Large Millimeter Telescope

The Large Millimeter Telescope (LMT) (Spanish: Gran Telescopio Milimétrico, or GTM) -officially Large Milimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano (Spanish: Gran Telescopio Milimétrico Alfonso Serrano)- is the world's largest single-aperture telescope in its frequency range, built for observing radio waves in the wave lengths from approximately 0.85 to 4 mm. It has an active surface with a diameter of 50 metres (160 ft) and 1,960 square metres (21,100 sq ft) of collecting area.[1]

Location of the LMT.

Large Millimeter Telescope
Alternative namesLMT
Part ofEvent Horizon Telescope 
Location(s)Sierra Negra
Coordinates18°59′09″N 97°18′53″W
OrganizationNational Institute of Astrophysics
University of Massachusetts Amherst 
Altitude4,640 m (15,220 ft)
Built2001 –2010  (2001 –2010 )
First light17 June 2011 
Telescope styleCassegrain reflecting telescope
radio telescope 
Diameter50 m (164 ft 1 in)
Secondary diameter2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)
Collecting area1,960 m2 (21,100 sq ft)
Focal length525 m (1,722 ft 5 in)
Mountingaltazimuth mount 
Websitewww.lmtgtm.org
Location of Large Millimeter Telescope
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It is located at an altitude of 4850 meters on top of the Sierra Negra, the fifth highest peak in Mexico and an extinct volcanic companion to Mexico's highest mountain, the Pico de Orizaba, inside the National Park Pico de Orizaba in the state of Puebla. It is a binational Mexican (80%) – American (20%) joint project of the Instituto Nacional de Astrofísica, Óptica y Electrónica (INAOE) and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

Millimetre wavelength observations using the LMT will give astronomers a view of regions which are obscured by dust in the interstellar medium, thus increasing our knowledge about star formation. The telescope is also particularly fitted for observing solar system planetesimals and planets and extra-solar protoplanetary disks which are relatively cold and emit most of their radiation at millimetre wavelengths.[2]

The mission of the LMT is: 1) pursuing pioneering research, 2) train the future generations of scientists and engineers and 3) develop new technology for the benefit of society.[3] The LMT mainly studies thermally cold objects, most of them associated to large amounts of cosmic dust and/or molecular gas. Among the objects of interest are: comets, planets, protoplanetary discs, evolved stars, star-forming regions and galaxies, molecular clouds, active galactic nuclei (AGNs), high-redshift galaxies, clusters of galaxies and the cosmic microwave background.[4]

The LMT is a bent Cassegrain optical system with a 50m-diameter reflecting primary surface (M1) formed by 180 segments, these are distributed in five concentric rings. The number of segments in the rings, from the center of the dish to the outside are: 12, 24 and 48 in the three outermost rings. Each segment is connected to the structure of the telescope through four actuators, allowing to have an active reflecting primary surface. As well, each segment is formed by eight precision electro-formed nickel sub-panels. The reflecting secondary surface (M2) has a 2.6m diameter, also built by nine electro-formed nickel sub-panels, and is attached to the telescope with an active hexapod that allows precise focus, lateral offsets and tilts. The hexapod is attached to the telescope through a metal tetrapod. Finally, the reflecting tertiary surface (M3) is almost flat, elliptical with a 1.6m major axis and delivers the light beam to the receivers.[5]

History

INAOE and UMass-Amherst signed the agreement to develop the Large Millimeter Telescope project on 17 November 1994, but construction of the telescope did not begin until 1998.[6][7] The first observations were taken on June 2011 at 1.1 and 3 mm using the AzTEC camera and Redshift Search Receiver (RSR), respectively.[8] On May 2013, the Early Science phase began, producing over a dozen scientific articles. The official name of the LMT was changed to "Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano" on 22 October 2012 in order to honor the initiator of the project, Alfonso Serrano Pérez-Grovas.

Instrumentation

The set of LMT instrumentation is built by heterodyne receivers and broad-band continuum cameras, some of them still under development.

Hetherodyne receivers

SEQUOIA operates in the range 85–116 GHz band using a cryogenic focal-plane array of 32 pixels arranged in dual-polarized 4×4 arrays feed by square horns separated by 2*f*λ. The arrays are cooled to 18K and use low-noise Indium Phosphide (InP) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) preamplifiers designed at UMass to provide a characteristic receiver noise of 55K in the range 85–107 GHz, increasing to 90K at 116 GHz.

A novel MMIC-based receiver designed to maximize the instantaneous receiver bandwidth to cover the 90 GHz atmospheric window from 75 to 110 GHz in a single tuning. The receiver has four pixels arranged in a dual-beam and dual polarized configuration. Orthogonal polarizations are combined in waveguide-based orthomode transducers. Beam-switching at 1 kHz on the sky is achieved using a fast Faraday rotation polarization switch and a wire-grid to interchange the reflected and transmitted beams to each receiver. This ultra-wide-band receiver typically achieves noise temperatures < 50K between 75–110 GHz. The Redshift Search Receiver has exceptional baseline stability because it does not involve mechanical moving parts, therefore being well-suited to the detection of redshifted transitions of the CO ladder from star-forming galaxies at cosmological distances. An innovative wide-band analog autocorrelator system which covers the full 38 GHz with 31 MHz (100 km/s at 90 GHz) resolution serves as the backed spectrometer.

Broad-band continuum

AzTEC millimeter camera developed to operate at 1.1mm. It is formed by a 144 silicon nitride micromesh bolometer array arranged in a compact hexagonal package and fed by an array of horns separated by 1.4 fλ. The detectors are cooled down to ~250 mK inside a 3He closed-cycle cryostat, achieving a ~3 mJy Hz-1/2 pixel sensibility. AzTEC field of view at the LMT is 2.4 arcminutes square and manages to take completely sampled images through telescope or reflecting secondary surface movements.

Future instruments

TolTEC will be a high-speed, high-sensitivity polarimetry camera for the LMT. It will image the sky at three (1.1, 1.4 and 2.1 millimeter) bands at the same time. It is built using 7000 polarization-sensitive kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs), therefore each TolTEC observation will produce six images simultaneously, one at each band and each polarization. TolTEC's cases of study are: cosmology and physics of clusters, galactic evolution and star-formation along the history of the Universe, the relation between the star-forming process and the molecular clouds and small bodies of the Solar System.

References
  1. "LMT – Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano". www.lmtgtm.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  2. "Mexico's Large Millimeter Telescope Opens for Business". Science | AAAS. 8 May 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  3. "LMT – Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano". www.lmtgtm.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  4. "LMT – Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano". www.lmtgtm.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  5. "LMT – Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano". www.lmtgtm.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  6. Paz, Susana. "El Gran Telescopio Milimétrico observa el universo desde Puebla". México Ciencia y Tecnología (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  7. "Ground-Breaking Set for UMass Amherst-Mexico Large Millimeter Telescope". Office of News & Media Relations | UMass Amherst. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  8. "UMass Amherst Astronomers, Partnering With Mexican Institute Receive First Light Data from Giant New Telescope". Office of News & Media Relations | UMass Amherst. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  9. "LMT – Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano". www.lmtgtm.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  10. "REDSHIFT". daisy.astro.umass.edu. Archived from the original on 23 May 2017. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  11. "LMT – Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano". www.lmtgtm.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  12. "UMass Astronomy – AzTEC". daisy.astro.umass.edu. Archived from the original on 11 September 2016. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  13. "LMT – Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano". www.lmtgtm.org. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  14. "The TolTEC Camera". toltec.astro.umass.edu. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
  15. "UMass Amherst Leads International Astronomical Camera Project". Office of News & Media Relations | UMass Amherst. Retrieved 12 June 2017.
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