Lindley system

An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (Natural History, 1830).[1] This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813).[2] He developed this further over a number of publications, including the Nixus plantarum (1833)[3][4] and a second edition of Natural History (1836), in which he introduced the concept of a higher order of taxonomic rank, the Alliances, in which to embedded the Tribes (families).[5][6] He also expanded his ideas on Exogens in his entry of that name in the Penny Cyclopedia (1838).[7][8] In 1839 he revised his division of the plant kingdom into classes in an article in the Botanical Register.[9][10] Lindley's system culminated in the three editions of his Vegetable Kingdom (1846, 1847, 1853).[11][12][13]

The schema of the Natural History is shown on pages xxxv and xxxvii-xlviii.[14] In the Vegetable Kingdom,[13] the schema for the first edition is on pp. lv–lxviii. The third and final edition was published in 1853,[13] with the schema on p. lv.[15] Cross references from Natural History to Vegetable Kingdom in [Square brackets].

Summary

An Introduction to the Natural History of Botany (1830)
Schema p. xxxv,[16]
Outline p. xxxvii
Index p. 345
Genera organised into Orders (referred to as Tribes, in English)
  • Class I: Vasculares (Flowering plants) p. 1
  • Class II: Cellulares (Flowerless plants)
    • 1. Filicoideae
    • 2. Muscoideae
    • 3. Aphyllae
  • Index to Introduction to Natural History p. 345[17]

Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
Summary of previous systems p. xxxv (see Notes)
Schema for 1846 and 1853 p. lv[15]
Genera organised into Alliances and Orders

Flowerless plants (Asexual)

  • Class I: Thallogens
  • Class II: Acrogens

Flowering plants (Sexual)

  • Class III: Rhizogens
  • Class IV: Endogens
  • Class V: Dictyogens
  • Class VI: Gymnogens
  • Class VII: Exogens
  • Index to Vegetable Kingdom p. 833[18]

Natural History orders

165 orders (list p. 3)

Class I: Vasculares: Flowering plants

p. 1

Subclass I: Exogenae (Dicotyledons)

Subclass II: Endogenae (Monocotyledons)

Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants p. 251[19]

  • Tribe I Petaloideae 32 orders p. 252[20]

(May be Tripetaloideous, Hexapetaloideous or Spadiceous)[21]

Class II: Cellulares: Flowerless plants

p. 307

Vegetable Kingdom alliances and orders

Flowerless plants

p. 5

Class I: Thallogens

3 Alliances

Class II: Acrogens

3 Alliances p. 51

Flowering plants

Class III: Rhizogens

3 orders p. 83

Class IV: Endogens (Monocotyledons)

11 Alliances p. 95

Class V: Dictyogens

5 orders p. 211

Class VI: Gymnogens

4 orders p. 221

Class VII: Exogens

4 subclasses

  • Sub-class I: Diclinous Exogens 8 alliances p. 249
  • Sub-class II: Hypogynous Exogens 13 alliances p. 325
    • Alliance 26: Violales p. 325
  • Sub-class III: Perigynous Exogens 10 alliances p. 523
  • Sub-class IV: Epigynous Exogens 7 alliances p. 688

Notes

His final schemata is illustrated in the Vegetable Kingdom, his last work, on pages lv-lxvii.[27] In this work he also reviews all his previous publications relative to the many known systems published at that time.

References
  1. Lindley 1830.
  2. Lindley 1846, 1830 Lindley An Introduction &c.
  3. Lindley 1833.
  4. Lindley 1846, 1833 Lindley Nixus.
  5. Lindley 1836.
  6. Lindley 1846, 1836 Lindley A Natural System &c.
  7. Lindley 1838.
  8. Lindley 1846, 1838 Lindley Exogens.
  9. Lindley 1839.
  10. Lindley 1846, 1839 Lindley Botanical Register.
  11. Lindley 1846.
  12. Lindley 1847.
  13. Lindley 1853.
  14. Lindley 1830, Summary tables p. xxxvii .
  15. Lindley 1853, p. lv.
  16. Lindley 1830, General view .
  17. Lindley 1830, p. 345.
  18. Lindley 1853, p. 833.
  19. Lindley 1830, xlvi.
  20. Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. 252.
  21. Lindley 1830, Petaloideae p. xlvi.
  22. Lindley 1830, Tripetaloideae.
  23. Lindley 1830, Hexapetaloideae.
  24. Lindley 1830, Spadiceae.
  25. Lindley 1853, Order XLVI: Amaryllidaceae - Amaryllids p. 155
  26. Lindley 1853, Order LXII: Liliaceae - Lilyworts p. 200
  27. Lindley 1846, p. lv.

Bibliography
  • Lindley, John (1833). Nixus plantarum. London: Apud Ridgway et filios.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lindley, John (1838). "Exogens". The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. vol. X Ernesti–Frustum. London: Charles Knight. pp. 120–123.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  • Lindley, John (1839). "Primary Distribution of the Vegetable Garden". Botanical Register. xxv: 76–81.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)

Note: This is a selected list of the more influential systems. There are many other systems, for instance a review of earlier systems, published by Lindley in his 1853 edition, and Dahlgren (1982). Examples include the works of Scopoli, Ventenat, Batsch and Grisebach.

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