Jim Jones

Jones's first church in Indianapolis, Indiana

In 1951, 20-year-old Jones began attending gatherings of the Communist Party USA in Indianapolis.[15] He became flustered with harassment during the McCarthy Hearings,[15] particularly regarding an event that he attended with his mother focusing on Paul Robeson, after which she was harassed by the FBI in front of her co-workers for attending.[16] He also became frustrated with the persecution of open and accused communists in the United States, especially during the trial of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.[17] Jones said he asked himself, "How can I demonstrate my Marxism? The thought was, infiltrate the church."[15][16]

Jones was surprised when a Methodist district superintendent helped him get a start in the church, even though he knew Jones to be a communist.[17] In 1952, he became a student pastor at the Sommerset Southside Methodist Church, but later claimed he left the church because its leaders forbade him from integrating blacks into his congregation.[15] Around this time, Jones witnessed a faith-healing service at a Seventh Day Baptist Church.[15] He observed that it attracted people and their money, and he concluded that he could accomplish his social goals with financial resources from such services.[15]

Jones organized a mammoth religious convention to take place June 11–15, 1956 in Cadle Tabernacle. Needing a well-known religious figure to draw crowds, he arranged to share the pulpit with Rev. William M. Branham, a healing evangelist and religious author who was as highly revered as Oral Roberts.[6] Jones was able to begin his own church after the convention, which had various names until it became the Peoples Temple Christian Church Full Gospel.[15] The Peoples Temple was initially an interracial mission.

Jones was known to regularly study Adolf Hitler and Father Divine to learn how to manipulate members of the cult. Divine told Jones personally to "find an enemy" and "to make sure they know who the enemy is" as it will unify those in the group and make them subservient to him.[18]

Jones receives a Martin Luther King, Jr. Humanitarian award from Pastor Cecil Williams, 1977

The New York Times reported that, in 1953:[19]

[D]eclaring that he was outraged at what he perceived as racial discrimination in his white congregation, Mr. Jones established his own church and pointedly opened it to all ethnic groups. To raise money, he imported monkeys and sold them door to door as pets.

In 1960, Indianapolis Mayor Charles Boswell appointed Jones director of the local Human Rights Commission.[20] Jones ignored Boswell's advice to keep a low profile, however, finding new outlets for his views on local radio and television programs.[20] The mayor and other commissioners asked him to curtail his public actions, but he resisted. He was wildly cheered at a meeting of the NAACP and Urban League when he yelled for his audience to be more militant, and then climaxed with, "Let my people go!"[21]

During this time, Jones also helped to racially integrate churches, restaurants, the telephone company, the Indianapolis Police Department, a theater, an amusement park, and the Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital.[15] Swastikas were painted on the homes of two black families, and Jones walked through the neighborhood comforting local black people and counseling white families not to move.[22] He set up sting operations to catch restaurants refusing to serve black customers[22] and wrote to American Nazi leaders, passing their responses to the media.[23] He was accidentally placed in the black ward of a hospital after a collapse in 1961, but refused to be moved; he began to make the beds and empty the bedpans of black patients. Political pressures resulting from Jones' actions caused hospital officials to desegregate the wards.[24]

Jones received considerable criticism in Indiana for his integrationist views.[15] Likewise, white-owned businesses and locals were critical of him.[22] A swastika was placed on the Temple, a stick of dynamite was left in a Temple coal pile, and a dead cat was thrown at Jones' house after a threatening phone call.[23] Other incidents occurred, but one could theorize that Jones himself was involved in at least some of them.[23]

Jones and his wife adopted several non-white children, referring to the household as his "rainbow family,"[25] and stating: "Integration is a more personal thing with me now. It's a question of my son's future."[11] He also portrayed the Temple as a "rainbow family."

In 1954, he and his wife adopted Agnes, who was part Native American.[11][15][26]

The couple adopted three Korean-American children named Lew, Stephanie, and Suzanne, the latter of whom was adopted at age six in 1959.[26] Jones encouraged Temple members to adopt orphans from war-ravaged Korea.[27] He was also critical of U.S. opposition to communist leader Kim Il-sung's 1950 invasion of South Korea, calling it the "war of liberation" and stating that South Korea "is a living example of all that socialism in the north has overcome."[16]

In June 1959 the couple had their only biological child, naming him Stephan Gandhi.[15] In 1961, they became the first white couple in Indiana to adopt a black child.[28] They also adopted a white son, originally named Timothy Glen Tupper (shortened to Tim),[15] whose birth mother was a member of the Peoples Temple.[11]

Belo Horizonte

Rio de Janeiro

Jones's Brazilian locations

Jones traveled with his family to Belo Horizonte, Brazil with the idea of setting up a new Temple location, after preaching at the Temple about the fears of a nuclear holocaust and reading an article in the January 1962 issue of Esquire Magazine which listed the city as a safe place in nuclear war.[29] On his way to Brazil, he made his first trip to Guyana, a British colony at the time.[30]

The family rented a modest three-bedroom home in Belo Horizonte.[31] Jones studied the local economy and receptiveness of racial minorities to his message, although language remained a barrier.[32] He also explored local Brazilian syncretistic religions.[33] Careful not to portray himself as a communist in a foreign territory, he spoke of an apostolic communal lifestyle rather than of Castro or Marx.[34] Ultimately, the lack of resources in the locale led the family to move to Rio de Janeiro in mid-1963[35] where they worked with the poor in the slums.[35]

Jones became plagued by guilt for leaving behind the Indiana civil-rights struggle and possibly losing what he had tried to build there.[35] His associate preachers in Indiana told him the Temple was about to collapse without him, so he returned.[36]

Los Angeles

San Francisco

Ukiah

Bakersfield

Fresno

Sacramento

Santa Rosa

Some of the Peoples Temple's California locations

Jones returned from Brazil in December 1963[37] and told his Indiana congregation that the world would be engulfed by nuclear war on July 15, 1967, leading to a new socialist Eden on Earth, and that the Temple had to move to Northern California for safety.[15][38] Accordingly, the Temple began moving to Redwood Valley, California, near the city of Ukiah.[15]

According to religious studies professor Catherine Wessinger, Jones always spoke of the Social Gospel's virtues, but he chose to conceal that his gospel was actually communism until the late 1960s.[15] By that time, he began partially revealing the details of his "Apostolic Socialism" concept in Temple sermons.[15] He also taught that "those who remained drugged with the opiate of religion had to be brought to enlightenment—socialism."[39] He often mixed these ideas, such as preaching:[40]

If you're born in capitalist America, racist America, fascist America, then you're born in sin. But if you're born in socialism, you're not born in sin.

By the early 1970s, Jones began deriding Christianity as "fly away religion," rejecting the Bible as being a tool to oppress women and non-whites, and denouncing a "Sky God" who was no God at all.[15] He wrote a booklet titled "The Letter Killeth", criticizing the King James Bible.[41] Jones also began preaching that he was the reincarnation of Gandhi, Father Divine, Jesus, Gautama Buddha, and Vladimir Lenin. Former Temple member Hue Fortson, Jr. quoted him as saying:[11]

What you need to believe in is what you can see.… If you see me as your friend, I'll be your friend. As you see me as your father, I'll be your father, for those of you that don't have a father.… If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God.

In a 1976 phone conversation with John Maher, Jones alternately said he was an agnostic and an atheist.[42] Marceline Jones admitted in a 1977 New York Times interview that Jones was trying to promote Marxism in the U.S. by mobilizing people through religion, citing Mao as his inspiration: "Jim used religion to try to get some people out of the opiate of religion."[38] He had slammed the Bible on the table yelling "I've got to destroy this paper idol!"[38] In one sermon, Jones said:[43]

You're gonna help yourself, or you'll get no help! There's only one hope of glory; that's within you! Nobody's gonna come out of the sky! There's no heaven up there! We'll have to make heaven down here!

Peoples Temple members attend an anti-eviction rally at the International Hotel, San Francisco, in January 1977

Within five years of moving to California, the Temple experienced a period of exponential growth and opened branches in cities including San Fernando, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. By the early 1970s, Jones began shifting his focus to major cities because of limited expansion opportunities in Ukiah, California. He eventually moved the Temple's headquarters to San Francisco, which was a major center for radical protest movements, where both Jones and the Temple became influential in San Francisco politics, culminating in the Temple's instrumental role in George Moscone's mayoral victory in 1975. Moscone subsequently appointed Jones as the chairman of the San Francisco Housing Authority Commission.[11]

Jones was able to gain contact with prominent politicians at the local and national level. For example, he and Moscone met privately with vice presidential candidate Walter Mondale on his campaign plane days before the 1976 election, leading Mondale to publicly praise the Temple.[44][45] First Lady Rosalynn Carter also met with Jones on multiple occasions, corresponded with him about Cuba, and spoke with him at the grand opening of the San Francisco headquarters—where he received louder applause than she did.[44][46][47]

In September 1976, California assemblyman Willie Brown served as master of ceremonies at a large testimonial dinner for Jones attended by Governor Jerry Brown and Lieutenant Governor Mervyn Dymally.[48] At that dinner, Brown touted Jones as "what you should see every day when you look in the mirror" and said he was a combination of Martin Luther King, Jr., Angela Davis, Albert Einstein, and Mao Tse-tung.[49] Harvey Milk spoke to audiences during political rallies held at the Temple,[50] and he wrote to Jones after one such visit:[51][52]

Rev Jim, It may take me many a day to come back down from the high that I reach today. I found something dear today. I found a sense of being that makes up for all the hours and energy placed in a fight. I found what you wanted me to find. I shall be back. For I can never leave.

Jones hosted local political figures at his San Francisco apartment for discussions, including Angela Davis.[53] He spoke with publisher Carlton Goodlett of the San Francisco Sun-Reporter about his remorse over not being able to travel to socialist countries such as the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, speculating that he could be Chief Dairyman of the U.S.S.R.[54] His criticisms led to increased tensions with the Nation of Islam, so Jones spoke at a huge rally in the Los Angeles Convention Center that was attended by many of his closest political acquaintances, hoping to close the rift between the two groups.[55]

Jones also forged alliances with key columnists and others at the San Francisco Chronicle and other press outlets,[56] although the move to San Francisco also brought increasing media scrutiny. Encountering resistance to publishing an exposé, Chronicle reporter Marshall Kilduff brought his story to New West magazine.[57] In the summer of 1977, Jones and several hundred Temple members abruptly decided to move to the Temple's compound in Guyana after they learned the contents of Kilduff's article, which included allegations by former Temple members that they were physically, emotionally, and sexually abused.[47][58]

Jones named the settlement "Jonestown" after himself.

Jones claimed he was the biological father of child John Victor Stoen, though the birth certificate listed Temple attorney Timothy Stoen and his wife Grace as the parents of the child.[65] The Temple repeatedly claimed that Jones fathered the child in 1971 when Stoen had requested that Jones have sex with Grace to keep her from defecting.[66] Grace left the Temple in 1976 and began divorce proceedings the following year. Jones ordered Tim to take the boy to Guyana in February 1977 in order to avoid a custody dispute with Grace.[67] After Tim, himself, defected in June 1977, the Temple kept John Stoen in Jonestown.[68] He also fathered Jim Jon (Kimo) with Temple member Carolyn Louise Moore Layton.[69]

Rev. Cecil Williams and Jones protest evictions at the International Hotel in San Francisco, January 1977

In the autumn of 1977, Tim Stoen and others who had left the Temple formed a "Concerned Relatives" group because they had family members in Jonestown.[70] Stoen traveled to Washington, D.C. in January 1978 to visit with State Department officials and members of Congress, and he wrote a white paper detailing his grievances against Jones and the Temple.[71] His efforts aroused the curiosity of California Congressman Leo Ryan, who wrote a letter on Stoen's behalf to Guyanese Prime Minister Forbes Burnham.[72] The Concerned Relatives also began a legal battle with the Temple over the custody of Stoen's son, John.[73]

Most of Jones's political allies broke ties after his departure,[74] though some did not. Willie Brown spoke out against enemies at a rally that was attended by Harvey Milk and Assemblyman Art Agnos.[75] On February 19, 1978, Milk wrote a letter to President Jimmy Carter defending Jones as "a man of the highest character," and he claimed that escaped Temple members were trying to "damage Rev. Jones's reputation" with "apparent bold-faced lies."[76] Moscone's office issued a press release saying Jones had broken no laws.[77]

On April 11, 1978, the Concerned Relatives distributed a packet of documents, letters, and affidavits to the Peoples Temple, members of the press, and members of Congress which they titled an "Accusation of Human Rights Violations by Rev. James Warren Jones."[78] In June 1978, escaped Temple member Deborah Layton provided the group with a further affidavit detailing crimes by the Temple and substandard living conditions in Jonestown.[79]

Jones was facing increasing scrutiny in the summer of 1978 when he hired JFK assassination conspiracy theorists Mark Lane and Donald Freed to help make the case of a "grand conspiracy" against the Temple by U.S. intelligence agencies. Jones told Lane that he wanted to "pull an Eldridge Cleaver," referring to a fugitive member of the Black Panthers who was able to return to the U.S. after repairing his reputation.[80]

As members of the delegation boarded two planes at the airstrip, Jones's armed guards, called the "Red Brigade," arrived on a tractor and trailer and began shooting at them.[87] The gunmen killed Ryan and four others near a Guyana Airways Twin Otter aircraft.[88] At the same time, one of the supposed defectors, Larry Layton, drew a weapon and began firing on members of the party who had already boarded a small Cessna.[89] An NBC cameraman was able to capture footage of the first few seconds of the shooting at the Otter.[88]

The five killed at the airstrip were Ryan; NBC reporter Don Harris; NBC cameraman Bob Brown; San Francisco Examiner photographer Greg Robinson; and Temple member Patricia Parks.[88] Surviving the attack were future Congresswoman Jackie Speier, at the time a Ryan staff member; Richard Dwyer, Deputy Chief of Mission from the U.S. Embassy at Georgetown; Bob Flick, an NBC producer; Steve Sung, an NBC sound engineer; Tim Reiterman, a San Francisco Examiner reporter; Ron Javers, a San Francisco Chronicle reporter; Charles Krause, a Washington Post reporter; and several defecting Temple members.[88]

Houses in Jonestown, Guyana, the year after the mass murder-suicide, 1979

Later that same day, 909 inhabitants of Jonestown,[90] 304 of them children, died of apparent cyanide poisoning, mostly in and around the settlement's main pavilion.[91] This resulted in the greatest single loss of American civilian life (murder + suicide, though not on American soil) in a deliberate act until the September 11 attacks.[92] The FBI later recovered a 45-minute audio recording of the suicide in progress.[93]

On that tape, Jones tells Temple members that the Soviet Union, with whom the Temple had been negotiating a potential exodus for months, would not take them after the airstrip murders. The reason given by Jones to commit suicide was consistent with his previously stated conspiracy theories of intelligence organizations allegedly conspiring against the Temple, that men would "parachute in here on us," "shoot some of our innocent babies," and "they'll torture our children, they'll torture some of our people here, they'll torture our seniors." Jones' prior statements that hostile forces would convert captured children to fascism would lead many members who held strong opposing views to fascism to view the suicide as valid.[94]

With that reasoning, Jones and several members argued that the group should commit "revolutionary suicide" by drinking cyanide-laced grape-flavored Flavor Aid. Later-released Temple films show Jones opening a storage container full of Kool-Aid in large quantities. However, empty packets of grape Flavor Aid found on the scene show that this is what was used to mix the solution, along with a sedative. One member, Christine Miller, dissents toward the beginning of the tape.[94]

When members apparently cried, Jones counseled, "Stop these hysterics. This is not the way for people who are socialists or communists to die. No way for us to die. We must die with some dignity." Jones can be heard saying, "Don't be afraid to die;" that death is "just stepping over into another plane" and that it's "a friend." At the end of the tape, Jones concludes: "We didn't commit suicide; we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world."[94]

According to escaping Temple members, children were given the drink first by their own parents; families were told to lie down together.[95] Mass suicide had been previously discussed in simulated events called "White Nights" on a regular basis.[79][96] During at least one such prior White Night, members drank liquid that Jones falsely told them was poison.[79][96]

On the final morning of Ryan's visit, Jones's wife Marceline took reporters on a tour of Jonestown.[105] Later in the day, she was found dead at the pavilion, having been poisoned.[106]

Stephan, Jim Jr., and Tim Jones did not take part in the mass suicide because they were playing with the Peoples Temple basketball team against the Guyanese national team in Georgetown.[15][107] At the time of events in Jonestown, Stephan and Tim were both nineteen and Jim Jones Jr. was eighteen.[108] Tim's biological family, the Tuppers, which consisted of his three biological sisters,[109][110][111] biological brother,[112] and biological mother,[113] all died at Jonestown. Three days before the tragedy, Stephan Jones refused, over the radio, to comply with an order by his father to return the team to Jonestown for Ryan's visit.[114]

During the events at Jonestown, Stephan, Tim, and Jim Jones Jr. drove to the U.S. Embassy in Georgetown in an attempt to receive help. The Guyanese soldiers guarding the embassy refused to let them in after hearing about the shootings at the Port Kaituma airstrip.[115] Later, the three returned to the Temple's headquarters in Georgetown to find the bodies of Sharon Amos and her three children.[115] Guyanese soldiers kept the Jones brothers under house arrest for five days, interrogating them about the deaths in Georgetown.[115]

Stephan Jones was accused of being involved in the Georgetown deaths, and was placed in a Guyanese prison for three months.[115] Tim Jones and Johnny Cobb, another member of the Peoples Temple basketball team, were asked to go to Jonestown and help identify the bodies of people who had died.[115] After returning to the United States, Jim Jones Jr. was placed under police surveillance for several months while he lived with his older sister, Suzanne, who had previously turned against the Temple.[115]

Chaeoke Jones, Lew Jones, and Terry Carter Jones. Father, mother, and child all died in the mass suicide.[116]

When Jonestown was first being established, Stephan had originally avoided two attempts by his father to relocate him to the settlement. He eventually moved to Jonestown after a third attempt. He has since said that he gave in to his father's wishes to move to Jonestown because of his mother.[117] Stephan Jones is now a businessman, and married with three daughters. He appeared in the documentary Jonestown: Paradise Lost which aired on the History Channel and Discovery Channel. He stated he will not watch the documentary and has never grieved for his father.[118] One year later, he appeared in the documentary Witness to Jonestown where he responds to rare footage shot inside the Peoples Temple.[119]

Jim Jones Jr., who lost his wife and unborn child at Jonestown, returned to San Francisco. He remarried and has three sons from this marriage,[107] including Rob Jones, a high-school basketball star who went on to play for the University of San Diego before transferring to Saint Mary's College of California.[120]

Lew and Agnes Jones both died at Jonestown. Agnes Jones was thirty-five years old at the time of her death.[121] Her husband[122] and four children[123][124][125][126] all died at Jonestown. Lew Jones, who was twenty-one years old at the time of his death, died alongside his wife Terry and son Chaeoke.[127][128][129] Stephanie Jones had died at age five in a car accident in May 1959.[15]

Suzanne Jones married Mike Cartmell; they both turned against the Temple and were not in Jonestown on November 18, 1978. After this decision to abandon the Temple, Jones referred to Suzanne openly as "my damned, no good for nothing daughter" and said she was not to be trusted.[130] In a signed note found at the time of her death, Marceline Jones directed that the Joneses' funds were to be given to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and specified: "I especially request that none of these are allowed to get into the hands of my adopted daughter, Suzanne Jones Cartmell."[131][132] Cartmell had two children and died of colon cancer in November 2006.[133][134]

Specific references to Tim Stoen, the father of John Stoen, including the logistics of possibly murdering him, are made on the Temple's final "death tape," as well as a discussion over whether the Temple should include John Stoen among those committing "revolutionary suicide."[94] At Jonestown, John Stoen was found poisoned in Jim Jones's cabin.[73]

Jim Jon (Kimo) and his mother, Carolyn Louise Moore Layton, both died during the events at Jonestown.[135]

• Jonestown: Mystery of a Massacre (1998)
• Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple (2006)
• Jonestown: Paradise Lost (2007)
• CNN Presents: Escape From Jonestown (2008)
• Seconds From Disaster, episode "Jonestown Cult Suicide" (06x01) (2012)
• Witness to Jonestown (2013)
• Jonestown: The Women Behind the Massacre (2018)
• Jonestown: Terror in the Jungle (2018)
• 605 Adults 304 Children (2019), short documentary filmed entirely by The Peoples Temple at Jonestown

• Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones (1980), fact-based miniseries. Powers Boothe won an Emmy for his portrayal of Jim Jones.
• Further tales of the city (2001)
• American Horror Story: Cult (2017)
• Jonestown: Terror in the Jungle[136] (2018), a forthcoming documentary produced for Sundance TV.[137]
• "Very Scary People,"[138] 'Jim Jones: Unholy Massacre' (01x06) (2019)

• Guyana: Crime of the Century aka Guyana: Cult of the Damned (1979), fictionalized exploitation film (depicted here as "Reverend James Johnson")
• Eaten Alive! (Italian: Mangiati vivi!) is a 1980 Italian horror film (depicted here as "Jonas," leading a cult in the jungles of Sri Lanka instead of Guyana).
• The Sacrament (2013), a found-footage horror film (depicted here simply as "Father"; in addition, Jonestown has been renamed "Eden Parish")
• Jonestown (2013), an independent short film which dramatizes the last 24 hours in the lives of Jim Jones (played here by Leandro Cano) and The Peoples Temple Church through the eyes of a reporter.[139]
• The Veil (2016), a supernatural horror film (depicted as "Jim Jacobs")

• Jonestown, by Wilson Harris. London: Faber and Faber, 1996.
• We Agreed to Meet Just Here, by Scott Blackwood. Kalamazoo, Michigan: West Michigan University Press, 2009.
• Children of Paradise, by Fred D'Aguiar. New York: HarperCollins, 2014.
• Before White Night, by Joseph Hartmann. Richmond, Virginia: Belle Isle Books, 2014.
• White Nights, Black Paradise, by Sikivu Hutchinson. Infidel Books, 2015.
• Beautiful Revolutionary, by Laura Elizabeth Woollett. London: Scribe. 2018.

• The Brian Jonestown Massacre (band)
  • "Ballad of Jim Jones" from the album Thank God for Mental Illness (1996)[140]
• "Ultraviolence" by Lana Del Rey from the album Ultraviolence (2014)
• "Carnage in the Temple of the Damned" by Deicide from the album Deicide (1990)[140]
• "Guyana (Cult of the Damned)" by Manowar from the album Sign of the Hammer (1984)[140][141]
• "A Lilac Harry Quinn" by Half Man Half Biscuit from the album McIntyre, Treadmore and Davitt (1991)
• "Hypnotized" by Heathen from the album Victims of Deception (1991)[140]
• "Jimmie Jones" by The Vapors from the album, Magnets (1981)[140]
• "Jonestown" by The Acacia Strain, from the album Wormwood (2010)[140]
• "Sects" by French band Trust, also covered by American thrash metal band Anthrax
• "Jonestown" by Concrete Blonde, from the album Mexican Moon (1993)[140]
• "Jonestown" by Frank Zappa, from the album Boulez Conducts Zappa: The Perfect Stranger (1984)[142]
• "Koolaid" by Accept, from the album The Rise of Chaos (2017)[140]
• "Last Call in Jonestown" by Polkadot Cadaver, from the album Last Call in Jonestown (2013)[140]
• "Reverend" by Church of Misery, from the album Early Works Compilation (2011)[140]
• "La Dee Da" by Foo Fighters, from the album "Concrete and Gold" (2017)
• "1998 TRUMAN" by Brockhampton from the single "1998 TRUMAN" (2018)
• "Jonestown (interlude)" by Post Malone from the album Beerbongs and Bentleys (2018)
• "Leaders (feat. NAV)" by Lil Uzi Vert from the album Eternal Atake (2020)
• "Jonestown" by Sofia Talvik from the album Jonestown (Sofia Talvik album) (2008)
• "Go Outside" by Cults (band) from the album Cults (album) (2011)
• "White Nights" by The Agony Scene from the album Get Damned (2007)

• Bill of Rights, by Fred D'Aguiar. London: Chatto & Windus, 1998.
• The Jonestown Arcane, by Jack Hirschman. Los Angeles: Parentheses Writing Series, 1991.
• Jonestown Lullaby, by Teri Buford O'Shea. Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2011.
• Jonestown and Other Madness, by Pat Parker. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books, 1985.
• I. at jonestown, by Lucille Clifton. Next. Brockport: BOA, 1989.

• The Peoples Temple. Written by Leigh Fondakowski, with Greg Pierotti, Stephen Wangh, and Margo Hall. Premiered in 2005.[143]