Leaders of the Central Powers of World War I
The leaders of the Central Powers of World War I were the political or military figures who commanded or supported the Central Powers during World War I.
The three emperors: Kaiser Wilhelm II, Mehmed V, Franz Joseph.
A postcard depicting the leaders of the Central Powers.
Austria-Hungary
- Franz Joseph I[1] − Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1848-1916)
- Karl I[2] − Emperor of Austria and Apostolic King of Hungary (1916-1918), Previously commanded Army Group Archduke Karl in 1916, Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1917-1918)
- Karl von Stürgkh − Minister-President of Austria (1911-1916)
- Ernest von Koerber − Ministers-President of Austria (1916)
- Heinrich Clam-Martinic − Ministers-President of Austria (1916-1917)
- Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg − Ministers-President of Austria (1917-1918)
- Max Hussarek von Heinlein − Ministers-President of Austria (1918)
- István Tisza[3] − Prime Minister of Hungary (1913-1917)
- Sándor Wekerle − Prime Minister of Hungary (1917-1918)
- Count Leopold Berchtold[4] − Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1912-1915)
- Stephan Burián von Rajecz - Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1915-1916, 1918)
- Ottokar Czernin - Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister (1916-1918)
- Alexander von Krobatin - Austro-Hungarian Minister of War (1912-1917), Commander of the South Tyrolean Army Group (1918)
- Rudolf Stöger-Steiner von Steinstätten - Austro-Hungarian Minister of War (1917-1918)
- Archduke Friedrich[5] − Supreme Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Army (1914-1917)
- Conrad von Hötzendorf[6] − Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff (1912-1917) and leader of several Army Groups throughout the war.
- Arthur Arz von Straußenburg[2] − Chief of the Austro-Hungarian General Staff (1917-1918)
- Svetozar Boroević[7] − Austro-Hungarian Field Marshal and commander of the 3rd Army (1914-1915) and then the 5th Army (1915-1918) which was later upgraded to Army Group Boroevic in 1917 which contained 2 armies.
- Oskar Potiorek - Governor of Boznia and Herzegovina and Commander of all Austro-Hungarian forces during the Serbian Campaign in 1914
- Liborius Ritter von Frank - Commanded the 5th Army in the Serbian Campaign (1914)
- Eduard von Böhm-Ermolli − Commanded the 2nd Army in the Serbian Campaign (1914) and the Eastern Front (1915-1918) and Army Group Böhm-Ermolli (1915-1916 & (1916-1918)
- Hermann Kövess von Kövessháza - Commander of the 3rd Army in the Serbian Campaign, particularly in the Kosovo Offensive, later the 7th Army and finally (ceremonially) Commander-in-chief (1918)
- Archduke Eugen of Austria - Commander of Army Group Archduke Eugen, in many battles on the Italian Front.
- Archduke Joseph August of Austria - Involved in the Galician campaign and later served on the Italian Front and went to command the South Tyrolean Army Group in 1918
- Viktor Dankl von Krasnik - Commander of the 1st Army in Galicia and during the Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive. Later made commander of the defense of Tyrol followed by command of the 11th Army
- Franz Rohr von Denta − Commander of the 10th (1916), 11th (1916-1917) and 1st Army (1917) on the Italian and Eastern front.
- Archduke Joseph Ferdinand of Austria − Commanded the 4th army (1914-1916) during the Brusilov Offensive, later became Inspector-General of the Imperial Air Force (1917-1918)
- Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin − Supreme Commander of Austro-Hungarian infantry in Albania (1917-1918), previously commanded the 7th Army (1915-1916)
- Viktor Graf von Scheuchenstuel − Corps Commander in serving in many different fronts, 11th Army (1917-1918)
- Józef Piłsudski − Commander of the Polish Legions
- Anton Haus[8] − Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1913-1917)
- Maximilian Njegovan[9] − Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1917-1918)
- Miklós Horthy[10] − Commander-in-Chief of the Austro-Hungarian Navy (1918)
- Milan Emil Uzelac − Commander of the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops
German Empire
- Wilhelm II[11] − German Emperor
- Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg[12] − Chancellor of the German Empire (1909-1917)
- Georg Michaelis - Chancellor of the German Empire (1917)
- Georg von Hertling − Chancellor of the German Empire (1917-1918)
- Max von Baden − Chancellor of the German Empire (1918)
- Gottlieb von Jagow − German Foreign Minister (1913-1916)
- Arthur Zimmermann[13] − German Foreign Minister (1916-1917)
- Richard von Kühlmann - German Foreign Minister (1917-1918)
- Paul von Hintze - German Foreign Minister (1918)
- Helmuth von Moltke[14] − Chief of the German General Staff (1906-1914)
- Erich von Falkenhayn[15] − Chief of the German General Staff (1914-1916) and commander in the First Battle of the Marne
- Paul von Hindenburg[16] − Chief of the German General Staff (1916-1918), previously Supreme Commander East (1914-1916) and commanded Army Group Hindenburg
- Erich Ludendorff[16] − Quartermaster General (Chief of Operations) of the German Army, previously Chief of Staff in the East (1914-1916)
- Leopold of Bavaria[17] − Commanded Army Group Prince Leopold of Bavaria before becoming Supreme Commander East (1916-1918)
- Max Hoffmann[18] − Chief of Staff in the East (1916-1918)
- Crown Prince Wilhelm - Commander of the 5th Army (1914-1916) and Army Group German Crown Prince (1915-1918)
- Ruprecht of Bavaria - Commander of the 6th Army (1914-1916) and Army Group Rupprecht of Bavaria (1916-1918)
- Albrecht von Württemberg - Commander of the 4th Army (1914-1916) and Army Group Duke Albrecht (1917-1918)
- August von Mackensen − Commanded the 9th Army (1914) before leading several Army Groups: Army Group Mackensen in Poland and the 11th Army (1915), Serbia (1915-1916) and Romania (1916-1918)
- Max von Gallwitz - Commanded the 12th and later 11th Army in the East, followed by the 2nd Army and Army Group Gallwitz-Somme in the West. Finally Army Group Gallwitz and the 5th Army (1918)
- Remus von Woyrsch - Commanded the Landwehr Corps (1914), followed by Armee-Abteilung Woyrsch (1914-1917) while also holding command of Army Group Woyrsch (1916-1917)
- Hermann von Eichhorn - Commander of the 10th Army (1915-1918) as well as Army Group Eichhorn (1916-1918). In 1918 he commanded Army Group Eichhorn-Kiev and became Military Governor of Ukraine
- Alexander von Linsingen - Commanded the South Army (1915) followed by Army of the Bug (1915-1918) while simultaneously in command of Army Group Linsingen (1916-1918)
- Otto von Below - Commanded the 8th Army (1914-1915) and Army of the Niemen (which was renamed the 8th Army) (1915-1916). Later Army Group Below in Salonika (1916-1917) followed by the 14th Army on the Italian Front
- Friedrich von Scholtz - Commander of the 8th Army (1915) and then led the mostly Bulgarian Army Group Scholtz (1917-1918)
- Max von Boehn - Commanded the 7th Army (1917-1918) and Army Group Boehn (1918)
- Karl von Einem − Commander of the 3rd Army (1914-1919)
- Alexander von Kluck - Commander of the 1st Army (1914-1915) and fought at the Battle of Mons, Le Cateau and Marne
- Karl von Bülow - Commander of the 2nd Army at the Battle of Liège and Siege of Namur and was blamed for the failure of capturing Paris in 1914
- Georg von der Marwitz[19] − Cavalry general who commanded the 2nd Army on the Western Front (1916-1918), followed by commanding the 5th Army at the end of the war in 1918
- Friedrich Sixt von Armin - Commanded the 4th Army (1917-1918) and commander-in-chief in the Flanders region, notably during the Battle of Passchendaele and the German Spring Offensive
- Ludwig von Falkenhausen - Commander of Armee-Abteilung Falkenhausen (1914-1916) and High Command of Coastal Defence (1916). Commanded the 6th Army (1916-1917) during the Battle of Arras and served as Governor of Belgium until the end of war
- Oskar von Hutier - Commanded the 8th Army in 1917, notably in Operation Albion. He led the newly created 18th Army in the Spring Offensive
- Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck − German Commander in the East Africa Campaign
- Victor Franke − German Commander in the South West Africa campaign
- Carl Heinrich Zimmermann − German Commander in the Kamerun Campaign
- Alfred von Tirpitz[20] − Grand Admiral and State Secretary of the German Imperial Naval Office (1897-1916)
- Friedrich von Ingenohl − Commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet (1913-1915)
- Hugo von Pohl − Commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet (1915-1916), previously Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1913-1915)
- Reinhard Scheer[21] − Commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet (1916-1918), notably at the Battle of Jutland. Later Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1918)
- Franz von Hipper − Commander of I Scouting Group and conducted several raids along the English coast, he became commander of the Imperial High Seas Fleet in 1918
- Henning von Holtzendorff − Chief of the Admiralty Staff (1915-1918) and a strong advocate of unrestricted submarine warfare
- Prince Henry of Prussia − Commander of the German Baltic Fleet (1914-1917)
- Alfred Meyer-Waldeck − Naval Commander in the Siege of Tsingtao
- Ernst von Hoeppner − Commanding General of the Imperial German Air Service
Ottoman Empire
- Mehmed V[22] − Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1909-1918)
- Mehmed VI - Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1918-1922)
- Said Halim Pasha[23] − Ottoman Grand Vizier (1913-1917)
- Enver Pasha[24] − Commander-in-Chief of the Ottoman Army, Minister of War and one of the Three Pashas
- Fritz Bronsart von Schellendorf[25] − Chief of the Ottoman General Staff and part of the German military mission to the Ottoman Empire
- Djemal Pasha[26] − Commander of the Fourth Army in Syria (1914-1917), Minister of the Navy and one of the Three Pashas
- Talaat Pasha − Ottoman Grand Vizier (1917-1918), Minister of Finance, Minister of Interior and one of the Three Pashas
- Ahmed Izzet Pasha − Commander of the Second Army (1916-1917), the Caucasus Army Group (1917) and finally Grand Vizier and Minister of War (1918)
- Otto Liman von Sanders - German Commander of the Fifth Army (1915-1918), notably during the Gallipoli Campaign. Later commander of the Yildirim Army Group in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1918)
- Mustafa Kemal Pasha[27] − Notable for his contribution to the Gallipoli Campaign, later commanded the XVI Corps (1915-1916) followed by command of the Second Army (1917) and Seventh Army (1917 & 1918)
- Fevzi Pasha[28] − Commander of several Army Corps and the Second Army. Finally commanded the Seventh Army in Palestine (1917-1918)
- Friedrich Kress von Kressenstein - German commander notably for his actions in the First, Second and Third Battle of Gaza. Later participated in the Caucasus Campaign (1918)
- Mehmet Esat Pasha − Commander of the III Corps who organized the defenses at Gallipoli. Later became commander of the First Army (1915-1918)
- Wehib Pasha − Commander of the Second Army (1914-1916), Third Army (1916-1918) and finally the Eastern Army Group (1918) in the Caucasus Campaign
- Erich von Falkenhayn - Previously the German Chief of Staff, first commander of the Yildirim Army Group (1917-1918)
- Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz - German Commander of the Sixth Army in the Mesopotamian campaign (1915-1916)
- Hafiz Hakki Pasha − Commander of the Third Army, notably at the Battle of Sarikamish (1915)
- Abdul Kerim Pasha − Commander of the Third Army, notably in the Battle of Kara Killisse and the Erzurum Offensive (1915-1916). Later commander of the XX Corps on the Salonika Front
- Halil Pasha - Commander of the Sixth Army in the Mesopotamian and Persian Campaign (1916-1918). Later commanded the Eastern Army Group (1918)
- Nuri Pasha - Commander of the Africa Groups Command and later the Ottoman-Azerbaijani Islamic Army of the Caucasus, notably in the Battle of Baku (1918)
- Yakup Şevki Pasha − Commander of the XV Corps on the Eastern Front in Galicia (1916)
- Mustafa Hilmi Pasha − Commander of the VI Corps in the Romanian Campaign (1916-1918)
- Jaafar Pasha - Commander during the Senussi Campaign
- Cevat Pasha − Commander of the Dardanelles Fortified Area Command (1914-1915). Later commander of the XV Corps in Galicia (1916-1917)
- Nureddin Pasha − Commander of the Iraq Area Command
- Osman Fuad − Commander of the Africa Groups Command
- Fakhri Pasha − Commander of the Hejaz Expeditionary Force (1916-1919)
- Wilhelm Souchon[29] − German Naval Commander in the Ottoman Empire in the Black Sea, notable for launching the Black Sea Raid in 1914
Kingdom of Bulgaria
- Ferdinand I[30] − Tsar of Bulgaria
- Vasil Radoslavov[31] − Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1913-1918)
- Aleksandar Malinov − Prime Minister of Bulgaria (1918)
- Kalin Naidenov − Minister of War (1915-1918)
- Sava Savov − Minister of War (1918)
- Nikola Zhekov[32] − Commander-in-Chief of the Bulgarian Army (1915-1918)
- Georgi Todorov − Commander of the Second Army (1915-1917), Third Army in the Romanian Campaign and Deputy Commander-in-Chief after the illness of Nikola Zhekov, 1918
- Konstantin Zhostov − Chief of the Bulgarian General Staff (1915-1916)
- Ivan Lukov − Chief of the Bulgarian General Staff (1916-1917) and Commander of the Second Army (1917-1918)
- Hristo Burmov − Chief of the Bulgarian General Staff (1918)
- Kliment Boyadzhiev − Commander of the First Army during the Serbian Campaign (1915-1916)
- Dimitar Geshov − Commander of the First Army in several battles on the Salonika Front (1916-1918)
- Stefan Toshev − Commander of the Third Army during the Romanian Campaign (1916) and later became Governor of Macedonia
- Stefan Nerezov − Commander of the Third Army (1916-1917), Morava Army Region in occupied Serbia (1917) and First Army (1918)
- Vladimir Vazov − Bulgarian Lieutenant General notable for his defenses against the British in the Second and Third Battles of Doiran
- Panteley Kiselov − Bulgarian General notable for his role in the decisive Battle of Turtucaia in the Romanian Campaign
- Ivan Kolev − Bulgarian Lieutenant General notable for his very effective cavalry tactics used in the Romanian Campaign
Co-belligerents
Sultanate of Darfur
- Ali Dinar − Sultan of Darfur
- Ramadan Ali − Commander-in-Chief of the Fur Army
South African Republic
- Manie Maritz − Boer General and leader of the Maritz Rebellion
Dervish State
- Mohammed Abdullah Hassan − Leader of the Dervish State
Senussi
- Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi − Leader of the Senussi from 1902-1933
Emirate of Jabal Shammar
- Saud bin Abdulaziz[33] − Emir of Jabal Shammar
Client states
Azerbaijan
- Fatali Khan Khoyski − Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (1918-1919)
- Khosrov bey Sultanov − Minister of Defense
- Ali-Agha Shikhlinski − Azerbaijani General during the Battle of Baku
Ukraine
- Pavlo Skoropadskyi − Hetman of Ukraine (1918)
See also
Notes
- Hart 2013, p. 9
- Hart 2013, p. 299
- "István, Count Tisza". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- "Leopold, count von Berchtold". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Jewison, Glenn; Steiner, Jörg C. "Erzherzog Friedrich". Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Hart 2013, p. 15
- Jewison, Glenn; Steiner, Jörg C. "Svetozar Boroević von Bojna". Austro-Hungarian Land Forces 1848-1918. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Who's Who - Anton Haus". First World War.com. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Duffy, Michael (22 August 2009). "Who's Who - Maximilian Njegovan". First World War.com. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- "Miklós Horthy". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2015. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
- Hart 2013, p. 2
- Hart 2013, p. 26
- Hart 2013, p. 308
- Hart 2013, p. 14
- Hart 2013, p. 67
- Hart 2013, p. 231
- Hart 2013, p. 248
- Hart 2013, p. 85
- Hart 2013, p. 374
- Hart 2013, p. 95
- Hart 2013, p. 250
- Hart 2013, p. 168
- "Said Halim Paşa". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- "Enver Paşa". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 3 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- Hindley, Meredith (14 April 1997). "Review of: Dadrian, Vahakn N.: German Responsibility in the Armenian Genocide. A Review of the Historical Evidence of German Complicity. Watertown 1996". H-Soz-u-Kult. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- Manoukian, Jennifer (16 April 2014). "An Encounter with Djemal Pasha". The Armenian Weekly. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- Hart 2013, p. 171
- "Fevzi Çakmak". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 23 September 2014. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- Hart 2013, p. 167
- "Ferdinand". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- "Bulgaria". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- Duffy, Michael (22 September 2009). "Who's Who - Nikola Zhekov". First World War.com. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
- Glubb, John Bagot (1 April 2014). "Ibn Sa'ud". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 30 January 2015.
References
- Hart, Peter (2013). The Great War. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199976270.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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