberg | Germany | Concentration camp | 1943/06 – 1945/04 | 30,000 | 14,500 min. | ||
35 | Kauen (Kaunas) |
Lithuania | Ghetto and internment camp | 1941/06/22 - 1944/08/01 | Prawienischken | |||
36 | Kemna | Germany | Early concentration camp | 1933/07/05 – 1934/01/19 | 2,500–5,000 | none | ||
37 | Kistarcsa | Hungary | Concentration camp | 1944 – 1945 | 1,800 | |||
38 | Klooga | Estonia | Labour camp | 1943 (Summer) – 1944/09/28 | 1,800 | |||
39 | Koldichevo | Belarus | Labour camp | 1942 (Summer) – 1944/06 | 22,000 | |||
40 | Le Vernet | France | Internment camp | 1939 – 1944 | ||||
41 | Majdanek (KZ Lublin) |
Poland | Extermination and concentration camp | 1941/10 - 1944/07 | 150,000 | 78,000 | ||
42 | Malchow | Germany | Concentration and transit camp | 1943 (Winter) – 1945/05/08 | 5,000 | |||
43 | Maly Trostenets | Belarus | Extermination camp | 1941/07 – 1944/06 | 60,000-65,000 | [16][17] | ||
44 | Mauthausen-Gusen | Austria | Concentration camp | 1938/08 – 1945/05 | 195,000 | 122,766-
320,000 |
list | |
45 | Mechelen | Belgium | Transit camp | 1942/07 – 1944/09 | 25267 min.[18] | 300 min.[19] | none | |
46 | Mielec | Poland | labour camp and concentration camp | 1942/03 - 1944/08 | 1,500-2,000 | none | ||
46 | Mittelbau-Dora | Germany | Concentration camp | 1943/09 – 1945/04 | 60,000 | 20,000 min. | list | |
47 | Natzweiler-Struthof (Struthof) | France | Concentration camp; Nacht und Nebel camp; extermination camp | 1941/05/21 – 1944/09 | 52,000 | 22,000 | list | [20] |
48 | Neuengamme | Germany | Concentration camp | 1938/12/13 – 1945/05/04 | 106,000 | 42,900+ | list | |
49 | Niederhagen | Germany | Concentration and labour camp | 1941/09 – 1943 (early) | 3,900 | 1,285 | none | |
50 | Oberer Kuhberg concentration camp | Germany | Concentration camp | 1933/11 – 1935/07 | 600 | 0 | Former infantry base Gleißelstetten (Fortress of Ulm) | |
51 | Oranienburg | Germany | Early concentration camp | 1933/03/21 – 1934/07 | 3,000 | 16 min. | ||
52 | Osthofen | Germany | Collective point | 1933/03/06 – 1934/07 | 3,000 | |||
53 | Płaszów | Poland | Labour camp | 1942/12 – 1945/01 | 150,000 min. | 9,000 min. | list | |
54 | Ravensbrück | Germany | Concentration camp for women | 1939/05 – 1945/04 | 132,000 | 28,000 | list | |
55 | Risiera di San Sabba (Trieste) |
Italy | Police detainment camp, transit camp | 1943/09 - 1945/04/29 | 25,000 | 5,000 | ||
56 | Sachsenhausen | Germany | Concentration camp | 1936/07 - 1945/04 | 200,000 min. | 30,000 | list | |
57 | Sajmište | Serbia | Extermination camp | 1941/10 - 1944/07 | 50,000 | 20,000–23,000 | ||
58 | Salaspils (Kirchholm) | Latvia | Concentration camp | 1941/10 - 1944 (Summer) | 12,000 | 2,000 | ||
59 | Skrochowitz (Skrochovice) |
Czech Republic | Transit (1939) and labour camp | 1939/09 - 1939/12, 1940–1943 |
700 | 13 | ||
60 | Sobibór | Poland | Extermination camp | 1942/05 - 1943/10 | 170,165 | |||
61 | Soldau | Poland | Labour and transit camp | 1939 (or 1940) (Winter) – 1945/01 | 30,000 | 13,000 | 3 | |
62 | Stutthof | Poland | Concentration camp | 1939/09/02 – 1945/05/09 | 110,000 | 65,000 | list | |
63 | Syrets (Kiev) |
Ukraine | Labor and extermination camp | 1942/07 - 1943 (Spring) | 2,000 | |||
64 | Theresienstadt (Terezín) |
Czech Republic | Transit camp, concentration camp and Ghetto | 1941/11/24 – 1945/05/08 | 144,000 | 33,000 min. | ||
65 | Treblinka | Poland | Extermination camp | 1942/07/23 – 1943/10/19 | 700,000 - 900,000 [21][22] | |||
66 | Vaivara | Estonia | Concentration and transit camp | 1943/09/15 – 1944/02/29 | 20,000 | 950 | 22 | |
67 | Warsaw | Poland | Concentration camp | 1943 – 1944 | 8,000–9,000 | 4,000–5,000 | ||
68 | Westerbork | Netherlands | Transit camp | 1940/05 - 1945/04 | 102,000 | |||
See also
- German camps in occupied Poland during World War II
- Concentration camps in France
- Nazi concentration camps in Norway
- Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics
- Research Materials: Max Planck Society Archive
- Holocaust victims and death toll
- Concentration camps in the Independent State of Croatia
References
- Bundesministerium der Justiz (2011), List of concentration camps and their outposts in alphabetical order. Internet Archive. (in German)
- Search Results: Mapping the SS Concentration Camp System. Alphabetical listing. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Further Reading. Bergen, Dawidowicz, Gilbert, Gutman, Hilberg, Yahil.
- Holocaust Encyclopedia, Nazi Camps. Introduction. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- Peter Vogelsang & Brian B. M. Larsen (2002), The difference between concentration camps and extermination camps. Archived 2015-10-27 at the Wayback Machine The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies.
- Anat Helman (2015). "The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos by Geoffrey P. Megargee". Exploring the Universe of Camps and Ghettos. Jews and Their Foodways. Oxford University Press. pp. 251–252. ISBN 0190265426.
- Source: Abzug, Bridgman, Chamberlin, Goodell (2015). "Liberation of German Camps". Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved 18 July 2015.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Holocaust Encyclopedia, Killing Centers: An Overview.Archived 2013-04-02 at the Wayback Machine United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
- Yad Vashem (2012). "The Implementation of the Final Solution: The Death Camps". The Holocaust. Yad Vashem, The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from the original on 4 November 2013 – via Internet Archive, 4 November 2013. Also in: Wolf Gruner (2004). "Jewish Forced Labor as a Basic Element of Nazi Persecution: Germany, Austria, and the Occupied Polish Territories (1938–1943)" (PDF). Forced and Slave Labor in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: 43–44.
- Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (2001). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. p. 216. ISBN 978-0-691-08684-2.
- Franciszek Piper, Dead victims of KL Auschwitz per nationality and/or profile of deportees ("Liczba uśmierconych w KL Auschwitz ogółem wg Narodowości lub kategorii deportowanych"). Archived 2011-07-20 at the Wayback Machine The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland, 1999–2010 (in Polish)
- Franciszek Piper. "Victims of KL Auschwitz" [Liczba ofiar KL Auschwitz]. Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum (in Polish). Oświęcim, Poland. 1999–2010. Overwhelming majority of Auschwitz arrivals were killed within hours. Only about 10 percent of the prisoners from transports organized by the Reich Main Security Office (RSHA) were registered and assigned to the Birkenau barracks. There were around 400,000 registrations at Auschwitz in total, including 195,000 non-Jews, and around 202,000 Jews. — Franciszek Piper. See also: Vincent Châtel & Chuck Ferree (2006). "Auschwitz-Birkenau Death Factory". The Forgotten Camps. Archived from the original on 2010-09-25 – via Internet Archive, 2010-09-25.
- List of Subcamps of KL Auschwitz (Podobozy KL Auschwitz). Archived 2011-10-12 at the Wayback Machine The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 (in Polish)
- Franciszek Piper, Construction and Expansion of KL Auschwitz ("Budowa i rozbudowa KL Auschwitz"). Archived 2010-09-25 at the Wayback Machine The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in Oświęcim, Poland (Państwowe Muzeum Auschwitz-Birkenau w Oświęcimiu), 1999–2010 (in Polish)
- Ramet, Sabrina P., The Three Yugoslavias: State-Building and Legitimation: 1918–2005. Indiana University Press, 2006. (p. 131)
- Store norske leksikon (2010-04-09). "Bardufoss fangeleir" (in Norwegian).
- Gerlach, Christian (2013). Kalkulierte Morde (in German) (Kindle ed.). Hamburger Edition. loc 25883. ISBN 978-3-86854-567-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- "Shoah Resource Center - Maly Trostinets" (PDF). Yad Vashems.
- Schram, Laurence (2006). "De cijfers van de deportatie uit Mechelen naar Auschwitz. Perspectieven en denkpistes". De Belgische tentoonstelling in Auschwitz. Het boek - L'exposition belge / Auschwitz. Le Livre (in Dutch). Het Joods Museum voor Deportatie en Verzet. ISBN 978-90-76109-03-9. Retrieved 1 August 2011.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Mikhman, Dan; Gutman, Israel, eds. (2005). The encyclopedia of the righteous among the nations: rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust. Belgium. Yad Vashem Publications. ISBN 978-9653083769.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
- Roger Boulanger (2006), L'historique du camp de Natzweiler-Struthof via Internet Archive.
- Roca, Xavier (2010). "Comparative Efficacy of the Extermination Methods in Auschwitz and Operation Reinhard" (PDF). Equip Revista HMiC (Història Moderna i Contemporània). University of Barcelona. 8. p. 204 (4/15 in current document).
- Kopówka & Rytel-Andrianik 2011, p. 114.
Bibliography
- Megargee, Geoffrey P., ed. (2012). Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945. in association with United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-35599-7.