John Haynes Holmes

John Haynes Holmes (November 29, 1879 – April 3, 1964) was a prominent Unitarian minister, pacifist, and co-founder of the NAACP and the ACLU. He is noted for his anti-war activism.

John Haynes Holmes
President of the American Civil Liberties Union
In office
1940–1950
Preceded byHarry F. Ward
Succeeded byErnest Angell
Personal details
Born(1879-11-29)November 29, 1879
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.
DiedApril 3, 1964(1964-04-03) (aged 84)
Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Spouse(s)
Madeleine Baker
(m. 1904)
RelationsNewland H. Holmes (cousin)
Children2
Alma materHarvard University
Harvard Divinity School

Early life

He was born in Philadelphia on November 29, 1879, a descendant of John Holmes of Colchester, Essex, a Messenger of the General Court of Plymouth Colony and the executioner of Thomas Granger. Newland H. Holmes, President of the Massachusetts Senate, was his cousin.

He attended public schools of Malden, a suburb of Boston, and studied at Harvard, graduating in 1902, then attended Harvard Divinity School, from which he graduated in 1904 and was immediately called to his first church in Dorchester, Massachusetts.

Career

In 1907 he was called to the Church of the Messiah (Unitarian) in New York City and served as its Senior Minister until 1918, when he left the American Unitarian Association (AUA) because of differences over its policy towards World War I, but continued to preach there. Shortly after that, his church became non-denominational and renamed itself the "Community Church of New York". Members of the church, however, insisted that the church retain its AUA membership. Despite that, he became the Senior Minister there again and served until his retirement in 1949, when he became Minister Emeritus. He rejoined the AUA in 1960, just before the Unitarian and Universalist churches merged and he was featured in the last AUA yearbook published before the merger.

On May 25, 1919, Holmes was one of the speakers at a rally held in Madison Square Gardens, which demanded the end of US government support for the White forces against the Red forces in Russia.[1]

He engaged in interfaith efforts, working closely with Rabbi Stephen Samuel Wise of New York.[2] The book Rabbi and Minister details this friendship and their working relationship on social, religious and political causes. Holmes was also among the leading American Christian supporters of Zionism in the 1930s. He was a leading member of the Pro-Palestine Federation, which called on the British government to keep Palestine open to Jewish immigrants fleeing persecution in Europe. At the same time, Holmes favored cultural forms of Zionism that stopped short of calling for Jewish statehood.[3] He also publicized the work of Gandhi, from his pulpit, and describes his meetings and interactions with the Mahatma in his book My Gandhi. Later, He was a recipient of the Gandhi Peace Award.

Although primarily a minister, he helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) in 1909, and the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 1920, serving as its chairman from 1940 to 1950, after the resignation of Harry F. Ward.[4] He was succeeded as ACLU Chairman by Ernest Angell.[5]

His varied pursuits included authoring several books, hymns, and a play, If This Be Treason, which had a brief run on Broadway. He was also a popular lecturer and debater. For example, Holmes argued in favor of Prohibition in a public debate with Clarence Darrow.

Opposition from Dr. Seuss

There was an outcry after a cartoon by Theodor Geisel (better known as Dr. Seuss) mocking Holmes was published in the New York newspaper PM on January 13, 1942. Geisel responded January 21, 1942 (ellipses in original):

In response to the letters defending John Haynes Holmes ... sure, I believe in love, brotherhood and a cooing white pigeon on every man's roof. I even think it's nice to have pacifists and strawberry festivals ... in between wars.

But right now, when the Japs are planting their hatchets in our skulls, it seem like a hell of a time for us to smile and warble: 'Brothers!' It is a rather flabby battlecry.

If we want to win, we've got to kill Japs, whether it depresses John Haynes Holmes or not. We can get palsy-walsy afterward with those that are left.[6]

Holmes' stand as a pacifist in both world wars was neither popular nor easy. He faced expulsion from his denomination during World War I if he did not disavow his pacifist views; he resigned his membership in the American Unitarian Association as a result, and the split was not healed for decades. Geisel's criticism is an example of the scorn and ridicule Holmes faced as a result of his strong views, which he vigorously defended.

Personal life

In 1904, he married Madeleine Hosmer Baker. They had two children, Roger Holmes (who became a professor at Mount Holyoke College) and Frances Holmes (who married Morris L. Brown).[7]

His wife died in 1961 and he died on April 3, 1964, aged eighty-four, at his home at 10 Park Avenue in New York City.[7] His funeral, held at the Community Church at 40 East 35th Street, was conducted by his successor, the Rev. Dr. Donald S. Harrington, and attended by 1,200 "friends and admirers."[8]

Works
  • Is Death the End? (1915)
  • New Wars for Old (1916)
  • Palestine To-Day and To-Morrow: A Gentile's Survey of Zionism. (1929)
  • A Sensible Man's View of Religion. (1932)
  • Is Suicide Justifiable?, John Day (1934)
  • The Affirmation of Immortality. (1947)
  • My Gandhi. (1953)
  • I Speak for Myself. (1959)

References
  1. "Bolshevists Win Cheers In Garden" - The Sun (New York newspaper). May 26, 1919, p.20. viewable thru fultonhistory.com
  2. "John Haynes Holmes" (PDF). The New York Times. 4 April 1964. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  3. Walker Robins (2018). "Cultural Zionism and Binationalism Among American Liberal Protestants". Israel Studies. 23 (2): 142–167. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.23.2.07. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.23.2.07.
  4. "40th Anniversary Issue" (PDF). ACLU San Diego.
  5. "Lawyer Named Chairman Of Civil Liberties Union" (PDF). The New York Times. 14 June 1950. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  6. Richard H. Minear, "Dr. Seuss Goes to War."
  7. "DR. HOLMES DIES; CRUSADING CLERIC; Reformer Here for 60 Years Sparked Seabury Inquiry" (PDF). The New York Times. 4 April 1964. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
  8. "DR. HOLMES RITES ATTENDED BY 1,200 Clergyman is Eulogized at His Community Church" (PDF). The New York Times. 6 April 1964. Retrieved 26 August 2019.
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