List of European folk music traditions

This is a list of folk music traditions, with styles, dances, instruments and other related topics. The term folk music can not be easily defined in a precise manner; it is used with widely varying definitions depending on the author, intended audience and context within a work. Similarly, the term traditions in this context does not connote any strictly-defined criteria. Music scholars, journalists, audiences, record industry individuals, politicians, nationalists and demagogues may often have occasion to address which fields of folk music areto a distinct group of people and with characteristics undiluted by contact with the music of other peoples; thus, the folk music traditions described herein overlap in varying degrees with each other. Sometimes, folk songs will often be passed down.

Europe
Country Elements Dance Instrumentation Other topics
Albanian [1] aheng – Albanian ballad – epic (këngë trimash, këngë kreshnikësh) – kaba – kantadha – Kefalonitika – këputje fjalësh – Korçare – lament – llazore – lullaby – maje krahi – Albanian iso-polyphony – prcjellsi – rapsodi – saze orchestra – serenata – Albanian wedding music – work song ajsino oro – arnaöut – Osman Taka – pušteno – sherianqe – shota – valle bousouk / buzuk – cifteli – clarinet – dajreja – def – fyell – grrneta – lahuta – llautë – lodra – mandolin – sharki – violin – zumarë kurbet – pare
Andalusian See Spanish – – –
Andorran See Catalan – – –
Arbereshi See Albanian – – –
Austrian [2] Faschingsbriefe – Schnadahüpfl (Gstanzl, Gsetzl, Trutzgsangl) – schrammelmusik – string quartet – Wienalied – yodeling (Jodler, Wullaza, Hullaza, Almer) – Zettellandler Volkstanz: Blasmusik – Boarischer – Eiswalzer – Hiatamadl – Jägermarsch – Kontratänze – Krebspolka – Kreuzpolka – Kuckuckspolka – ländler – Lunzer Boarischer – mazurka – Neudeutscher – polka – Poschater Zwoaschritt – Rediwa (Sprachinseltänze) – Schnitterhüpfer – schuhplattler (Plattler) – Rheinländer – Siebenschritt – Steirischer – Studentenpolka – Zwiefacher – waltz [3] accordion – alphorn – clarinet – double bass (contrabass) – dulcimer – fiddle – flute – grazer heurigen – tracht – Volkssänger
Auvergnat See French – – –
Balearic Islander See Catalan – – –
Basque [4] Bertsolaritza – Ttakuna – Choir – Herrena – Trikitixa Abaltzisketa – Arin-arin – Aurresku – Azeri – Baso – Basauri – Beti Alai Arku – Brokel – Ezpata – Eztai-soinu – Fandangoa – Garai – Gizon – Ingurutxo – Jorrai – Kalejira – Karrika Soinu (biribilketa) – Larrain – Legazpi – Makil – Matelota – Miel Otxin – Mutil – Muxiko (Mutico) – Paloteados – Sagar – San Juan – Soka – Sorgin – Trokel – Uztai Txiki – Yantza Luze – Zortziko Alboka (double clarinet) – Atabal – Dulzaina – Kirikoketa – Pandero – Silbote – Tarogato – Tobera – Trikitixa (concertina) – Ttunttun (drum) – Txalaparta – Txistu (three hole pipe) – Xirula (flute) Aintzara-joku – Alarde – Basque picnic – Maskarada (carnival of Soule) – Pastoral –
Bavarian See German – – –
Belarusian
Bohemian See Czech – – –
Bosnian [5] gange – gusle – ilahije – izvorna bosanska muzika – Ladino song – novokomponovana narodna muzika – ravne pjesme – sevdalinka (sevdah) [6] line dance – kolo accordion – bagpipe – clarinet – daire – double bass – flute – guitar – sargija (lute) – snare drum – violin sijela
Breton [7] bagad (bagadoù, pipe band) – chant de marin (sea shanty) – couples de sonneurs (sonner par couple) – gwerz (gwerzioù) – kan a boz – kan ha diskan – kantik (hymn) – kost ar c'hoat – quête – sôn (sonioù) an dros (an dro) – bals – plinn – fisel – gavotte – jabadao – hanter dro – laridé (ridée) – pach-pi – rond accordion – binou (bagpipe, kozh, braz, bihan, pib veur) – binou braz – bombarde (oboe) – hurdy-gurdy – telenn (harp) – treujenn-gaol (clarinet, trognon d'chou) – veuze (bagpipe) – violon (violin, fiddle) chanteurs engagés (protest singer) – Dastum – diskaner – fest-noz (festou noz, bal breton) – kaner – roots revival – sonerion
Bulgarian [8] choir – Koleduvane – kopanica – Laduvane – Lazaruvane – na trapeza – wedding music Horo: acano mlada nvesto (line dance) – buchimish (line dance) – chetvorno – chope – daichovo (line dance) – dunavsko – elenino (line dance) – eleno mome – iove male mome – kopanica – kopanitsa (line dance, gankino) – nestinari – paidushko – petrunino – povarnato (devetorka) – pravo horo (line dance) – rachenitsa (ruchenitsa, couple dance) – sandansko – sedenka – sedi donka – trite puti (line dance) – tropoli clarinet – kaba gaida – kaval (flute) – gadulka – gaida (bagpipe) – tambura (lute) – tarabuka (drum) – tǔpan (drum) Koprivshtitsa – nestinarstvo – sedyanki
Burgenland Croat See Croatian – – –
Calabrian See Italian – – –
Cantabrian tonada montañesa – marzas – cantares de ronda – pasacalles – romances – coplas a lo pesau – coplas a lo ligeru – cantos de labor – trova – reyes – canto a bodas – villancico jota montañesa – picayos – danza de arcos – baila de Ibio – paloteo – pericote lebaniego – trepeletré – cuevanuco – romance del conde de Lara – danza de cintas pitu montañés – gaita – rabel – bígaru – tamboril – chifla campurriana – caja redoblante – pandereta – pandero – tarrañuelas – vozaina – silbu – albogue – rutón sobano – chiflita pasiega – alcurdión – cuerno pasiego jisquíu o ijujú – gudos
Castilian See Spanish – – –
Catalan [9] ball de bastons – ball de gitanes – besones – caramelles – cercaviles – colla – colles diableres – cobla – galops – gloses (glosada, estribot) – gotxos – habanera – ida y vuelta – lullaby – passos – porfèdia – redoblada – regateix – redoblat – uc – work song bolero – contrapàs – copeo – cossiers – habaneres – jota – marratxa – mateixa – sa filera – Saint Anne's dance – sardana (circle dance) – sardana curta – sardana llarga – sardana de lluïment – sardana revessa – ses dotze rodades – ses nou rodades bandurria – bimbau (jaw harp) – castanet – fiscorn (horn) – flabiol (flute) – gralla (oboe) – guitarró (guitar) – sac de gemecs (bagpipe, coixinera, caterineta, borrega, manxa borrega, bot, noia verda, mossa verda, ploranera, sac de les aspres, buna, cornamusa) – tambori – tambourine – tarota (oboe) – tenora (shawm) – tible – xeremia (clarinet) – ximbomba cantada – correfoc – esbartades – sonador – vetlada – xacota
Cham See Albanian – – –
Channel Islands [10] bachîn ringing bérouisse – cotillion – danse des chapieaux (the hat dance) – ronde (round dance) – sonneur accordion – bachîn – chifournie (hurdy gurdy) – violin
Cornish [11] Cornish carol cushion dance – jig – hornpipe – reel – troyll bagpipe – bombarde – crowdy crawn (croder croghen) – fiddle (crowd) – hand drum – harp gorsedd
Corsican See French – – –
Croatian [12] bećarac – deseterac – epic poetry – klapa – tamburica band – tamburitza drme – kolo (round dance) – lindjo – moreska (Korcula sword dance) – zvecke accordion – berda – bisernice – brač – bugarija – clarinet – curla – diple – fiddle – gange – gusle – lijerica (lirica, fiddle) – roznica – samica – sargija (dulcimer) – sopila – tambura (mandolin) – tamburica – violin – zither Istrian scale – kukeri
Cypriot See Greek or Turkish – – –
Czech [13] Národní písni: cimbalom band – gajdošská (bagpipe band) – hudecká (fiddle band) – lidovka (lidovky) – skřipácká – old Prague song (staropražské písničky) – tramp music (trampská hudba) polka – sedlácká – táhlá – verbunk (Slovácko verbuňk) accordion – bagpipe – cimbalom – clarinet – double bass – fiddle – viola – violin
Dalmatian See Croatian – – –
Danish [14] fanik – firtur – hopsa – polka – pols – rheinlænder – schottische – sønderhoning – trekanter – tretur – vals accordion – fiddle – piano –
Dutch [15] mâtelot – mazurka – polka – Seven Sault – waltz accordion – doedelzak – guitar – hurdy-gurdy – pijpzak – violin
Emilian See Italian – – –
English [16] broadside ballad – Child ballad – wassailing [17] clogging – country dance – horn dance – hornpipe – long sword – Maypole dance – morris dance – rapper dance melodeon – concertina – fiddle – mouth organ – Northumbrian smallpipe – trombone – tuba – snare drum – bass drum ballad meter – obby oss
Estonian [18] runo-song – swing-song reilender – labajalg – polka accordion – bagpipe – concertina – fiddle – kannel – talharpa (hiiu kannel) – trumpet – whistle – zither Kalevipoeg
Faroese [19] kingosalmar – kvæði – skjaldur – tættir – visur circle dance – Faroe two-step
Finnish [20] itku – rekilaulu – runolaulu humppa – jenkka – mazurka – minuet – pelimanni – polka – purpuri – schottische – waltz accordion – clarinet – fiddle – harmonium – horn – jouhikko – kantele – talharpa – whistle Kalevala
Flemish [21]
Florentine See Italian – – –
Formentera See Catalan – – –
Frisian [22] galop – polka – skoetsploech – skots – walz accordion – fiddle – melodeon – rommelpot
French [23] bal-musette – Corsican polyphonic song – paghjella – regret bacchu-ber – bourrée – branle – contredanse – farandole – quadrille – rigaudon aboè – accordion – bodega – boha – cabrette – chabrette – cornemuse – fifre – galoubet – graille – grand cornemuse – hurdy-gurdy – pifre – tambourin – violin
Galician [24] coplas verdes – alalá – alborada – pasacalles – carballesa – ribeirana danza de damas e galáns – jota – muiñeira – pasodobre – rumba accordion – cadro – clarinet – gaita – pandeireta – pandeiro – tamboril – tarrañolas
Gascon See French – – –
Genoese See Italian – – –
German[25] anacrusis – German ballad – volksmusik – yodeling perchtentanz – schuhplatteltanz – waltz alphorn – zupfgeige Kriegspiele – Stadtfeste
Gheg See Albanian – – –
Greek [26] amané – dhimotika tragoudhia – kalanda – kantadhes – kleftiko – Klephtic song – miroloyia – nisiotika – rebetiko – skaros – taxim – tis tavlas çiftetelli – hasaposerviko – kalamatiano – karsilama – khasapiko – syrto – tsamiko – zeibekiko askomandura – baglamas – bouzouki – daouli – defi – gaida – kavali – kithara – klarino – laouto / laoutokithara (lute guitar) – lyra – outi – santouri – toumberleki – tsambouna – violi – zournas dhimotiki – dromoi – manges – paniyiria – rebetes – tekes
Gypsy See Romani (Gypsy) – – –
Hungarian [27] hajnali – parlando-rubato – tempo-giusto – verbunkos csardas – legenyes – szolo – verbunkos bagpipe – cimbalom – cowbell – fiddle – gardon – hurdy-gurdy – violin – zither tanchaz
Ibiza See Catalan – – –
Icelandic [28] organum – rimur Icelandic ballad dancing fidla – langspil saga
Irish [29] aisling – amhrain – ballad – bard – caoineadh – diddling – drinking song – Fonn Mall – harp music – keening (lament, caoning) – macaronic song – Ossian ballad (Fenian ballad) – rebel song – reverdie – sean nós carol – céilidh – clogging – highland – hornpipe – jig – polka – quadrille – reel – slide – slip jig – step dance – strathspey accordion – banjo – bodhrán – bouzouki – concertina – fiddle – flute – guitar – harp – uilleann pipes – whistle [30] American wake conyach – crack – feis – fleadh – session
Istrian See Croatian – – –
Italian [31] baride – endecasillabo – gozo – maggio – Sardinian polyphony – tammorriata – trallalero – villanella ciociora – forlana – ruggera – saltarello – siciliana – su ballu – tarantella – trescona accordion – clapper – clarinet – flute – guitar – jaw harp – launedda – lira – mandolin – melodeon – ocarina – organetto – panpipe – piffero – rattle – tamburello – tamorra – tamura – violin – zampogna tarantolati
Karelian See Finnish – – –
Kvarnerian See Croatian – – –
Lab See Albanian – – –
Latvian [32] balss – daina – dziesma – līgotnes – runo-song – sadzīves – ziņģe accordion – birch trumpet – citara – dūdas – fiddle – ganurags – ģīga – kokles – mandolin – stabule
Lithuanian [32] daina – dvejines – keturines – sutartines – trejines polka – quadrille – rateliai – waltz accordion – balalaika – bandoneon – basetle – birbynes – clarinet – concertina – daudytes – fiddle – guitar – harmonica – kankle – lamzdeliai – mandolin – pusline – ragai – sekminiu ragelis – skuduciai – svilpas – tabala
Lombard See Italian – – –
Majorca See Catalan – – –
Manx [33] Carvalyn Gailckagh – lament – Manx carol
Macedonian [34] calgia – narodni orkestri accordion – cemane – clarinet – def – dzumbus – gajda – kanun – kaval – supelka – tambura – tarabuka – tupan – ut – zurla narodna muzika – nove narodne pesme novokomponirana
Menorca See Catalan – – –
Moldovan See Romanian – – –
Montenegrin [35] Montenegrin epic poetry gusle
Moravian See Czech – – –
Neapolitan See Italian – – –
Norwegian [36] bånsuller – kveding – halling – laling – lokking – Norwegian ballad – slåttar – stev – tralling bruremarsj – bygdedans – gammeldans – gangar – halling – pols – rull – springar – springdans – springleik bukkehorn – fiddle – Hardanger fiddle – harp – langeleik – lur – Meråker clarinet – seljefløyte – trekkspel – tungehorn kappleikar
Occitan See French – – –
Piedmontese See Italian – – –
Pityusan Islander See Catalan – – –
Polish [37] lidyzowanie chodzony – cimbaŀy – krakowiak – krzesany – mazurka – obertas – ozwodna – polka – polonaise – zbojnicki cello – diable skrzypce – fiddle – gensle – kozioł – maryna – mazanka – suka – violin dozynki
Portugal [38] castiço – fado – modinha – Romanceiro – tamborileiro – zés-pereiras dança dos homens – fofa – lundum adufe – bandolim – bexigoncelo – bombo – brinquinho – caixa – cântaro com abanho – castanholas – cavaquinho – concertina – concha – ferrinhos – flauta pastoril – gaita-de-foles – genebres – guitarra – pandeireta – pandeiro – pifaro – reco-reco – sanfona – sarronça – tamboril – transcanholas – viola – zaclitracs fadista – ranchos folclóricos – saudade
Provenç See French – – –
Puglian See Italian – – –
Romani (Gypsy) [39] bulerías – calgia – cantes – cimbalom – fandango – fasil – flamenco – jaleo – koumpaneia – loki djili – oral-bassing – siguiriyas – soleares – taksim – tientos – tangos alegrias – belly dance – bulerías – farruca – garrotin – marianas – moritas – khelimaske djili accordion – buzuq – cimbalom – clarinet – cümbüş – darbuka – davul – djumbus – dombak – kaman – kanun – ney – rebab – tabla – ud – violin – zurna braceos – cuadro – juerga – Karagöz shadow theatre – taraf
Romanian [40] ballad – colinde – doina – lament – taraf – Transylvanian wedding music briu – fluier – geamparale – hora – sirba cetera – cimbalom – cobza – doba – double bass – fiddle – nai – taragot – viola – violin – zongora capra
Roussillon See Catalan – – –
Russian [41] byliny – chastushka – plachi – protiazhnaia pesnia – wedding music – zmires broyges tants – kaketke – kozatske – krakovyak – khorovodi – mitsve tants – sher – shrayer garmon – bayan – balalaika – domra – Russian guitar - tsimbl badkhn – fakelore
Sami [42] joik – lavlu gievri – kobdas noaite
Sardinian See Italian – – –
Scottish [43] ballad – Border ballad – bothy ballad – brosnachadh – cauld wind pipe – ceol beg – ceol mor – flyting – lilt – muckle sang – pibroch – piobaireachd – psalm – puirt-a-beul (mouth music) – Scottish work song – Shetland fiddling – trowie – urlar – waulking song battement – Highland fling – hornpipe – jig – minuet – quickstep – reel – shean treuse – strathspey – sword dance accordion – Border pipe – clarsach – concertina – fiddle – flute – gue – harp – Highland pipes – Lowland pipe – pastoral pipe – pibroch – smallpipe – tin whistle Cape Breton fiddling – Scottish Baroque music – conyach – Feisean – mod – tryst
Serbian [44] izvorna – narodna muzika – novokomponovana narodna muzika – sevdalinka [45] cocek – kolo – sa-sa frula – gaida – gusle – sargija – tamburitza – tupan – violin
Sicilian See Italian – – –
Slavonian See Croatian – – –
Slovak [46] čardáš – čuchom – dupak – karicka – do kolesa – odzemok – polka- verbunk – waltz accordion – cello – cimbal – dvojačka (double whistle) – fujara – gajdy – koncovka (overtone flute) – píšťalka (6 hole whistle) – violin
Slovenian [47] velike goslarije – Slovenian harmony singing meh – panpipe – sopile – zither
Spanish [48] copla – jaleo – jota – Romanceiro aragonesas – bolero – bolerio viejo o parado – cachucha – chaconne – danza Antigua de Hermigua – Danza del Paloteo y el Cordón a La Virgen de La Piedad – Danza del Cordón, de la Carrera y del Paloteo al Cristo de la Viga – Danza de las ánimas – Danza de los Diablos – danzantes y pecados – S'a llarga y S'a curta – S'escandalari – fandango – gallega – Gitana – jota – jota de vendimia – malagueñas – manchegas – meloneras – milonga – mollaras – murciano – panaderos – quipuzcoanas – seguidilla – sevillana – soleares – torrás – valldemosa – vallenciana – verdiales – zambra – zarabanda castanet – chacara (large castanet) – bandurria – dulzaina – guitarra – mandolin – tambourine café cantates – duende – juerga
Swedish [49] ballad – halling – kulning – laling – lockrop cobbler's dance – daldans – gammaldans – gangar – kadrilj – pols – polska (polskor) – rudl – runddans – skrålåt – springar – springdans – springleik – vafva vadna – vingåkersdans ackordcittra (chord zither) – accordion – fiddle – hackbräde – hummel – jaw harp – nyckelharpa – säckpipa – sälgpipa – skalmeja – spelpipa – stråkharpa – vevlira spelmanslag – Zorn Badge
Swiss [50] yodeling alphorn
Tosk See Albanian – – –
Transylvanian See Hungarian and Romanian – – –
Ukrainian [51] dumy – troista muzyka arkan – holubka – hutsulka – hopak – kolomyjka – kozachok – metelytsja – polka – waltz bandura – fiddle – floyara – frilka – kobza – lira – sopilka – trembita – tsymbaly – tylynka kobzari – lirnyky – pryspiv – zaspiv
Valencian See Catalan – – –
Venetian See Italian – – –
Vlach [35] bagpipe – fiddle Pomana
Walloon [21] fiddle
Welsh [52] penillion – Welsh choral music clogging (Welsh step dance) – hornpipe – twmpath crwth – pibacwd – pibcorn – Welsh harp (triple harp) dategeiniad – eisteddfod – gwerin – gwyl werin

Notes
  1. Burton, Kim, "The Eagle Has Landed", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 1–6; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine; Koco, Eno. Albanian Music. Leeds-Tiranë: University of Leeds. Retrieved 2005-08-28.; "Bashkim Braho: Albanian folk dance". Massachusetts Cultural Council. Retrieved April 3, 2006.
  2. Bohlman, pp. 210; Wagner, Christoph, "Soul Music of Old Vienna", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 13–15; *""Volksmusik", "Unterhaltungsmusik", "Kammermusik", "Blasmusik", "Schnadahüpfl" and "Jodler"". AEIOU. Retrieved April 5, 2006.
  3. The landler and the ländler are not the same dance, despite the similarity in name
  4. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 109–112; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 292–297; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine; "Folk music and poetry". Bizkaia.net. Retrieved April 20, 2006.; Hobgoblin Info Source; "TAP Program Notes". Traditional Arts Program. Archived from the original on November 30, 2005. Retrieved April 20, 2006.; "What is the Txistu?". Txistulari.com. Archived from the original on December 25, 2005. Retrieved April 20, 2006."Txalaparta". Irish World Academy of Music and Dance. Retrieved April 20, 2006.; Murua, Angel (1993). "Folklore and Traditions". The Basque Country, Come and then pass the word (2nd ed.). Gobierno Vasco, Departamento de Comercio, Consuma, y Turismo. Viceconsejeria de Turismo. Retrieved 2006-04-17.
  5. Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, p. 31–35; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207; "Art". Bosnians, Their History and Culture. Archived from the original on February 16, 2006. Retrieved April 20, 2006.
  6. The novokomponovana narodna muzika style is clearly not folk music in a scholarly sense, but may be more loosely termed traditional
  7. Ritchie, pp. 49, 60, 79; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, "Music of the Regions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113; Sawyer, pp. 5, 14–15, 58, 133; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine; Winick, Steven D., "Brittany", in Mathieson, pp. 110–139; Ceolas; Winick, Stephen D. (Summer 1995). "Breton Folk Music, Breton Identity, And Alan Stivell's Again". Journal of American Folklore. 108 (429). Archived from the original on 6 March 2008. Retrieved 2006-04-17.
  8. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 84; Burton, Kim, "The Mystery Voice", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 36–45; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207; Vollan, Ståle Tvete (1999). Bulgarsk folkemusikk – musikktradisjon og feltarbeid (in Norwegian). Trondheim. Retrieved April 19, 2006.; "May It Fill Your Soul". Central Europe Review. Retrieved April 19, 2006.; "Bulgarian Folk Instruments". Lark in the Morning: A World of Music. Retrieved April 19, 2006.; "Bulgarian dances". Eliznik Romania. Retrieved April 19, 2006.; "Kopanica (Sopluk & Trakia, Bulgaria)". Dunav. Archived from the original on April 13, 2006. Retrieved April 19, 2006.
  9. Catalan folk music can be taken to not include the music of the Balearic Islands; however, for the purposes of this list, the islands are included with Catalonia; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Jan Fairley, "Music of the Regions" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 292–297; Stanley Sadie, ed. (1980). "Spain". The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. 20. London: Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56159-174-9.; Hobgoblin Info Source; "Report and Projects: Music in the Balearic and Pityusan Islands". Judith R.Cohen, Esperança Bonet Roig and Manel Frau. Archived from the original on August 30, 2006. Retrieved April 23, 2006.; "For Culture Lovers". FEVA. Archived from the original on November 15, 2004. Retrieved September 28, 2005.
  10. Johnson, Henry. Maintaining and Creating Heritage (PDF). Small Island Cultures Research Initiative. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-15. Retrieved 2006-04-29.
  11. Ritchie, p. 48; ; Sawyer, pp. 16–17; "Cornish Music". Real Cornwall. Archived from the original on September 24, 2006. Retrieved May 1, 2006.
  12. Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo" and "Toe Tapping Tamburicas", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 31–35 and 46–48; "Present". Folk Ensemble Filip Devic. Archived from the original on February 3, 2006. Retrieved May 5, 2006.; "The Moreska Dance". Korcula.net. Retrieved May 6, 2006.; "Croatia: A Diverse Culture". Footnotes (59). October 2000. Archived from the original on 2006-02-18. Retrieved 2006-05-06.
  13. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 49–57; "Folk Music". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on November 1, 2009. Retrieved June 13, 2006.
  14. Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 58–63
  15. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 207–210; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  16. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Ritchie, p. 73; Irwin, Colin, "England's Changing Roots", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 64–82; Kinney, pp. 156–163; Sawyer, pp. 5, 99–100; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  17. Nettl notes that broadside ballads were primarily a form of popular music, but that many such ballads entered the folk repertoire.
  18. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 16–24
  19. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "A New Pulse for the Pols", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 58–63
  20. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75, 87; Cronshaw, Andrew, "New Runes", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 91–102
  21. Rans, Paul, "Flemish, Walloon and Global Fusion", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 25–30
  22. Bloemendaal, Wim, "Tilting at Windmills" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 207–210
  23. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 102–106; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 189–201; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  24. Ritchie, pp. 51, 76; Jan Fairley, "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 292–297; Sawyer, pp. 5, 19; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  25. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75, 80; Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 114–125; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  26. Manuel, Popular Musics, pp. 127–132; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 92; Dubin, Marc and George Pissalidhes, "Songs of the Near East" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 126–142
  27. Bohlman, p. 199; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Broughton, Simon, "A Musical Mother Tongue" and "Taraf Traditions"in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 159–167 and 237–247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207; Kinney, pp. 190–192; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  28. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Waiting for the Thaw" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 168–169
  29. Ritchie, pp. 15–17, 32–33, 60, 67, 72, 74–75, 77, 80–81; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; O'Connor, Nuala, "Dancing at the Virtual Crossroads" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 170–188; Kinney, pp. 156–163; Sawyer, pp. 5, 7–10, 36–37, 55–56, 101–105, 111–112, 117–121, 172–176, 232–233
  30. The bouzouki is a relatively recent import that is often considered to not be a traditional instrument. O'Connor, however, acknowledges that though "it might seem odd", the bouzouki has "taken firm root" in traditional music.
  31. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 106–109; Krümm, Philippe and Jean-Pierre Rasle, and Alessio Surian, "Music of the Regions" and "Tenores and Tarantellas" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 103–113 and 189–201; Kinney, pp. 156–163; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  32. Cronshaw, "Singing Revolutions", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 16–24
  33. Ritchie, p. 43; Sawyer, pp. 5, 17–18
  34. Manuel, Popular Musics, pp. 137–139; Burton, Kim, "Tricky Rhythms" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 202–206
  35. Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 273–276
  36. Bohlman, p. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 211–218; Sawyers, pp. 79–81; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  37. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 91–92; Broughton, Simon, "Hanging on in the Highlands" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 219–224; Kinney, pp. 190–191; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  38. Manuel, Popular Musics, p. 115; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 225–236
  39. Manuel, Popular Musics, pp. 121, 165; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 115–116; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 49–57; Broughton, Simon, "Kings and Queens of the Road" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 146–158; Kinney, pp. 121–155; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  40. Broughton, Simon, "Taraf Traditions" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 237–247; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207
  41. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 87; Broughton, Simon and Tatiana Didenko, "Music of the People" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 248–254; Slobin, Mark, "Europe/Peasant Music-Cultures of Eastern Europe" in Worlds of Music, pp. 167–207
  42. Cronshaw, Andrew, "Joiks of the Tundra" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 255–260
  43. Ritchie, pp. 15–16, 18, 38–39, 40–41, 62, 66, 71–73, 80; Heywood, Pete and Colin Irwin, "From Strathspeys to Acid Croft" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 261–272; Kinney, pp. 156–163; Sawyer, pp. 5, 10–13, 36–37, 39, 80–82, 88–101, 113–116, 121–126, 131–133, 146, 162–164, 202
  44. Burton, Kim, "Sad Songs of Sarajevo", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 31–35; Burton, Kim, "Balkan Beats" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 273–276; Kinney, pp. 189–190
  45. narodna muzika and novokomponovana narodna muzika translate respectively as folk music and newly-composed folk music; Burton describes both terms as perhaps vague, referring sometimes to traditionally-styled music or outright modern, popular music, which would not qualify as true folk music under any common scholarly definition; Burton also notes that many novokomponovana narodna muzika songs reflect a more Bosnian character than Serbian or Montenegrin.
  46. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 91; Plocek, Jiri, "East Meets West", in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 49–57
  47. Burton, Kim, "The Sound of Austro-Slavs" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 277–278
  48. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 113–117; Cronshaw, Andrew and Paul Vernon, and Jan Fairley, "Traditional Riches, Fate and Revolution" and "A Tale of Celts and Islanders" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 225–236 and 292–297; Kinney, pp. 121–155; McKinney and Anderson, pp. 614–616; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  49. Bohlman, p. 210; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Cronshaw, Andrew, "Fjords and Fiddles" and "A Devil of a Polska" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 211–218 and 298–307; Kinney, pp. 156–163; World Music Central Archived 2006-02-07 at the Wayback Machine
  50. Hunt, Ken, "Kraut Kaunterblast" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 114–125; Kinney, pp. 156–163
  51. Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, p. 87; Kochan, Alexs and Julian Kytasty, "The Bandura Played On" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 308–312
  52. Ritchie, pp. 4, 44–46, 71; Nettl, Folk and Traditional Music, pp. 53–75; Price, William, "Harps, Bards and the Gwerin" in the Rough Guide to World Music, pp. 313–319; ; Sawyer, pp. 5, 13–14, 38–39

References
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